ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE

What is 'Analysis Of Variance - ANOVA'

Analysis of variance (ANOVA) is a statistical analysis tool that
separates the total variability found within a data set into two
components: random and systematic factors. The random factors do not
have any statistical influence on the given data set, while the
systematic factors do. The ANOVA test is used to determine the impact
independent variables have on the dependent variable in a regression
analysis.
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The ANOVA test is the initial step in identifying factors that are
influencing a given data set. After the ANOVA test is performed, the
analyst is able to perform further analysis on the systematic factors
that are statistically contributing to the data set's variability. ANOVA
test results can then be used in an F-test on the significance of the
regression formula overall.
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A bar graph is a pictorial rendition of statistical data in which the

independent variable can attain only certain discrete values. The dependent
variable may be discrete or continuous. The most common form of bar
graph is the vertical bar graph, also called a column graph.
In a vertical bar graph, values of the independent variable are plotted
along a horizontal axis from left to right. Function values are shown as
shaded or colored vertical bars of equal thickness extending upward from
the horizontal axis to various heights. In a horizontal bar graph, the
independent variable is plotted along a vertical axis from the bottom
up. Values of the function are shown as shaded or colored horizontal
bars of equal thickness extending toward the right, with their left ends
vertically aligned.
See image
The illustration is a vertical bar graph depicting the results of a test
given to a hypothetical class of students. Each letter grade (A through
F) is denoted by a gray vertical bar of a certain height. The total of
the percentages is equal to 100. (If the total were not 100%, the
accuracy of the graph or the supporting data would be suspect!) The
percentage of students receiving a specific grade is directly
proportional to the height of the bar representing that grade. The bar
thickness is chosen only for illustration clarity.
In a specialized type of vertical bar graph called a Pareto chart ,
values of the dependent variable are plotted in decreasing order of
relative frequency from left to right. Another type of bar graph called
a histogram uses rectangles to show the frequency of data items in
successive numerical intervals of equal size. Other types of bar graphs
allow plotting multiple ranges of the dependent variable, multiple
independent variables, positive/negative variables and multi-category
variables.