DIVISION 07:

THERMAL AND MOISTURE

PROTECTION

Moisture Protection
Most building materials are
subject to some degradation by
exposure to moisture. Building
systems must be designed to
resist the transfer of moisture to
the inside of the structure.
Moisture comes in several forms

Moisture comes in several forms

Liquid
Vapor
Ice

WATERPROOFING/
DAMPPROOFING

Waterproofing

Waterproofing is the application

of a material to prevent the
transfer of moisture in liquid
form to the inside of a structure
in the presence of hydrostatic
pressure.

Dampproofing
Dampproofing is the application
of a material to reduce the
likelihood of moisture transfer to
the inside of a structure.
Dampproofing assumes no
hydrostatic pressure is pushing
the moisture toward the building.

1.

WATERPROOFING AND DAMPPROOFING

1.01

WATERPROOFING OF CONCRETE

A mortar or concrete is considered impermeable when it

does not permit passage or flow of water through its
pores or voids.
The absorption of a mortar or concrete is the property
of drawing in or engrossing water into its pores or
voids by capillary action or otherwise.
If the pores or voids between particles are sufficiently
large and connected from surface to surface of the wall,
the concrete will be permeable to water.
If the pores or voids are very minute, but connect with
one another, theoretically they may act as capillary tubes,
but the capillary forces will tend to hold the water and
prevent the passage of water.

1.

WATERPROOFING AND DAMPPROOFING

1.01

WATERPROOFING OF CONCRETE

The various methods of waterproofing concrete may be

classified as follows :
a.

Impermeability through a Dense Concrete

Accurate grading and proportioning of the concrete
materials in order to secure a concrete so dense as to
be waterproof.

b.

Waterproofing Coatings and Washes

Applying waterproof coatings or washes to the
concrete after it is in place.

c.

Integral Waterproofing Compounds

Mixing foreign substances with the concrete.

d.

Membrane Waterproofing
Surrounding the concrete with layers of waterproofing
materials.

1.

WATERPROOFING AND DAMPPROOFING

1.01

WATERPROOFING OF CONCRETE

a.

Impermeability through a Dense Concrete

Portland cement mortar and concrete can be made

practically waterproof or impermeable without the
use of any integral waterproofing materials; but in
order to obtain such impermeable concrete or
mortar considerable care should be exercised in
selecting good materials :
Well-graded sands containing considerable
graded fine material are preferable for making
impermeable concrete, or fine material in the
form of hydrated lime, finely ground clay, or an
additional quantity of cement will be of value.
The consistency of the concrete mixture should
be wet enough so that it can be puddled, mixture
should be well spaded against the forms to avoid
the formation of pockets on the surface.
Care should be taken not to over trowel which
may cause erasing the coating will be effective.

1.

WATERPROOFING AND DAMPPROOFING

1.01

WATERPROOFING OF CONCRETE

Permeable concrete results from :

Defective workmanship, resulting from improper

proportioning, lack of thorough mixing, separation
of the coarse aggregate from fine aggregate in
transporting and placing the mixed concrete, lack
of density through insufficient tamping or spading,
improper bonding of work joints .

The use of imperfectly sized and graded

aggregates.

The use of excessive water, causing shrinkage

cracks and formation of laitance-seams .

The lack of proper provision to take care of

expansion and contraction, causing subsequent
cracking .

1.

WATERPROOFING AND DAMPPROOFING

1.01

WATERPROOFING OF CONCRETE

b.

Waterproofing Coatings and Washes

The materials employed as surface coatings may be
classified as follows :

Alum and soap mixtures applied in alternate

mixtures (known as the Sylvester process),
which penetrates the pores of the concrete
forming insoluble compounds due to chemical
action between the alum and soap solutions,
and these compounds prevent percolation.
- use in proportions of gal. of soap to 1 gal. of
water, and 2oz. of alum to 1 gal. of water, both
substances to be perfectly dissolved in water
before using.
- should be applied with a soft, flat brush (one
for each solution), the soap boiling hot and the
alum solution at 60 to 70F.

1.

WATERPROOFING AND DAMPPROOFING

1.01

WATERPROOFING OF CONCRETE

b.

Waterproofing Coatings and Washes

Alum, lye and cement washes .

Cement grout, with or without the addition of
water-repellants.
Paraffin and other
mineral bases, applied
cold in solution or
prepared in melted.
Miscellaneous
materials of unknown
composition sold under
various trade names.

What's the Difference: Epoxy vs.

cement grout

Portland-cement grout is cheap and easy to work with

Sold as a dry mixture, cement-based grout is suitable for most
applications. Its readily available in a variety of colors and is
more forgiving to work with than epoxy grout. Unlike epoxy
grout, its residue can be buffed off tile the day after its applied.
However, epoxy-grout ingredients are packaged to ensure
accurate mixing. Cement grout can be mixed incorrectly if too
much or too little water is added, possibly weakening the grout
while also causing color to fade or to be inconsistent. Also,
cement-grouted joints require grout sealer, but epoxy-grouted
joints dont.

Epoxy grout is expensive but more durable

Epoxy grout has several appealing qualities, including its strength, its stainand chemical-resistance, and its availability in a broad range of colors. These
qualities make it the best choice for heavily trafficked locations or in areas
that often come in contact with powerful cleaning agents.
Epoxy grout is applied the same way as cement grout. Its spread over tile
with a float and packed into the grout joints. Excess grout is then removed.
Although this technique is the same for both types of grout, the stress level is
much higher when working with epoxy. This is because epoxy has a shorter
working time than cement, especially in warmer temperatures. Also, hardened
epoxy is hard to remove, so its crucial to remove residue completely. Any
epoxy left on the tile surface for an extended length of time will likely become
a permanent feature.
Another epoxy-grout shortcoming is the possibility of its color darkening or
yellowing under exposure to the sun, although that is less likely to occur with
new epoxy-grout formulas.

18

1.

WATERPROOFING AND DAMPPROOFING

1.01

WATERPROOFING OF CONCRETE

b.

Waterproofing Coatings and Washes

Specially prepared bituminous products, e.g.,

FLINT-KOTE, JOHN-MANSVILLE, etc
Asphalt emulsions - Generally called Asphalt
Base Clay Emulsions, minute asphalt particles
dispersed in water and maintained in suspension
(until applied) by a mineral colloid emulsifying
agent. When the water vehicle evaporates,
resilient reinforced weatherproof film remains
which resist the passage of free water but allows
movement of water vapor through the film and are
classed as breathing films.
Cutback Asphalts - composed of a variety of
products from thin liquids to heavy paste, often
one or more asphalts dissolved in solvent are
filled with minerals and fibers to meet
requirements of different coating uses and
provide tough, durable films resistant to the
passage of water vapor.

1.

WATERPROOFING AND DAMPPROOFING

1.01

WATERPROOFING OF CONCRETE

c.

Integral Waterproofing Compounds

These are manufactured and sold under various
trade names, and are available in powder or liquid
form, e.g.:
SAHARA
POZOLITH
AQUELLA
Truscon ZILICON
ANTI-HYDRO

The addition of the integral waterproofing

compounds will not, however, compensate for lean
mixtures, nor for poor materials, nor for poor
workmanship in the fabrication of concrete

1.

WATERPROOFING AND DAMPPROOFING

1.01

WATERPROOFING OF CONCRETE

d.

Membrane Waterproofing
Layers of waterproofing materials used in this
method range from ordinary tar paper laid with
coal-tar pitch to asbestos or asphalted felt laid in
asphalt.

Thermal Protection
Critical for building to provide comfortable
spaces for occupants.
Owners and designers must also consider the
overall impact of their designs on the
environment and how a building consumes
energy.

2.

PREFORMED ROOFING

2.01

TYPES OF ROOFING

a.

Sheet Metal Roofing

Galvanized Iron Roofing various corrugations
and rib sections.
Aluminum Roofing various corrugation and
rib sections

b.

Plastic Roofing
Plastic various corrugation and rib sections
Polycarbonate corrugated and flat sheets

c.

Tile Roofing
Clay
Concrete

d.

Shingles
Wood
Tar

A. SHEET METAL ROOFING

Metal (steel, aluminum, tile and copper): Metal roofs are some of the
coolest roofs around, both in temperature and style for new homes. Metal
roofs are available in copper, aluminum, and stainless steel, and often
have a high percentage of recycled content. They offer high insulation
solar reflectance, and durability, often lasting twice as long as wood or
asphalt. Metal shingles typically simulate traditional roof coverings, such
as wood shakes, shingles, slate and tile. Aside from its longevity, metal
shingles are much lighter than most materials and very resistance to
adverse weather.

House Style: Bungalow, ranch, contemporary, cottage

Life Span: At least 50 years
Green Factor: Very green because they are highly
energy-efficient and environmentally friendly

2.

PREFORMED ROOFING

2.01

TYPES OF ROOFING

a.

Sheet Metal Roofing

Galvanized Iron Roofing

Corrugated galvanized iron sheets are
manufactured in lengths of 5 to 12 ft. in 1 ft.
increments, the 8 ft length being the most
commonly used.
Width of sheets is 32. Each sheet has 10
corrugations with a pitch of 3.
For roofing, Ga. 26 is generally specified, Ga.
24 is preferred.
Galvanized iron sheets are also sometimes
used as siding for industrial buildings. When
used as siding, courses shall be lapped at
least 6.

2.

PREFORMED ROOFING

2.01

TYPES OF ROOFING

a. Sheet Metal Roofing

Aluminum Roofing
Corrugated aluminum is rigidized sheet
fabricated of special aluminum alloys
specifically developed for this purpose.
Has a high insulating value and is about onesixth lighter than similar materials.
Is silvery in color, strong and does not stain
adjoining materials.
It reacts, however, with dissimilar materials,
lead-base paints green or damp wood, certain
wood preservatives, lime mortar, concrete, and
other masonry materials and must be insulated
from contact with these materials .
Width of sheets are 32-5/8, 32, 31-1/2, 311/8, and 30-5/8; lengths are from 6 to 12 ft. in
1 ft. increments. Number of corrugations for 32
sheets and wider is 12; sheets of narrower
width have 10 corrugations.

Standing Seam Metal

Standing seam is one of the most popular metal roofing systems because of
its beauty, durability, longevity, simplicity, versatility, and bold looks.
Homeowners considering installing standing seam on their property, often
do so because they like the modern style of raised seams giving their home
that bold, contemporary look and feel, along with unmatched durability,
longevity, and energy efficiency.
Residential standing seam panels are generally 12 to 19 inches wide. They
are typically made out of painted galvanized steel/G-90 Steel (zinc-coated
steel), galvalume steel (zinc and aluminum alloy coated steel) offers better
protection from corrosion than galvanized steel), or pre-painted aluminum.

Two Types of Standing Seam:

A field-locked (mechanically locked) standing seam requires
special crimping tools to crimp down/lock the seams during
the installation.
A snap lock standing seam system is a bit pricier, but the
seams can be locked by a simple snapping of the panels
together.

METAL TILE SHEETS

Steel tile is an elegant and durable roof covering suitable for all
types of steep roofs. Combining traditional and modern solutions
it is used for raising houses, outbuildings, sacral buildings and for
renovation of old roofs.
Steel tile is profiled out of sheets coated with zinc on both sides
and covered with several layers of varnish, which guarantees
longevity. It is one of the lightest roof materials, which is a big
advantage, as it does not require the use of heavy roof truss
structure. The weight of materials is very significant in the case of
old roof renovation, because after changing the tiles to light steel
tiles the roof structure does not need strengthening. One square
meter of steel tile roofing weighs about 4,7 kg, which makes it
almost 10 times lighter than traditional ceramic tiles.

Steel Tile is unique in providing full-length custom-cut

panels up to 30 feet in length. There are several
advantages to using a Steel Tile metal roofing system,
including minimal on-site preparation, faster installation
per square foot, resulting in time and cost savings. Fewer
horizontal seams reduce the possibility of leaks unlike
smaller multi paneled clip-on roofing systems. Steel Tile
metal roofing panels weigh less than half the weight of
traditional shingles per sq.ft and in many cases the panels
can be applied directly over the old shingles, saving
removal and dumping fees.

METAL TILE SHEETS

STAINLESS STEEL ROOF

COPPER ROOFS
Copper roofs offer corrosion resistance, durability, long life, low
maintenance, radio frequency shielding, lightning protection, and
sustainability benefits. Copper roofs are often one of the most architecturally
distinguishable features of prominent buildings, including churches,
government buildings, and universities.] Today, copper is used in roofing
systems, flashings and copings, rain gutters and downspouts, domes, spires,
vaults, and various other architectural design elements. At the Lyle Center
for Regenerative Studies copper is used for regenerative principles of
sustainable design: if the building were to be dismantled the copper could be
reused because of its high value in recycling and its variety of potential uses.
A vented copper roof assembly at Oak Ridge National Laboratories(U.S.)
substantially reduced heat gain versus stone-coated steel shingle (SR246E90)
or asphalt shingle (SR093E89), resulting in lower energy costs.[

2.

PREFORMED ROOFING

2.01

TYPES OF ROOFING

b.

Plastic Roofing
Corrugated or Ribbed Roofing

Corrugated sheets are manufactured in in

same widths and lengths as Metal Sheet
Roofing.
Metal reinforced plastic roofing is available.
Ideally used in sites of high salinity levels.

Sheet Roofing
Polycarbonate Sheets.
Ideally used in greenhouses, patios, outdoor
sheds, and skylights.

2.

PREFORMED ROOFING

2.01

TYPES OF ROOFING

c.

Tile Roofing

Clay Tiles
Concrete Tiles

2.

PREFORMED ROOFING

2.01

TYPES OF ROOFING

c.

Tile Roofing

Clay Tiles

CLAY & CONCRETE TILES

Clay & Concrete Tiles: Clay tiles are very heavy, requiring additional roof
framing, but they are non-combustible and extremely durable. Clay roofing
tiles can come in lighter colors, which adhere to the cool roof standards and
can reflect well over 50% of the sun's solar energy. Concrete roofing tiles
offer elegant, enduring aesthetics for your home's design and added value.
Concrete tiles are very versatile and provide greater protection to the
homeowner. These flexible tiles come in so many different hues, shapes,
textures and styles that they don't even look like tiles at all. Shingle, shake
and slate are just some of the varieties of tile.

House Style: Mediterranean, European, Mission and some

contemporary or ranch-style homes
Green Factor: If a local source is available, clay tiles are
definitely one of the greenest roofing choices. Concrete is highly
energy-efficient and can be made from a sustainable mixture

2.

PREFORMED ROOFING

2.01

TYPES OF ROOFING

d.

Shingles
Wood Shingles
Tar/Asphalt Shingles

WOOD SHINGLES AND SHAKES

Wood shingles and shakes: Wood shingles and shakes can be
purchased in cedar, redwood, southern pine and other woods, cedar
being the most costly. Wood shingles are cut by machine, while
wood shakes are handmade and have a rougher look. Since most
wood shingles and shakes only have Class C fire ratings or no
ratings at all, be sure to check your local building codes before
deciding on this type of roofing. You can purchase Class A wood
shingles with fire-resistant treatment for an additional cost.
House Style: Ranch, cottage, bungalows, cottage, historic and
contemporary
Green Factor: A natural product, but very high maintenance, poor
fire rating and they tend to rot, split and mold.

ASPHALT SHINGLES
Asphalt shingles: Over 75% of American roofs have asphalt shingles due to low
cost, ease of installation, and resiliency. Unfortunately, asphalt shingles have a
low insulative value and a shorter lifespan than many other roofing materials
available today. They are also made from petroleum products and are not usually
recyclable because of the layer of fiberglass added to the shingles. Standard
asphalt shingles come in a variety of colors, longevity options, and price points
and are always going to be your cheapest option for your roof, but they have the
worst environmental track record.

House Style: Can be used for any architectural style

Life Span: 15 to 30 years
Green Factor: Least-green roofing option

3.

JOINT SEALANTS

3.01

TYPES OF JOINT SEALANTS

a.

Bituminuous Cement

is a black substance available in solid, semi-solid,

or liquid states at normal temperatures.
composed of mixed indeterminate hydrocarbons,
appreciably soluble only in carbon disulfide or
other volatile liquid hydrocarbon.
used for sealing built-up roofing, and joints and
cracks of concrete pavements.

3.

JOINT SEALANTS

3.01

TYPES OF JOINT SEALANTS

b.

Silicone Sealant

End of
Div 07 THERMAL AND
MOISTURE PROTECTION