Advance Computer

Networks (CS G525)

BITS Pilani
Pilani Campus

Virendra S Shekhawat
Department of Computer Science and Information Systems

BITS Pilani
Pilani Campus

Second Semester 2015-2016

Lecture-2 [02nd Aug 2015]

Agenda
Tussle in Cyber space
[CH-3]
Compulsory Reading
Tussle in Cyberspace: Defining Tomorrows Internet *Clark
2003]

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First Sem 2015-16

Advanced Computer Networks CS ZG525

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

Tussle in Cyberspace
Interests of different stakeholders can adverse of
each other called as tussle
End user, Commercial ISPs, Govt., Private sector
providers, IP Right Holders, Content Providers

Diversity among stakeholders creates problems

e.g. Music lovers wants to exchange recordings with
each other but the rights holder wants to stops them

Accommodating this tussle is crucial to the

evolution of the networks technical architecture.
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Advanced Computer Networks CS ZG525

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

Requirements in Todays
Communication
Users communicate but dont trust
User desire anonymity

End-Parties Distrust Their Software and Hardware

E.g. Cookies, collect consumer details for marketing goals

Third Party asserts its right to interpose communication

Private ISPs and Govt. agencies wants to monitor traffic

One party forces Interaction on Another

E.g. Email Spam

Multi-way Communication ( Internet has been designed for

one to one communication only end to end argument)
e.g. Teleconferencing, Broadcasting
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First Sem 2015-16

Advanced Computer Networks CS ZG525

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

Where we are moving

Operation in Untrustworthy World
Demanding Applications
Audio/Video Streaming
Uses intermediate nodes (Violates end to end argument)

ISP Service Differentiation

Application specific services are offered by some ISPs

Third Party Involvement

Ex. Govt. agencies wants to monitor the traffic
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First Sem 2015-16

Advanced Computer Networks CS ZG525

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

Natures of Engineering and

Society
Engineers: Solve the problems by designing
mechanisms with predictable consequences.
Society: Dynamic management of evolving
and conflicting interests.

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Advanced Computer Networks CS ZG525

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

Changes Over Time

Internet developed in simpler times
Common goals, consistent vision

With success came multiple goals examples:

ISPs must talk to provide connectivity but are fierce
competitors
Privacy of users vs. governments need to monitor
Users desire to exchange files vs. copyright owners

Must deal with the tussle between concerns in

design
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First Sem 2015-16

Advanced Computer Networks CS ZG525

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

Tussle Spaces [1]

Economics
Providers tussles as they compete and consumers
tussle with providers to get the service they want
at a low price
Principle of design of choice into mechanism is
the building block of competition
Customers must have the ability to choose (switch)
providers freely.
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Advanced Computer Networks CS ZG525

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

Examples
Provider lock-in from IP addressing
Incorporate mechanisms that make it easy for a
host to change address
Like you can change cell phone carrier without
changing your cell phone number

Value pricing
Divide customers based on their willingness to pay
Pay higher rate to run a server at home
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First Sem 2015-16

Advanced Computer Networks CS ZG525

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

Tussle Spaces [2]

Trust
Users do not trust each other
Users dont trust parties they actually want to talk to
Stealing /gathering information
Explicit choice of trusted 3rd party
Less and less trust to their own software

Browsers gather the information without users

knowledge

Design for choice: privacy vs. security

Users should be able to choose with whom they interact (Identity.?)
what level of transparency they offer to other users
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First Sem 2015-16

Advanced Computer Networks CS ZG525

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

Tussle Spaces [3]

Openness
The openness to innovation that permits a new application
to be deployed
But economical motivations are against openness
Proprietary interfaces give market power

Vertical integration by ISPs

Bundling infrastructure and services
Somewhat restricted but better QoS
Separate
Tussle of vertical integration
Tussle of sustaining innovation
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First Sem 2015-16

Advanced Computer Networks CS ZG525

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

New Principles?
Design for variation in outcome

Allow design to be flexible to different uses/results

Tussle in the design, not by violating the design

Two specific principles:

Modularize the design along tussle boundaries
Design for choice

Challenges
Flexible designs will be complex
Applications should be written to deal with this complexity
Innovations will be slow

Flexibility may decrease efficiency

Not optimized for all cases
Active Networks!!!
First Sem 2015-16

Advanced Computer Networks CS ZG525

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BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

Examples
Isolate tussles
QoS designs uses separate ToS bits instead of overloading
other parts of packet like port number
Separate QoS decisions from application/protocol design

Provide choice allow all parties to make choices

on interactions
Creates competition
Fear between providers helps shape the tussle
Example: mail system

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Advanced Computer Networks CS ZG525

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

Enough Patchwork ?
Original simplicity is changing
Hourglass approach

Why?
New class of applications
Real time, multimedia, content distribution, 3D immersive,
cloud services etc.

Operational and management requirements

Variety of business models
Security mechanisms
Firewalls, NAT (to come up from IPv4 address crunch!)

Scalability enablers gives rise to Adhoc solutions

Patching can affect the performance

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First Sem 2015-16

Advanced Computer Networks CS ZG525

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

Next
Future Internet Design Project: Named Data
Networking
[CH-4]
Compulsory Readings
Named Data Networking (NDN) Project [L Zhang 2010]

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Advanced Computer Networks CS ZG525

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

Problems with Current Internet [1]

Security
Control and Data planes are intermixed

Mobility
Identity and location in one (IP Address) makes mobility
complex

Energy
Assumes live and awake end systems
Communication can happen only when both ends are awake

No Explicit Support for Client-Server Traffic and

Distributed Services
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First Sem 2015-16

Advanced Computer Networks CS ZG525

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

Problems with Current Internet [2]

One to one communication
No support for multicast and multipath

Symmetric protocols
No difference between a PDA and a big server

Stateless
QoS is difficult
Some applications guarantees about the delay and
throughput of their flows

Location Independent Addressing

Most services requires nearest server
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First Sem 2015-16

Advanced Computer Networks CS ZG525

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

Leading to New Internet

Architecture
Innovations in various aspects of the Internet
Security, mobility, energy etc.

Collaborative projects putting multiple

innovations into an overall networking
architecture
Testbeds for real-scale experimentation
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Advanced Computer Networks CS ZG525

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

Key Research Topics for Future

Internet Design [1]
Content or data oriented paradigms
Primary usage of todays Internet has changed from hostto-host communication to content distribution
Introduces challenges in data and content security and
privacy, scalability of naming and aggregation, compatibility
and co-working with IP

Mobility and ubiquitous access to networks

Shift from PC-based computing to mobile computing.
Introduces challenges such as how to trade off mobility with
scalability, security, and privacy protection of mobile users,
mobile endpoint resource usage optimization
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First Sem 2015-16

Advanced Computer Networks CS ZG525

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

Key Research Topics for Future

Internet Design [2]
Cloud computing centric architectures
Computing becomes Utility Computing
Needs to create secure, trustworthy, extensible, and
robust architecture to interconnect data, control, and
management planes of data centers

Security
In Original Internet it works as an Overlay not an
integral part of it
Technical aspects encryption, authentication,
authorization
Non-Technical aspects to provide trustworthy
interface among the participants
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Advanced Computer Networks CS ZG525

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BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

Key Research Topics for Future

Internet Design [3]
Experimental test beds
Explore challenges related to large-scale
hardware, software, distributed system test and
maintenance, security and robustness,
coordination, openness, and extensibility.

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First Sem 2015-16

Advanced Computer Networks CS ZG525

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

Research Projects on Future

Internet Design
US National Foundation (2005)
Working on project Future INternet Design (FIND)

European Union
7th Framework program

Future Internet Architecture (FIA) (2010)

4 Extra-Large Projects Future Internet
Assembly (FIA) in Europe
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First Sem 2015-16

Advanced Computer Networks CS ZG525

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

Mobility First Project (Rutgers

Univ.)
Motivation Current Internet is designed to
interconnects fixed points
Fail to address the demands of mobile devices and
services
To introduce a pervasive system to interface human
beings with the physical world

Challenges addressed by Mobility First

Stronger security and trust requirements due to open
wireless access
Dynamic association, privacy concerns, and greater
chance of network failure
Content caching
First Sem 2015-16

Advanced Computer Networks CS ZG525

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BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

Mobility First Architecture

Source: A Survey of the Research on Future Internet Architectures [Pan 2012]

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Advanced Computer Networks CS ZG525

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

Named Data Networking

Project (Univ of California)
Moving from end to end packet delivery to
Content Centric Model
Current Client server model facing challenges in
supporting secure content oriented functionality
Network is transparent and just forwarding the data

NDN focuses on what (content) in place of where

(address)
Allows content caching on network side to optimize
traffic
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First Sem 2015-16

Advanced Computer Networks CS ZG525

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

NDN Architecture

Source: A Survey of the Research on Future Internet Architectures [Pan 2012]

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Advanced Computer Networks CS ZG525

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

Architectural Principles of NDN

Hourglass architecture is maintained surrounding
the Data NOT IP
Security is built-in into the architecture
Retains the E2E for fast application development
and caters network failures.
Flow balanced data delivery ensures self regulating
network traffic
Routing and Forwarding Plane separation
Caters user choice and competition where possible
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First Sem 2015-16

Advanced Computer Networks CS ZG525

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

Three Research Issues in NDN

How to find the data, or how the data are named and
organized to ensure fast data lookup and delivery?
Name the content by a hierarchical name tree

Data Security and trust worthy-ness

NDN proposes to secure the data directly instead of
securing the data containers such as files, hosts, and
network connections.
Trust of Host and servers Trust in Data

Scaling of NDN Names

NDN names are longer than IP addresses, but the hierarchical
structure helps the efficiency of lookup and global
accessibility of the data.
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First Sem 2015-16

Advanced Computer Networks CS G525

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

NDN Architecture -1
Communication is driven by the receiver
Sends interest packet
/pilani/computerscience/courses/acn.htm

Router forwards interest packet by looking up the name

in its FIB (name based routing protocol)
Once the Interest packet reaches a node that has the
requested data, a Data packet is sent back, which
carries both the name and the content of the data,
together with a signature by the producers key
This Data packet traces in reverse the path created by
the Interest packet back to the consumer
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First Sem 2015-16

Advanced Computer Networks CS ZG525

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

NDN Architecture: Forwarding

Process
Jj

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Advanced Computer Networks CS ZG525

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

NDN Architecture -2
NDN routers keep both Interests and Data for some
period of time.
To serve consumers with same interests

NDN router stores interests in a table called PIT

(Pending Interest Table)
Name of the Interest + Interfaces information through it
received
When Data receives, router checks against PIT entries and
forward it accordingly.
Router also caches the data
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First Sem 2015-16

Advanced Computer Networks CS ZG525

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

NDN Architecture -3
NDN Supports following inherently
Content Distribution (many users are requesting
the same data at different times)
Multicast (Many users are requesting same data at
same time)
Mobility (users requesting data from different
locations)
Delay Tolerant Networking (Users having
intermittent connectivity)
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First Sem 2015-16

Advanced Computer Networks CS ZG525

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

Research Issues in NDN -1

How to find the data, or how the data are named and
organized to ensure fast data lookup and delivery?
Names need not to be globally unique
Naming can be application specific
Name the content by a hierarchical name tree

Data Security and trust worthy-ness

NDN proposes to secure the data directly instead of securing
the data containers such as files, hosts, and network
connections.
Data signatures are mandatory.
Trust of Host and servers Trust in Data

Question?
How to achieve content access control and Infrastructure
security..?
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First Sem 2015-16

Advanced Computer Networks CS ZG525

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

Research Issues in NDN -2

Forwarding
Forwarding is based on names
Benefits wrt IP Routing?

Routing
IP Prefixes Name Prefixes
Existing routing protocols can be used to construct FIB
table

Question..?
How to keep routing table sizes scalable for unbounded
data names
NDN names are longer than IP addresses, but the hierarchical
structure helps the efficiency of lookup and global accessibility
of the data.
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First Sem 2015-16

Advanced Computer Networks CS ZG525

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

Research Issues in NDN -3

NDN Inherently supports multipath routing
No chance of looping unlike IP routing Why?

It improves Routing securityHow?

Every data is signedincluding routing messages
Multipath routing mitigates prefix hijacking because
routers may detect the anomaly caused by prefix hijacking
and try other paths to retrieve the data.
Attacking to a particular target is difficult Why??

Privacy Protection
No information about Who requested what data
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Advanced Computer Networks CS ZG525

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

Thank You!

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First Sem 2015-16

Advanced Computer Networks CS ZG525

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus