Contents

10 The Definite Integral

153

10.1 The Definite Integral and Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153

10.2 Integrals with Variable Limits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
10.3 Derivative of an Integral . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
10.4 Integrals of Derivatives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
10.5 Evaluation of Definite Integrals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166

CONTENTS

Chapter 10

The Definite Integral

10.1

The Definite Integral and Area

In problems 1 to 19 do the following:

(i) Graph the function.
(ii) Shade in the area between the function and the interval of integration on the x-axis with plus or minus
signs depending whether the given area is above and/or below the x-axis. Draw a separate diagram
for each interval of integration.
(iii) Compute the definite integral.

1. f (x) = x + 1
Z 1
(a)
f (x)dx

(b)

f (d)dx

Solution for 1:
y

y
f (x) = x + 1








(2, 0) (1, 0)
x






(a)

f (x) = x + 1






+
+++
(2, 0) (1, 0)+++++
x






(b)

154

The Definite Integral

1. (a)

f (x)dx =

1
2

(b)

f (x)dx =

(b)

(c)

f (x)dx

= 12 +
2. f (x) = x + 1.
Z 9
(a)
f (x)dx

f (x)dx +
1
2

=0

f (x)dx

f (x)dx

3. (a)

(|x 2| x)dx

(b)

4. (a)

(|x 2| x)dx

(b)

5. (a)

(|x 2| x)dx

1
5

(|x 2| x)dx

(|x 2| x)dx

(|x 2| x)dx

(b)

(|x 2| x)

6. Let h(x) = |x 2| 2
Z 2
(a)
h(x)dx

(b)

7. Let n(x) = |x 2| 2
Z 4
(a)
n(x)dx

(b)

(|x 2| x)dx

h(x)dx

n(x)dx

n(x)dx +

(Do the three integrals separately.)

8. (a)

|x 2|dx 2

9. C(x) =
Z
(a)

dx

(b)

|x 2|dx +

C(x)dx

(b)

10. G(x) =
Z

C(x)dx

1 (x 1)2 ,
p
1 (x + 1)2 ,

x [0, 2]
x [2, 0)

G(x)dx

(b)

11. Let F (x) = x

Z 2
(a)
F (x)dx
0

G(x)dx

(b)

Z
4

p
1 (x 1)2

(a)

F (x 2)dx

2dx

n(x)dx

10.1 The Definite Integral and Area

155

12. Let A(x) = |x|

Z 0
(a)
A(x)dx

(b)

A(x 10)dx

13. Let f (x) = x + 1

Z 1
(a)
f (x)dx

(b)

f (x 4)dx

14. Let L(x) = x + 2

Z 4
(a)
L(x)dx

(b)

L(x 3)dx

15. Let L(x) = x + 2

Z 2  
x
1
(a) 2
L
dx
2
1

(b)

16. Let A(x) = |x|

Z 6
(a)
A(x)dx

(b)

L(4x)dx
1
2

A(3x)dx

17. Let f (x) = 21 . Compute the following:

Z 2
Z 2
Z 4
f (x)dx,
4f (x)dx,
f (x)dx,
1

18. Let g(x) = 2x 4

Z 2
(a)
g(x)dx

42

f (x 40)dx,

41

24

f (x + 20)dx

23

(b)

g(x)dx

19. Let S(x) =

(a)

10

3x
,
4
25 x2 ,

S(x)dx

x [0, 4]
x (4, 5]
Z 4
(b)
S(x)dx

(c)

S(x)dx

In problems 20 to 39 give the value of the definite integral and explain in words and/or a diagram how you
got your answer. If you use the fact that the function is even or odd you show this is true.

20. If f (x) is integrable on [1, 1], f (x) is an even function, and

Z
0

Find

f (x)dx and

3f (x)dx

f (x)dx =

1
3

156

The Definite Integral

21. If f (x) is integrable on [, ], f (x) is an odd function and

Z
Find
f (x)dx

f (x)dx =

1
4

22.

|x|dx = 2, find

|x|dx and

0
2

23.

24.

|x|dx

x3
dx
1 x2

(t3 + t)dt

25.

x2 sin x dx

26.

x15 cos x dx

27.

sin x cos x dx

28.

sin 2x dx

29. If g(x) = 2x 4 evaluate

Z 2
Z 4
g(x)dx,
g(x)dx,
0

31.

p
1 x2 dx,

32. If f (x) = 2 and

x2

dx,

f (x)dx = 1, find a

g(x)dx = 1, find b

34. If g(x) =
35.

x
2

and

g(x)dx = 1, find b

|x|dx = ?

36. If f (x) = c, c 6= 0 evaluate

1
c

f (x)dx

37. If g(x) = a1 , a 6= 0 evaluate

38. If g(x) =

1
a,

 
1
dx
2

(f (x) 3)dx

a 6= 0 evaluate

33. If g(x) = and

1
2

g(x 3)dx,

1
1

30. If f (x) = 3x evaluate

Z 1
Z 3
(f (x) 3)dx,
(f (x) 3)dx,
Z

g(x)dx,

g(x)dx

Z
0

a2

g(x)dx

p
1 x2 dx,

Z
1

p
1 x2 dx

10.2 Integrals with Variable Limits

39. If h(x) = x + |x + 2| evaluate

Z 0
Z 1
h(x)dx,
h(x)dx,
2

157

h(x)dx,

h(x)dx

In problems 40 to 42 assume f is integrable on [1, 7] and that

Z 5
Z 7
f (x)dx = 1, and
f (y)dy = 6. Evaluate:
3

40.

f (x)dx and

f ()d = 1,

f (x)dx and

f (x)dx

5
2

f (x)dx and

f (x)dx

g(x)dx = 1,

g(r)dr = 2,

g(u)du

g(w)dw

and

g(x)dx

1
9

g(y)dy

and

10.2

g(v)dv

and

45.

f (x)dx

In problem 43 to 45 assume g is integrable on [1, 9] and that

Z 6
Z 9
g(s)ds = 0,
g(t)dt = 1. Evaluate:

44.

43.

f (t)dt = 3,

42.

41.

g(z)dz

Integrals with Variable Limits

In problems 46 to 61 do the following:

(i) Express the function, F , defined by the rule F (x) =

f (t)dt, as a closed algebraic and/or trigono-

metric form; i.e., without the integral. (This can be done for these problems although many functions
defined by an integral with variable upper limit cannot be expressed in this way.)
(ii) Sketch the graph of f (x) and shade in area under the curve for the appropriate interval.
(iii) Sketch the graph of F (x).
(iv) Compute F (z) for given values of z.
46. (a) F (x) =

2dt, x R; z = 0, 1

(b) G(x) =

x2

1
2dt, x R; z = 0, 1, , 2
2

158

The Definite Integral

Solution for 46:

(a) (i) f (x) = 2 for every x R
F (x) = 2x 2 = 2(x 1)
(ii) Case 1

x>1

y
f(x) = 2
(0,2)

+ + + + +
+ + + + +
+ + + + +
(1,0)

Case 2
Z

x
(x,0)

x<1

2dt =

2dt

y
f(x) = 2
+ + + +
+ + + +
+ + + +
(x,0)

where

(iii)

2dt is the indicated area.

++
++
++

x
(1,0)

10.2 Integrals with Variable Limits

159

y













(1, 0)









(0, 2)

F (x) = 2(x 1)

(iv) F (0) =

2dt = 2(0 1) = 2

F (1) =

2dt = 2(1 1) = 0

(b) (i)

x2

2dt =

2dt +

Z
0

x2

2dt

x2

2dt

2dt = 2x2 2x

(ii) f (x) = 2

(0,2)

+ + + + + +
+ + + + + +
+ + + + + +
x
x

(iii)

x2

160

The Definite Integral

(1, 0)

F (x) = 2x2 2x

(iv)

F (0) =

2dt = 0

F (1) =

2dt = 0

F ( 12 ) =

F (2) =

1
4
1
2

2dt =

1
2
1
4

1
1
1
2dt = 2 ( )2 2 =
2
2
2

2dt = 4 = 2 (2)2 2 2

47. F (x) =

f (t)dt, where f (x) = 3, x R and z = 1, 0, 1, 2

48. F (x) =

49. F (x) =

f (t)dt, where f (x) = 3, x > 0 and z = 0, 1, 16

x

A(t)dt, where A(x) = |x|, x R and z = 3, 1, 0, 1, 2

50. F (x) =

A(t), where A(x) = |x|, x R and z = 3, 1, 0, 1, 2

51. F (x) =

L(t)dt, where L(x) = 4x 2, x R and z = 1, 0, 1

52. F (x) =

L(t)dt, L(x) = x 1, x R and z = 1, 0, 1

53. F (x) =

h(x)

L(t)dt where L(x) = 2x 1; h(x) =

g(x)

54. F (x) =

t dt, x 0, z = 0, 1, 4

55. F (x) =

sin t dt, z = 0, 2 , ,

x2
2 ;

g(x) = x

10.3 Derivative of an Integral

56. F (x) =

2x

cos t dt, z = 0, 4 , 2 ,

57. F (x) =

161

sin x

dt, z = 0, 2 ,

sin x

58. F (x) =

x+

59. F (x) =

60. F (x) =

Z
Z

cos x

dt, z = 1, 0, 2

cos t dt, z = 0, 2 ,

t2 dt

61. F (x) =

dt

|x|

10.3

Derivative of an Integral

In problems 62 to 73 find the following properties of F (x) defined by an integral. (Do not attempt to first
express F (x) in a form without the integral):
(i) The x and y intercept if they exist.
(ii) The derivatives F 0 (x) and F 00 (x).
(iii) The intervals on which F (x) is an increasing function and the intervals on which F (x) is a decreasing
function.
(iv) Relative maximum and minimum points if they exist.
(v) Where the function is concave up or concave down.
(vi) Any inflection points if they exist.

62. F (x) =

(t2 t)dt, x R. Let F (x) =

f (t)dt.

Solution:
(i)

F (0) =

(t2 t)dt

Therefore the y intercept is

 Z
0,

F (1) =

f (t)dt = 0

Therefore the x intercept is

(ii)

F 0 (x) = x2 x = x(x 1)
F 00 (x) = 2x 1

(1, 0)

f (t)dt

162

The Definite Integral

(iii)

F 0 (x) > 0 for x < 0 and x > 1

Therefore F (x) is an increasing function in the intervals (, 0) and (1, ).
F 0 (x) < 0 for x (0, 1)
Therefore F (x) is a decreasing function in this interval

(iv)

F 0 (x) = 0 for x = 0 and x = 1

x = 0 F 00 (0) = 1 F 00 (0) < 0
 Z
Therefore there is a relative maximum at 0,

f (t)dt

x = 1 F 00 (1) = 1 F 00 (1) > 0

 Z
Therefore there is a relative minimum at 1,

f (t)dt

(v)

(a) F 00 (x) > 0 for all x ( 21 , )

Therefore concave up on ( 12 , )
(b) F 00 (x) < 0 for all x (, 21 )
Therefore concave down on (, 12 )
Since f (t) = t2 t is continuous on R,

(c)

(a), (b) and (c) x =

63. F (x) =

1
2

64. F (x) =

t2 dt, x R
x

(t2 + 1)dt, x R

65. F (x) =

t2 dt, x [1, ]

66. F (x) =

(t + 4)dt, x [0, )

67. F (x) =

(4t + 2)dt, x R

68. F (x) =

sin t dt, x R

69. F (x) =

70. F (x) =

(sin2 t + cos2 t)dt, x R

0
x

cos t dt, x R

71. F (x) =

Z
x

sin t dt, x R

f (t)dt exists for all real numbers x. In particular

is a point of inflection which occurs at

F ( 12 ) is defined.

(vi)

1
2,

1
2

f (t)dt

10.3 Derivative of an Integral

72. F (x) =

73. F (x) =

dt
,x>0
t

dt
,x>0
t2

163

In problems 74 to 87 find F 0 (x).

74. F (x) =

75. F (x) =

76. F (x) =

77. F (x) =

78. F (x) =

p
t2 + 1 dt

0
x

dw
, x > 1
w+1

0
1

p
t4 + 1 dt

d
+2

x
x

t2 dt

sin x

Solution for 78. Let G(x) =

t2 dt. Then

F (x) =

t2 dt =

sin x

t2 dt +

sin x

t2 dt =

t2 dt

sin x

t2 dt = G(x) G(sin x)

0
F 0 (x) = G(x) G(sin x)

0
= G0 (x) G(sin x) = G0 (x) G0 (sin x) cos x
= x2 sin2 x cos x
79. F (x) =

(by fundamental theorem of calculus)

3x2

(2z 3)dz

80. F (x) =

81. F (x) =

x2

t 3 dt

0
sin x

82. F (x) =

t2 dt, x 0

83. F (x) =

84. F (x) =

(t + 1)dt
x

x3

x2

85. F (x) =

1
dt
1 + t3

x2

3x2

(by chain rule)

p
y + 1 dy

164

The Definite Integral

86. F (x) =

87. F (x) =

x2

(z a)3 dz

x
x+1

(2t 1)dt

x1

In problems 88 to 97 find f (x) and f (1)

Z

88.

f (t)dt = x2 x 2

Solution:
Let F (x) =

f (t)dt. Hence F (x) = x2 x 2 F 0 (x) = 2x 1 but F 0 (x) = f (x). Therefore

f (x) = F 0 (x) = 2x 1, and f (1) = 1

89.

92.

94.

f (t)dt = x3 6x2 + 25

90.

91.

f (t)dt = x cos(x 1)

93.

97.

f (t)dt = sin x cos x

f (t)dt = (x + 5) cos x

f (t)dt = x2 (1 + x)

f (t)dt = x3 1

95.

f (t)dt = 2x + 1

21

96.

x
x

f (t)dt = cos2 (x 4)

f (t)dt = sin(x2 1)

10.4 Integrals of Derivatives

165

In problems 98 to 103 find a function f and a value c such that:

98.

1
f (t)dt = cos x
2

100.

99.

f (t)dt = x2 2x + 1

x
2

f (t)dt = x(1 x )

101.

102.

Z
Z

f (t)dt = sin x

x
x

f (t)dt = x3 1

103.

f (t)dt = x2 2x 3

In the following problems find f 00 (x):

104. f (x) =

Z

106. f (x) =

1
x

Z

108. f (x) =

Z
0

10.4


dy
dt
y

t
2

105. f (x) =


sin d dt

107. f (x) =


Z t p
y 3 + 1 dy dt
1

Integrals of Derivatives

(x + 1)0 dx

110.

111.

(x 1) dx

112.

113.

115.

Z
Z

 0
1
dx
x

114.

(tan )0 d

116.

119.

0
x + 1 dx

(sin )0 d

x+1

(sin x cos x)0 dx

(t2 1)0 dt

118.

(t3 + 1)0 dt

x
2

(t + 9) dt

120.

121.

(x2 1)0 dx

117.

(2t2 + 1)0 dt

x1

(sin 2 )0 d

122.

sin

cos

(t2 )0 dt

Z

|y|dy dt

1
x

Evaluate the following integrals:

109.

0
x

"Z
t

t2

d dt

166

The Definite Integral

Evaluate the following integrals:

123.

00

g (t)dt, where g(t) =

x2 + 1 dx

124.

Z tp

125.

00

g (t)dt, where g(t) =

g 00 (t)dt, where g(t) =

127.

g 00 (t)dt, where g(t) =

128.

sin d

cos d

Z
1

sin d

126.

(x4 16)dx

g 00 (t)dt, where g(t) =

g 00 (t)dt, where g(t) =

10.5

dx
x

Evaluation of Definite Integrals

Evaluate the following integrals and include the intermediate steps in your solution.

129.

x dx

Solution of 129. Let F1 (x) = x2 ,

F10 (x) = 2x Therefore try:
2

F (x) = x2 , F 0 (x) = x
Z 3
Hence
x dx = F (3) F (2)
2

F (3) F (2) =

130.

9
2

4
2

= 52 .

2x dx

131.

11

(t 9)2 dt

133.

134.

Z
Z

y y dy

138.

x4 dx

135.

2
4

x2 dx

136.

132.

dy
y2

137.

(3x + 2x + 1)dx

139.

Z
1

1
u+ 2
u

ds

(z 3 + 2)dz

du

10.5 Evaluation of Definite Integrals

140.

167

(x2 + x + 1 + x2 )dx

141.

1
1

144.

146.


1
x31 3x 3 dx

2
3

x dx

145.

147.

sin x dx

150.

x3 1
dx
x1

cos x dx

sec2 d

149.

16(x2 + 1)2x dx

(x + 2)2 dx

143.

148.

142.

(x + 2 cos x)dx

(cos x + sin x)dx

151.

(1 + tan2 )dy

In problems 152 to 161 find the following:

(i) the domain of the function;
(ii) the derivative of the function;
(iii) x such that F (x) = 0.

152. F (x) =

x+1

Z
1

dt
t

Solution:
(i)

Let f (t) =

1
t.

f (t) is continuous on the interval (0, ) hence

f (t)dt exists for z > 0.

Z1

(Note if x < 0 then 0 [z, 1], f (t) blows up as t 0, and

f (t)dt does not exist on this

(ii)

(iii)

interval.)
Let z = x + 1; z > 0 implies x + 1 > 0 implies x > 1 therefore the domain of F (x) is all x > 1
or x (1, ).
Z x
Z x+1
dt
dt
ln x =
, so F (x) =
= ln(x + 1)
t
t
1
1


0
1
F 0 (x) = ln(x + 1) = [ln0 (x + 1)](x + 1)0 = x+1
.
If F (x) = 0 then ln(x + 1) = 0, and so x + 1 = 1; i.e., x = 0.

153. F (x) =

3x

155. F (x) =

157. F (x) =

dt
t

2x1

1
x

dt
t

154. F (x) =

Z
1

dt
t

156. F (x) =

158. F (x) =

x2

dt
t

cos x

dt
t

1+cos x

dt
t

168

The Definite Integral

159. F (x) =

2+sin x

dt
t

160. F (x) =

dt
t+1

162. F (x) =

161. F (x) =

x3

x1

dt
t+1

x+1

dt
t1

Z
2

In problems 163 to 166 evaluate the given integral.

163.

ex dx

164.

165.

e2 dx

166.

e dt

171.

168.

ex + ex
dx
2

170.

esin t dt

172.

exp(0)x3 dx

179.

e3 sin x dx
ex ex
dx
2

exp(1)dx

174.

exp(2) exp(4)t2 dt

exp(3 + x)dx

176.

[1 + exp(x)]dx

[exp(x) + sin x]dx

e3 e3 dx

177.

175.

173.

4ex dx

169.

167.



exp cos
sin x dx
2
1

178.

Z
0



exp sin
dt
2