Score:

Week 4
Confidence Intervals and Chi Square (Chs 11 - 12)
For questions 3 and 4 below, be sure to list the null and alternate hypothesis statements. Use .05 fo
For full credit, you need to also show the statistical outcomes - either the Excel test result or the cal
1

<1 point>

Using our sample data, construct a 95% confidence interval for the
Interpret the results. How do they compare with the findings in th
Mean
St error
Males
Females
<Reminder: standard error is the sample standard deviation divide

Interpretation:

<1 point>

Using our sample data, construct a 95% confidence interval for the
How does this compare to the findings in week 2, question 2?
Difference

St Err.

T value

Can the means be equal?

How does this compare to the week 2, question 2 result (2 sampe t

a. Why is using a two sample tool (t-test, confidence interval) a bette

<1 point>

We found last week that the degree values within the population d
This does not mean that degrees are distributed evenly across the
Do males and females have athe same distribution of degrees by g
(Note: while technically the sample size might not be large enough

What are the hypothesis statements:

Ho:
Ha:
Note: You can either use the Excel Chi-related functions or do the calculations manually.
Data input tables - graduate degrees by gender and grade level
A
B
C
OBSERVED
M Grad
Fem Grad
Male Und
Female Und

EXPECTED
M Grad
Fem Grad
Male Und
Female Und

Interpretation:
What is the value of the chi square statistic:
What is the p-value associated with this value:
Is the p-value <0.05?
Do you reject or not reject the null hypothesis:
If you rejected the null, what is the Cramer's V correlation:
What does this correlation mean?
What does this decision mean for our equal pay question:

<1 point>

Based on our sample data, can we conclude that males and female
within the population?
What are the hypothesis statements:
Ho:
Ha:

OBS COUNT - m
OBS COUNT - f

EXPECTED

What is the value of the chi square statistic:

What is the p-value associated with this value:
Is the p-value <0.05?
Do you reject or not reject the null hypothesis:
If you rejected the null, what is the Phi correlation:
What does this correlation mean?
What does this decision mean for our equal pay question:

<2 points>

5.

How do you interpret these results in light of our question about equal pay for equal work?

Square (Chs 11 - 12)

e hypothesis statements. Use .05 for your significance level in making your decisions.
either the Excel test result or the calculations you performed.

uct a 95% confidence interval for the population's mean salary for each gender.
hey compare with the findings in the week 2 one sample t-test outcomes (Question 1)?
t value
Low
to
High

he sample standard deviation divided by the square root of the sample size.>

uct a 95% confidence interval for the mean salary difference between the genders in the population.
findings in week 2, question 2?
Low

to

High

Yes/No
Why?

week 2, question 2 result (2 sampe t-test)?

l (t-test, confidence interval) a better choice than using 2 one-sample techniques when comparing two samples?

gree values within the population do not impact compa rates.

es are distributed evenly across the grades and genders.
he same distribution of degrees by grade?
mple size might not be large enough to perform this test, ignore this limitation for this exercise.)

the calculations manually.

grees by gender and grade level
D
E

Total

If desired, you can do manual calculat

A
M Grad
Fem Grad
Male Und
Female Und
Sum =

For this exercise - ignore the requirement for a correction

for cells with expected values less than 5.

of the chi square statistic:

ssociated with this value:
Is the p-value <0.05?
eject the null hypothesis:
he Cramer's V correlation:
oes this correlation mean?
r our equal pay question:

we conclude that males and females are distributed across grades in a similar pattern

of the chi square statistic:

ssociated with this value:
Is the p-value <0.05?
eject the null hypothesis:
what is the Phi correlation:
oes this correlation mean?

r our equal pay question:

F
M
F
Sum =

about equal pay for equal work?

opulation.

mparing two samples?

desired, you can do manual calculations per cell here.

B
C
D

nore the requirement for a correction factor

d values less than 5.

Do manual calculations per cell here (if desired)

A
B
C
D

ID

Salary

Compa

Midpoint

Age

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44

56.5
28.3
34
64.5
46.6
75.6
41.6
24.6
74.6
24
24.3
57.9
41.9
24.5
23.1
41.1
71.8
34.2
23.8
34.3
78.5
54.9
23.3
55.9
23.7
23.8
38.7
76.7
75.9
48.5
22.3
27
61.4
27.8
22.8
24.7
23.3
56.8
36.1
24
47.3
21.9
75.6
57.2

0.992
0.913
1.097
1.132
0.971
1.129
1.040
1.070
1.114
1.044
1.055
1.015
1.047
1.066
1.005
1.027
1.259
1.104
1.036
1.106
1.171
1.143
1.015
1.165
1.029
1.036
0.967
1.145
1.133
1.011
0.970
0.871
1.077
0.898
0.992
1.075
1.014
0.997
1.165
1.045
1.182
0.950
1.128
1.003

57
31
31
57
48
67
40
23
67
23
23
57
40
23
23
40
57
31
23
31
67
48
23
48
23
23
40
67
67
48
23
31
57
31
23
23
23
57
31
23
40
23
67
57

34
52
30
42
36
36
32
32
49
30
41
52
30
32
32
44
27
31
32
44
43
48
36
30
41
22
35
44
52
45
29
25
35
26
23
27
22
45
27
24
25
32
42
45

45
46
47
48
49
50

53.1
58.1
61
64.6
66.3
57.5

1.107
1.019
1.071
1.134
1.163
1.008

48
57
57
57
57
57

36
39
37
34
41
38

Performance
Rating
85
80
75
100
90
70
100
90
100
80
100
95
100
90
80
90
55
80
85
70
95
65
65
75
70
95
80
95
95
90
60
95
90
80
90
75
95
95
90
90
80
100
95
90

Service

Gender

Raise

Degree

Gender1

Gr

8
7
5
16
16
12
8
9
10
7
19
22
2
12
8
4
3
11
1
16
13
6
6
9
4
2
7
9
5
18
4
4
9
2
4
3
2
11
6
2
5
8
20
16

0
0
1
0
0
0
1
1
0
1
1
0
1
1
1
0
1
1
0
1
0
1
1
1
0
1
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
1
1
0
1
0
0
1
1
0

5.7
3.9
3.6
5.5
5.7
4.5
5.7
5.8
4
4.7
4.8
4.5
4.7
6
4.9
5.7
3
5.6
4.6
4.8
6.3
3.8
3.3
3.8
4
6.2
3.9
4.4
5.4
4.3
3.9
5.6
5.5
4.9
5.3
4.3
6.2
4.5
5.5
6.3
4.3
5.7
5.5
5.2

0
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1

M
M
F
M
M
M
F
F
M
F
F
M
F
F
F
M
F
F
M
F
M
F
F
F
M
F
M
F
M
M
F
M
M
M
F
F
F
M
F
M
M
F
F
M

E
B
B
E
D
F
C
A
F
A
A
E
C
A
A
C
E
B
A
B
F
D
A
D
A
A
C
F
F
D
A
B
E
B
A
A
A
E
B
A
C
A
F
E

95
75
95
90
95
80

8
20
5
11
21
12

1
0
0
1
0
0

5.2
3.9
5.5
5.3
6.6
4.6

1
1
1
1
0
0

F
M
M
F
M
M

D
E
E
E
E
E

The ongoing question that the weekly assignments will focus on is: Are males and females paid the same f
Note: to simplfy the analysis, we will assume that jobs within each grade comprise equal work.

The column labels in the table mean:

ID Employee sample number
Age Age in years
Service Years of service (rounded)
Midpoint salary grade midpoint
Grade job/pay grade
Gender1 (Male or Female)

Salary Salary in thousands

Performance Rating - Appraisal rating (employ
Gender 0 = male, 1 = female
Raise percent of last raise
Degree (0= BS\BA 1 = MS)
Compa - salary divided by midpoint

ales and females paid the same for equal work (under the Equal Pay Act)?
omprise equal work.

n thousands
ting - Appraisal rating (employee evaluation score)
ale, 1 = female

BA 1 = MS)
divided by midpoint

Sal

Compa
24
1.045
24.2
1.053
23.4
1.018
23.4
1.017
22.6
0.983
22.9
0.995
23.1
1.003
23.3
1.011
22.7
0.985
23.5
1.023
23
1.002
24
1.042
35.5
1.145
34.7
1.119
35.5
1.146
35.2
1.136
40.4
1.01
42.7
1.068
53.4
1.112
51.5
1.072
49.8
1.037
68.3
1.198
65.4
1.148
78.4
1.17
75.9
1.133
24
1.044
23.3
1.012
24.1
1.049
27.5
0.887
27.1
0.875
27.7
0.895
40.8
1.019
43.9
1.097
41
1.025
48.7
1.014
49.4
1.029
64.4
1.13
64.5
1.132
58.9
1.033
57.9
1.016
59
1.035
63.3
1.111
56.8
0.996
58
1.017

G
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

Mid
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
31
31
31
31
40
40
48
48
48
57
57
67
67
23
23
23
31
31
31
40
40
40
48
48
57
57
57
57
57
57
57
57

Age
32
30
41
32
32
36
22
29
23
27
22
32
30
31
44
27
32
30
48
30
36
27
34
44
42
32
41
24
52
25
26
44
35
25
36
45
34
42
52
35
45
45
39
37

EES
90
80
100
90
80
65
95
60
90
75
95
100
75
80
70
90
100
100
65
75
95
55
90
95
95
85
70
90
80
95
80
90
80
80
90
90
85
100
95
90
95
90
75
95

SR
9
7
19
12
8
6
2
4
4
3
2
8
5
11
16
6
8
2
6
9
8
3
11
9
20
1
4
2
7
4
2
4
7
5
16
18
8
16
22
9
11
16
20
5

62.4
63.8
79
77
74.8
76

1.094
1.12
1.179
1.149
1.116
1.135

0
0
0
0
0
0

57
57
67
67
67
67

41
38
36
49
43
52

95
80
70
100
95
95

21
12
12
10
13
5

G
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

Raise
5.8
4.7
4.8
6
4.9
3.3
6.2
3.9
5.3
4.3
6.2
5.7
3.6
5.6
4.8
5.5
5.7
4.7
3.8
3.8
5.2
3
5.3
4.4
5.5
4.6
4
6.3
3.9
5.6
4.9
5.7
3.9
4.3
5.7
4.3
5.7
5.5
4.5
5.5
4.5
5.2
3.9
5.5

Deg
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
1
1
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
0
1
0
1
0
1
1
1

SUMMARY OUTPUT
Regression Statistics

Multiple R 0.7050179
R Square 0.4970503
Adjusted R 0.4132254
Standard Er0.0561253
Observatio
50
ANOVA
df

Regression
Residual
Total

SS

7 0.1307501
42 0.1323019
49 0.263052
Coefficients Standard Error

Intercept
Mid
Age
EES
SR
G
Raise
Deg

0.9486239 0.0817168
0.0034995 0.0006493
0.0005528 0.0014459
-0.001846 0.0010252
-0.000418 0.0018278
0.064665 0.0183397
0.014655 0.0139089
0.0014676 0.0161098

t-Test: Two-Sample Assuming Equal Variances

Variable 1

Variable 2

Mean
1.06684
1.04836
Variance 0.0043016 0.006481
Observatio
25
25
Pooled Vari 0.0053913
Hypothesiz
0
df
48
t Stat
0.8898353
P(T<=t) one
0.1889963
t Critical on1.6772242
P(T<=t) two0.3779926
t Critical tw2.0106348

0
0
0
0
0
0

6.6
4.6
4.5
4
6.3
5.4

0
0
1
1
1
0

MS

Significance F

0.0186786 5.9296226 7.83E-005

0.00315

t Stat

P-value

Lower 95%

Upper 95%

Lower 95.0% Upper 95.0%

11.60868 1.09E-014 0.7837128 1.113535 0.7837128 1.113535

5.3900133 2.98E-006 0.0021892 0.0048098 0.0021892 0.0048098
0.3822925 0.7041721 -0.002365 0.0034708 -0.002365 0.0034708
-1.800846 0.0789106 -0.003915 0.0002227 -0.003915 0.0002227
-0.228814 0.8201239 -0.004107 0.0032704 -0.004107 0.0032704
3.525963 0.0010349 0.027654 0.1016759 0.027654 0.1016759
1.053639 0.2980722 -0.013414 0.0427242 -0.013414 0.0427242
0.0910996 0.9278465 -0.031043 0.0339785 -0.031043 0.0339785

ming Equal Variances

SUMMARY OUTPUT
Regression Statistics

Multiple R 0.9931287
R Square 0.9863046
Adjusted R 0.984022
Standard Er2.4352823
Observatio
50
ANOVA
df

Regression
Residual
Total

SS

Coefficients Standard Error

Intercept
Mid
Age
EES
SR
G
Raise
Deg

MS

Significance F

7 17938.425 2562.6321 432.10336 5.30E-037

42 249.08519 5.9305997
49 18187.51
t Stat

P-value

Lower 95%

Upper 95%

-4.871454 3.5457007 -1.373905 0.1767599 -12.02697 2.2840593

1.2284155 0.0281713 43.605164 1.32E-036 1.1715635 1.2852676
0.0368279 0.0627397 0.5869957 0.5603489 -0.089786 0.1634418
-0.082158 0.0444842 -1.846901 0.0718147 -0.171931 0.0076148
-0.077848 0.0793089 -0.981585 0.331925
-0.2379 0.0822034
2.9145083 0.7957605 3.6625445 0.0006935 1.3085986 4.520418
0.6763295 0.6035088 1.1206622 0.2687989 -0.541601 1.8942595
0.0345044 0.6990073 0.0493621 0.9608648 -1.376149 1.4451582

Lower 95.0% Upper 95.0%

-12.02697 2.2840593
1.1715635 1.2852676
-0.089786 0.1634418
-0.171931 0.0076148
-0.2379 0.0822034
1.3085986 4.520418
-0.541601 1.8942595
-1.376149 1.4451582