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0.06nD
ujw
Where:
n is rpm;
D is the diameter of the wheel [m]
uj is the gear ratio for gear j (how the transmission reduces the rotational velocity
from the motor);
w is the ratio in the differential (how the differential further reduces the rotational
velocity between the transmission and the wheels)
Finally, the Tractive Effort (TE) of a vehicle at a given velocity is given by:
TE
2650P
Where:
200
P [hp]
150
100
50
0
800
1200
1600
2000
2400
n [rpm]
Ratio
4.43
2.48
1.49
1.00
The ratio for the differential, w, is 4.7; the diameter of the wheels, D, is 0.90 meters.
To compute velocity at a given RPM, we use the equation above. We calculate velocity for each of the
gear ratios. So, for example, in gear 1, we compute the following:
0.06nD
0.06 n 0.9 3.1415
0.008148 n
u1w
4.43 4.7
0.06nD
0.06 n 0.9 3.1415
0.01455 n
u2 w
2.48 4.7
The same equations are calculated for gears 3 and 4. A plot of velocity as a function of RPM for all gears
is as follows:
80.0
V [km/h]
60.0
40.0
20.0
0.0
800
1200
1600
2000
2400
n [rpm]
1st Gear
2nd Gear
3rd Gear
4th gear
Finally, to plot tractive effort as a function of velocity we take the following steps:
1. Choose a value of n, read from the graph above the corresponding Power output from the motor.
2. For the same value of n, calculate the Velocity that is attained in gear 1;
3. Substitute the Power and Velocity into the tractive effort equation.
4. Repeat steps 1-3 for several values of n;
Then, repeat steps 1-4 for gears 2, 3 and 4.
In the example case, the results for power are as follows:
n [rpm]
800
1200
1600
2000
2400
P [hp]
80
130
160
180
200
800
1200
1600
2000
2400
6.5
9.8
13.0
16.3
19.6
Velocity in Gear:
2
3
11.6
19.4
17.5
29.1
23.3
38.8
29.1
48.4
34.9
58.1
4
28.9
43.3
57.8
72.2
86.6
Now, we compute tractive effort in gear 1 using the equation provided, assuming = 0.88. A sample
calculation is:
2650P
V
in gear 1 at n 800 rpm :
V 6.5 km / h;
P 80 hp
2650 80
TE
0.88 28621.1
6.5
TE
n
800
1200
1600
2000
2400
Power
V gear 1
TE
80.0
6.5
28621.1
130.0
9.8
31006.2
160.0
13.0
28621.1
180.0
16.3
25759.0
200.0
19.6
23850.9
And in gear 2:
n
800
1200
1600
2000
2400
Power
V Gear 2 TE
80.0
11.6
16022.7
130.0
17.5
17357.9
160.0
23.3
16022.7
180.0
29.1
14420.4
200.0
34.9
13352.2
And in gear 3:
n
800
1200
1600
2000
2400
Power
V gear 3
TE
80.0
19.4
9626.5
130.0
29.1
10428.7
160.0
38.8
9626.5
180.0
48.4
8663.9
200.0
58.1
8022.1
Power
V gear 4
TE
800
80.0
28.9
6460.7
1200
1600
2000
2400
130.0
160.0
180.0
200.0
43.3
57.8
72.2
86.6
6999.1
6460.7
5814.7
5384.0
30000.0
TE [N]
25000.0
20000.0
15000.0
10000.0
5000.0
0.0
0.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
70.0
V [km/h]
1st Gear
2nd Gear
3rd Gear
4th Gear
80.0
90.0
100.0