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APPLICATIONS
CHAPTER -1
INTRODUCTION
Ac loads require constant or adjustable voltages at their input terminals. When
such loads are fed by inverters, its essential that output voltage of the inverters is so
controlled as to fulfill the requirements of AC loads. This involves coping with the
variation of DC input voltage, for voltage regulation of inverters and for the constant
volts/frequency control requirement. There are various techniques to vary the inverter
gain. The most efficient method of controlling the gain (and output voltage) is to
incorporate pulse-width modulation (PWM) control within the inverters. The carrier
based PWM schemes used for multilevel inverters is one of the most straight forward
methods of describing voltage source modulation realized by the intersection of a
modulating signal (Duty Cycle) with triangular carrier waveforms.
Pulse-width modulation inverters take in a constant dc voltage. The inverter
should conduct the magnitude and the frequency of ac output voltages, and the diode
rectifiers are required to fix the line to line voltage. The inverter uses pulse-width
modulation using its switches, there are various methods for doing the pulse-width
modulation in an inverter beneficial to frame the output ac voltages nearly similar to sine
wave. The inverter only controls the frequency of the output where the input voltage
controllers the magnitude. The ac output voltage get a waveform identical to a square
wave to which the inverter got its name. In ac-motor drives the switch-mode dc-to-ac
inverters are applied and uninterruptible supplies of ac power where the central equitable
is to provide a sinusoidal ac output where magnitude and frequency the couple can be
controlled. Micro-inverters converts direct current from individual solar panels on to
alternating current for the electric grid, they are grid tied.
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The Photovoltaic inverter can be supplied into a profitable electrical grid or can
be used in an off-grid. Photovoltaic inverters have positive functions fitted for the use
with photovoltaic arrays, as well as anti-islanding protection and maximum power point
tracking. An inverter converts the DC electricity to AC electricity from sources like fuel
cells and batteries. The electricity required voltage, particularly it can keep AC
equipment design for main operation and improved to yield DC at any crave voltage.
In inverters the power semiconductors devices always remains forward-biased due to the
supply voltage, and therefore, self-controlled forward device such as IGBTs and
MOSFETs are suitable.
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CHAPTER II:
Background and Literature Review
Devices that convert dc power to ac power are called inverters. The purpose of an
inverter is to change a dc input voltage to ac output voltage which will be symmetric and
will have desired magnitude and frequency. The output voltage can be varied by varying
the input dc voltage and keeping constant inverter gain, however, if the input dc voltage
is fixed and cannot be controlled, the gain of the inverter has to be varied to obtain
variable output voltage. Varying the gain of the inverter is mainly done by a scheme
which is known as PulseWidth Modulation (PWM). The inverter gain is basically the
ratio of ac output voltage to the dc input voltage. Based on the power supply, inverters
can be broadly classified into two types: Voltage Source Inverter and Current Source
Inverter. A VSI has small or negligible impedance at its input terminal that is, it has a
stiff dc voltage source, whereas for a CSI, it is fed with adjustable current from a dc
source with high impedance in this case. For the purpose of our project, all analysis
throughout this paper has been done for Voltage Source Inverters (VSI). These can be
classified into two types which are Single Phase Inverters and Three Phase Inverters.
Either type can use controllable turn-on and turn-off devices e.g. BJTs, MOSFETs,
IGBTs etc. Generally PWM control is used to obtain ac output voltage of desired
frequency and magnitude.
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CHAPTER-3
INTRODUCTION TO INVERTERS
INVERTERS
A device that converts DC power into AC power at desired output voltage
and
frequency is called an Inverter. Phase controlled converters when operated in the inverter
mode are called line commutated inverters. But line commutated inverters require at the
output terminals an existing AC supply which is used for their commutation. This means
that line commutated inverters can tfunction as isolated AC voltage sources or as
variable frequency generators with DC power at the input. Therefore, voltage level,
frequency and waveform on the AC side of the line commutated inverters cant be
changed. On the other hand, force commutated inverters provide an independent AC
output voltage of adjustable voltage and adjustable frequency and have therefore much
wider application. Based on their operation the inverters can be broadly classified into
Voltage Source Inverters(VSI) Current Source Inverters(CSI)
A voltage source
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generator feeds directly into the inverter and the inverter output is tied to the grid power.
The power produced is either sold back to the power company or (more commonly)
offsets a portion of the power used. These inverters usually require a fairly high input
voltage - 48 volts or more. Some, like the Sunny Boy, go up to 600 volts DC input.
1.3 Classification of inverters
There are different basis of classification of inverters. Inverters are broadly classified as
current source inverter and voltage-source inverter. Moreover, it can be classified on the
basis of devices used (SCR or gate-commutation devices), circuit configuration (halfbridge or full-bridge), nature of output voltage (square, quasi-square or sine-wave) and
type of circuit (Switch-mode PWM or resonant converters), etc.
1.3.1 Current-source inverters (CSI)
This type of inverter is fed by a current source with high-internal impedance (using
current limiting chokes or inductor in series with a DC source). Therefore,
supply
current does not change quickly. The load current is varied by controlling the input DC
voltage to the current-source inverter. CSI are used in very high-power drives.
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technique (e.g., sinusoidal pulse width modulation, SPWM), the space-vector (SV)
technique, and the selective-harmonicelimination (SHE) technique.
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1.6 Working
An inverter takes the DC input and runs it into a pair (or more) of power switching
transistors. By rapidly turning these transistors on and off, and feeding opposite sides of
a transformer, it makes the transformer think it is getting AC. The transformer changes
this "alternating DC" into AC at the output. Depending on the quality and complexity of
the inverter, it may put out a square wave, a "quasi-sine" (sometimes called modified
sine) wave, or a true sine wave. Quasi-sine (modified sine, modified square) wave
inverters have more circuitry beyond the simple switching, and put out a wave that looks
like a stepped square wave - it is suitable for most standard appliances, but may not work
well with some electronics appliances that electronic heat or speed control, or uses the
AC for clocks or a timer.
Also, some of the chargers used for battery operated tools may not shut off when the
battery is charged, and should not be used with anything but sine wave inverters unless
you are sure they will work. Sine wave inverters put out a wave that is the same as you
get from the power company - in fact, it is often better and cleaner. Sine wave inverters
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can run anything, but are also more expensive than other types. The quality of the
"modified sine" (actually modified square wave), Quasi-sine wave, etc. can also vary
quite a bit between inverters, and may also vary somewhat with the load. The very
bottom end put out a wave that is nothing but a square wave, and is too "dirty" for all but
universal motor driven tools, coffee makers, toasters, and other appliances that have only
a heating element.
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frequency.
Fig: 1.2 Square waveform with fundamental sine wave component, 3rd harmonic
and 5th harmonics
The quality of the inverter output waveform can be expressed by using the Fourier
analysis data to calculate the total harmonic distortion (THD). The total harmonic
distortion is the square root of the sum of the squares of the harmonic voltages divided
by the fundamental voltage:
The quality of output waveform that is needed from an inverter depends on the
characteristics of the connected load. Some loads need a nearly perfect sine wave voltage
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supply in order to work properly. Other loads may work quite well with a square wave
voltage.
APPLICATIONS
DC POWER SOURCE UTILIZATION
Inverter designed to provide 115 VAC from the 12 VDC source provided in an
automobile. The unit provides up to 1.2 Amps of alternating current, or just enough to
power two sixty watt light bulbs.
An inverter converts the DC electricity from sources such as batteries, solar
panels, or fuel cells to AC electricity. The electricity can be at any required voltage; in
particular it can operate AC equipment designed for mains operation, or rectified to
produce DC at any desired voltage. Grid tie inverters can feed energy back into the
distribution network because they produce alternating current with the same wave shape
and frequency as supplied by the distribution system. They can also switch off
automatically in the event of a blackout. Micro-inverters convert direct current from
individual solar panels into alternating current for the electric grid.
INDUCTION HEATING
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Inverters convert low frequency main AC power to a higher frequency for use in
induction heating. To do this, AC power is first rectified to provide DC power. The
inverter then changes the DC power to high frequency AC power.
VARIABLE-FREQUENCY DRIVES
A variable-frequency drive controls the operating speed of an AC motor by
controlling the frequency and voltage of the power supplied to the motor. An inverter
provides the controlled power. In most cases, the variable-frequency drive includes a
rectifier so that DC power for the inverter can be provided from main AC power. Since
an inverter is the key component, variable frequency drives are sometimes called inverter
drives or just inverters.
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CHAPTER-4
PWM
5.1 INTRODUCTION
Introduction
Three phase voltage-fed PWM inverters are recently showing growing popularity for multimegawatt industrial drive applications. The main reasons for this popularity are easy sharing
of large voltage between the series devices and the improvement of the harmonic quality at
the output as compared to a two level inverter. In the lower end of power, GTO devices are
being replaced by IGBTs because of their rapid evolution in voltage and current ratings and
higher switching frequency. The Space Vector Pulse Width Modulation of a three level
inverter provides the additional advantage of superior harmonic quality and larger undermodulation range that extends the modulation factor to 90.7% from the traditional value of
78.5% in Sinusoidal Pulse Width Modulation.
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