C Labmanual

INDEX
S.NO
week
1
DESCRIPTION OF THE PROGRAM
a) A C program to find the sum of individual digits of a positive integer.

b) A Fibonacci Sequence is defined as follows: the first and second terms in the
sequence are 0 and 1. Subsequent terms are found by adding the preceding two
terms in the sequence.
c) Write a C program to generate all the prime numbers between 1 and n. Where n
is the value supplied by the user.
week
2
a) A C program to calculate the following Sum:

Sum=1-x2/2! +x4/4!-x6/6!+x8/8!-x10/10!
b) A C program toe find the roots of a quadratic equation.
week
3
i) C programs that use both recursive and non-recursive functions to find the
factorial of a given integer.
ii) C programs that use both recursive and non-recursive functions to find the GCD
of two given integers.
iii) C programs that use both recursive and non-recursive functions to sovle
towers of Hanoi problem.
week
4
A)Program to find the total distance travelled by vehicle in 't' seconds is given by
distance = ut+1/2at2 where 'u' and 'a' are the initial velocity (m/sec.) and acceleration
(m/sec2) for
a) different values of 'u' and 'a'.
b) A C program, which takes two integer operands and one operator form the user,
performs the operation and then prints the result.
(Consider the operators +,-,*,/,% and use Switch Statement)
week
5
a) C program to find both the largest and smallest number in a

list of integers.
b) A C program that uses functions to perform the following:
i) Addition of Two Matrices
ii) Multiplication of Two Matrices
week
6
a) A C program that uses functions to perform the following operations:

i) To insert a sub-string in to given main string from a given
b) A C program to determine if the given string is a palindrome or not.
JOGINPALLY B.R.ENGINEERING COLLEGE
Page 1
week
7
a) A C program that displays the position or index in the string S

where the string T begins, or - 1 if S doesn't contain T.
week
8
b) A C program to count the lines, words and characters in a given text.

a) A C program to generate Pascal's triangle.
b) A C program to construct a pyramid of numbers.
week
9
A C program to read in two numbers, x and n, and then compute the sum of this
geometric progression: 1+x+x2+x3+.+xn
For example: if n is 3 and x is 5, then the program computes 1+5+25+125.
Print x, n, the sum Perform error checking. For example, the formula does not make
sense for negative exponents - if n is less than 0. Have your program print an error
message if n<0,then go back and read in the next pair of numbers of without
computing the sum. Are any values of x also illegal ? If so, test for them too.
week
10
a) A C program to find the 2s complement of a binary number.

b) A C program to convert a Roman numeral to its decimal equivalent.
week
11
A C program that uses functions to perform the following

operations:
i) Reading a complex number
ii) Writing a complex number
iii) Addition of two complex numbers
iv) Multiplication of two complex numbers
(Note: represent complex number using a structure.)
week
12
a) A C program which copies one file to another.

b) A C program to reverse the first n characters in a file.
(Note: The file name and n are specified on the command line.)
week
13
A C program that uses functions to perform the following operations on Single

Linked list:
i)
Creation
ii) Insertion
ii)
Deletion
iv) Traversal
week
14
A C program that uses functions to perform the following operations on doubly

linked list:
i)Creation ii) Insertion
iii)Deletion iv) Traversal in both ways
i)C programs that implement stack (its operations) using Arrays
Page 2
week
15
week
16
ii) C programs that implement stack (its operations) using pointers

i) C programs that implement Queue (its operations) using Arrays.
ii) C programs that implement Queue (its operations) using pointers.
week
17
A C program that uses Stack operations to perform the following:

i) Converting infix expression into postfix expression
ii) Evaluating the postfix expression
week
18
week
19
week
20
A C program that uses functions to perform the following:

i) Creating a Binary Tree of integers
ii)Traversing the above binary tree in preorder, inorder
and postorder.
i)
C programs that use both recursive and non recursive functions to

perform Linear search operations for a Key value in a given list of
integers.
ii)
C programs that use both recursive and non recursive functions to

perform binary search operations for a Key value in a given list of
integers.
A C program that implements the following sorting methods to sort a given list of
integers in ascending order
i) Bubble Sort
ii) Quick Sort
week
21
A C program that implements the following sorting methods to sort a given list of
integers in ascending order
i) insertion Sort
ii)Merge sort Sort
week
22
i) A C program to implement the Lagrange interpolation

ii) A C program to implement the Newton-Gregory forward interpolation.
week
23
i) A C program to implement the Linear Regression algorithm.

ii) A C program to implement the polynomial regression algoritm.
week
24
i) A C program to implement trapezoidal method.

ii) A C program to implement Simpson method.
Page 3
Sum of individual digits of a given positive integer

Program to find the sum of the individual digits of a given positive integer
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int no,sum,dig,t;
clrscr();
printf("\nEnter a positive integer:");
scanf("%d",&no);
t=no;
sum=0;
dig=0;
while(no>0)
{
dig=no%10;
sum=sum+dig;
no=no/10;
}
printf("\nm of the digits of the given positive integer %d is %d",t,sum);
getch();
}
Output:
INPUT:
Enter a positive integer : 1234
RESULT:
Sum of the digits of the given positive integer 1234 is 10
Page 4
Fibonacci sequence
Program to generate Fibbonacci Series
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int a,b,c,i,n;
clrscr();
printf("\nEnter how many terms:");
scanf("%d",&n);
a=0;
b=1;
printf("\n%d\n%d",a,b);
i=3;
while(i<=n)
{
c=a+b;
printf("\n%d",c);
a=b;
b=c;
i++;
}
getch();
}
OUTPUT
INPUT :
Enter how many terms : 10
RESULT :
0
1
1
2
3
5
8
13
21
34
Page 5
Prime Numbers
Program to generate prime numbers between 1 and n

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int no,i,j,nof;
clrscr();
printf("\nEnter range 1 to ___:");
scanf("%d",&no);
for(i=1;i<=no;i++)
{
nof=0;
for(j=1;j<=i;j++)
{
if(i%j==0)
nof++;
}
if(nof==2)
printf("%d ",i);
}
getch();
}
OUTPUT
INPUT :
Enter range 1 to 20
RESULT:
2 3 7 11 13 17 19
Page 6
To evaluate the series

sum = 1 - x^2/2! + x^4/4! - x^6/6! + x^8/8! - x^10/10!
Program to solve sum = 1 - x^2/2! + x^4/4! - x^6/6! + x^8/8! - x^10/10!
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int i,j,x,n;
long num,den;
float sum;
clrscr();
printf("\nEnter value of x : ");
scanf("%d",&x);
sum=1;
num=1;
den=1;
for(j=2,i=1;j<=10;i++,j=j+2)
{
num=-num*x*x;
den=den*(2*i-1)*(2*i);
sum=sum+(float)num/den;
}
printf("\nSum=%f",sum);
getch();
}
OUTPUT
INPUT :Enter value of x : 2
RESULT :Sum=-0.416155
Page 7
To find the Roots of a quadratic equation

Program to find the roots of a quadratic equation
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<math.h>
void main()
{
int a,b,c,d;
float r1,r2;
clrscr();
printf("Enter values of a,b,c:");
scanf("%d%d%d",&a,&b,&c);
d=b*b-4*a*c;
if(d>0)
{
r1=-(b+sqrt(d))/(2*a);
r2=-(b-sqrt(d))/(2*a);
printf("Roots are real and different\n%f %f",r1,r2);
}
else if(d==0)
{
r1=-b/(2*a);
r2=-b/(2*a);
printf("Roots are real and equal\n%f %f",r1,r2);
}
else
{
r1=-b/(2*a);
r2=sqrt(-d)/(2*a);
printf("Roots are imaginary \n%f+i%f",r1,r2);
}
getch();
}
OUTPUT
INPUT :
Enter values of a,b,c:1 2 1
RESULT:
Roots are real and equal
-1.000000 -1.000000
Page 8
To find the factorial of a given integer using

recursive and non recursive functions
Program to find the factorial of a given integer using Non-recursive and recursive functions
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
unsigned int recr_factorial(int n);
unsigned int iter_factorial(int n);
void main()
{
int n,i;
long fact;
clrscr();
printf("Enter the number: ");
scanf("%d",&n);
if(n==0)
printf("Factorial of 0 is 1\n");
else
{
printf("Factorial of %d Using Recursive Function is %d\n",
n,recr_factorial(n));
printf("Factorial of %d Using Non-Recursive Function is
%d\n",n,iter_factorial(n));
}
getch();
}
/* Recursive Function*/
unsigned int recr_factorial(int n)
{
return n>=1 ? n * recr_factorial(n-1) : 1;
}
/* Non-Recursive Function*/
unsigned int iter_factorial(int n)
{
int fact = 1;
int i;
for(i = 1; i <= n; i++) {
Page 9
fact *= i;
}
return fact;
}
OUTPUT
INPUT:
Enter the number: 7
OUTPUT :
Factorial of 7 Using Recursive Function is 5040
Factorial of 7 Using Non-Recursive Function is 5040
Page 10
To find GCD of two given integers

Program to find the GCD of two given integers using Non-Recursive and Recursive functions
unsigned int GcdRecursive(unsigned m, unsigned n);
unsigned int GcdNonRecursive(unsigned p,unsigned q);
int main(void)
{
int a,b;
clrscr();
printf("Enter the two numbers whose GCD is to be found: ");
scanf("%d%d",&a,&b);
printf("GCD of %d and %d Using Recursive Function is %d\n", a,b,GcdRecursive(a,b));
printf("GCD of %d and %d Using Non-Recursive Function is %d\n",a,b,GcdNonRecursive(a,b));
getch();
return 0;
}
unsigned int GcdRecursive(unsigned m, unsigned n)
{
if(n>m)
return GcdRecursive(n,m);
if(n==0)
return m;
else
return GcdRecursive(n,m%n);
}
unsigned int GcdNonRecursive(unsigned p,unsigned q)
{
unsigned remainder;
remainder = p-(p/q*q);
if(remainder==0)
return q;
else
while(remainder>0)
{
p=q;
q=remainder;
remainder=p%q;
Page 11
}
return q;
}
OUTPUT
INPUT :
Enter the two numbers whose GCD is to be found: 15 25
RESULT:
GCD of 15 and 25 Using Recursive Function is 5
GCD of 15 and 25 Using Non-Recursive Function is 5
Towers of Hanoi
Program to solve Towers of Hanoi problem using Non-Recursive and Recursive functions
#include<conio.h>
#include<stdio.h>
void hanoiNonRecursion(int num,char sndl,char indl,char dndl)
{
char stkn[100],stksndl[100],stkindl[100],stkdndl[100],stkadd[100],temp;
int top,add;
top=NULL;
one:
if(num==1)
{
printf("\nMove top disk from needle %c to needle %c ",sndl,dndl);
goto four;
}
two:
top=top+1;
stkn[top]=num;
stksndl[top]=sndl;
stkindl[top]=indl;
stkdndl[top]=dndl;
stkadd[top]=3;
Page 12
num=num-1;
sndl=sndl;
temp=indl;
indl=dndl;
dndl=temp;
goto one;
three:
printf("\nMove top disk from needle %c to needle %c ",sndl,dndl);
top=top+1;
stkn[top]=num;
stksndl[top]=sndl;
stkindl[top]=indl;
stkdndl[top]=dndl;
stkadd[top]=5;
num=num-1;
temp=sndl;
sndl=indl;
indl=temp;
dndl=dndl;
goto one;
four:
if(top==NULL)
return;
num=stkn[top];
sndl=stksndl[top];
indl=stkindl[top];
dndl=stkdndl[top];
add=stkadd[top];
top=top-1;
if(add==3)
goto three;
else if(add==5)
goto four;
}
void hanoiRecursion( int num, char ndl1, char ndl2, char ndl3)
{
if ( num == 1 )
{
printf( "Move top disk from needle %c to needle %c.", ndl1, ndl2 );
return;
}
Page 13
hanoiRecursion( num - 1,ndl1, ndl3, ndl2 );

printf( "Move top disk from needle %c to needle %c.", ndl1, ndl2 );
hanoiRecursion( num - 1,ndl3, ndl2, ndl1 );
}
void main()
{
int no;
clrscr();
printf("Enter the no. of disks to be transferred: ");
scanf("%d",&no);
if(no<1)
printf("\nThere's nothing to move.");
else
printf("Non-Recursive");
hanoiNonRecursion(no,'A','B','C');
printf("\nRecursive");
hanoiRecursion(no,'A','B','C');
getch();
}
OUTPUT
INPUT :
Enter the no. of disks to be transferred: 4
RESULT :
Non-Recursive
Move top disk from needle A to needle B Move top disk from needle A to needle C
Move top disk from needle B to needle C Move top disk from needle A to needle B
Move top disk from needle C to needle A Move top disk from needle C to needle B
Move top disk from needle B to needle C Move top disk from needle B to needle A
Move top disk from needle C to needle A Move top disk from needle B to needle C
Move top disk from needle B to needle C
Recursive
Move top disk from needle A to needle C. Move top disk from needle A to needle B.
Move top disk from needle C to needle B. Move top disk from needle A to needle C.
Page 14
Move top disk from needle B to needle A. Move top disk from needle B to needle C.
Move top disk from needle C to needle B. Move top disk from needle C to needle A.
Move top disk from needle B to needle A. Move top disk from needle C to needle B.
Move top disk from needle C to needle B.
To find the total distance travelled by vehicle in t seconds at regular

intervals of time for the given values of u and a (distance ut+1/2 at2 )
Program the find the total distance travelled by vehicle in t seconds at regular intervals of
time for the given values of u and a (distance ut+1/2 at2 )
#include <stdio.h>
#include <math.h>
void main()
{
int tim_intrval, counter,time;
float accl, distance=0, velos;
clrscr();
printf("<===PROGRAM FOR CALC TOTAL DISTANCE TRAVELED BY A VECHIAL==>");
printf("\n\n\n\t\t\tNO OF TIME INTERVALS : ");
scanf("%d",&tim_intrval);
for(counter = 1; counter <= tim_intrval; counter++)
{
printf("\n\t\t\tAT T%d TIME(sec) : ",counter);
scanf("%d",&time);
printf("\t\t\tVELOCITY AT %d sec (m/sec) : ",time);
scanf("%f",&velos);
printf("\t\t\tACCLERATION AT %d sec (m/sec^2): ",time);
scanf("%f",&accl);
distance += (velos*time + (accl*pow(time,2))/2);
}
printf("\n\n\n\tTOTAL DISTANCE TRAVELLED BY VEHICLE IN %d INTERVALS OF TIME :
%.2f",tim_intrval,distance);
getch();
}
OUTPUT
PROGRAM FOR CALCULATE TOTAL DISTANCE TRAVELED BY A VECHICLE
INPUT :
NO OF TIME INTERVALS : 3
AT T1 TIME(sec) : 10
Page 15
VELOCITY AT 10 sec (m/sec) : 90

ACCLERATION AT 10 sec (m/sec^2): 2.5
ACCLERATION AT 20 sec (m/sec^2): 3
ACCLERATION AT 40 sec (m/sec^2): 5
RESULT :
TOTAL DISTANCE TRAVELLED BY VEHICLE IN 3 INTERVALS
OF TIME : 10225.00
To perform operation on the two given integer operands

and one operator using switch statement
Program to perform operation on the two given integer operands and one operator using
switch statement.
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int op1,op2,res;
char op;
clrscr();
printf("Enter operator :");
scanf("%c",&op);
printf("Enter two values :");
scanf("%d%d",&op1,&op2);
switch(op)
{
case '+': res=op1+op2;
break;
case '-': res=op1-op2;
break;
case '*': res=op1*op2;
break;
case '/': res=op1/op2;
break;
case '%': res=op1%op2;
break;
default : printf("Invalid choice");
}
Page 16
printf("\n%d %c %d = %d",op1,op,op2,res);
getch();
}
OUTPUT
INPUT
Enter operator : +
Enter any two integer values : 30 40
RESULT
30 + 40 = 70
To find the largest and smallest numbers in a list of integers

Program to find the largest and smallest numbers in a list of integers
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#define MAX 10
void main()
{
int a[MAX],i,lar,small,n;
printf("Enter value of n:");
scanf("%d",&n);
printf(Enter %d values,n);
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
scanf("%d",&a[i]);
lar=small=a[0];
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
if(a[i]>lar)
lar=a[i];
if(a[i]<small)
small=a[i];
}
printf("Large=%d Small=%d",lar,small);
getch();
}
Page 17
OUTPUT
INPUT :
Enter the value of n : 5
Enter 5 values
44
55
66
33
22
RESULT :
Large : 66
Small : 22
Addition of two matrices

Addition of two matrices
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int A[5][5],B[5][5],C[5][5],i,j,r1,c1,r2,c2;
clrscr();
printf("\nEnter size of matrix A :");
scanf("%d%d",&r1,&c1);
printf("\nEnter size of matrix B :");
if(r1==r2 && c1==c2)
{
printf("\nEnter values of matrix A\n");
for(i=0;i<r1;i++)
for(j=0;j<c1;j++)
{
printf("A[%d][%d]=",i,j);
scanf("%d",&A[i][j]);
Page 18
}
printf("\nEnter values of matrix B9\n");
for(i=0;i<r2;i++)
for(j=0;j<c2;j++)
{
printf("B[%d][%d]=",i,j);
scanf("%d",&B[i][j]);
}
for(i=0;i<r2;i++)
for(j=0;j<c2;j++)
C[i][j]=A[i][j]+B[i][j];
printf("\nMatrix A\n");
for(i=0;i<r1;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<c1;j++)
printf("%d\t",A[i][j]);
printf("\n");
}
printf("\nMatrix B\n");
for(i=0;i<r2;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<c2;j++)
printf("%d\t",B[i][j]);
printf("\n");
}
printf("\nSum of two matrices A and B \n");
for(i=0;i<r2;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<c2;j++)
printf("%d\t",C[i][j]);
printf("\n");
}
}
else
printf("Addition not possible");
getch();
}
OUTPUT
INPUT:
Enter size of matrix A : 3 3
Enter size of matrix B : 3 3
Enter the values of matrix A 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Page 19
Enter the values of matrix B 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

RESULT:
MATRIX A
123
456
789
MATRIX B
987
654
321
Sum of the two matrices A and B is
MATRIX C
10 10 10
10 10 10
10 10 10
Multiplication of two matrices

Multiplication of two matrices
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int A[5][5],B[5][5],C[5][5],i,j,r1,c1,r2,c2;
clrscr();
printf("\nEnter size of matrix A :");
printf("\nEnter size of matrix B :");
if(r1==r2 && c1==c2)
{
printf("\nEnter values of matrix A\n");
for(i=0;i<r1;i++)
for(j=0;j<c1;j++)
Page 20
{
printf("A[%d][%d]=",i,j);
scanf("%d",&A[i][j]);
}
printf("\nEnter values of matrix B9\n");
for(i=0;i<r2;i++)
for(j=0;j<c2;j++)
{
printf("B[%d][%d]=",i,j);
scanf("%d",&B[i][j]);
}
for(i=0;i<r2;i++)
for(j=0;j<c2;j++)
C[i][j]=A[i][j]+B[i][j];
printf("\nMatrix A\n");
for(i=0;i<r1;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<c1;j++)
printf("%d\t",A[i][j]);
printf("\n");
}
printf("\nMatrix B\n");
for(i=0;i<r2;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<c2;j++)
printf("%d\t",B[i][j]);
printf("\n");
}
printf("\nSum of two matrices A and B \n");
for(i=0;i<r2;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<c2;j++)
printf("%d\t",C[i][j]);
printf("\n");
}
}
else
printf("Addition not possible");
getch();
}
OUTPUT
INPUT:
Enter size of matrix A : 2 3
Page 21
Enter size of matrix B : 3 2

Enter the values of matrix A 1 2 3 4 5 6
Enter the values of matrix B 2 1 2 1 2 1
RESULT:
MATRIX A
1
2
3
4
5
6
MATRIX B
2
1
2
1
2
1
Sum of the two matrices A and B is
MATRIX C
12
6
30
15
To insert a sub-string in to given main string from a given position

Program to insert a sub-string in to given main string from a given position
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<string.h>
void main()
{
int pos;
char mstr[100],substr[10];
void strin(char[],char[],int);
clrscr();
printf("Enter main string");
gets(mstr);
printf("Enter the substr to be inserted:");
gets(substr);
Page 22
printf("Enter the position to insert the substring in the mainstring:");

scanf("%d",&pos);
strin(mstr,substr,pos);
getch();
}
void strin(char m[],char sub[],int p)
{
char str1[100];
int i,j,k;
j=0;
for(i=0;i<p;i++)
str1[j++]=m[i];
for(k=0;sub[k]!='\0';k++)
str1[j++]=sub[k];
for(;i<strlen(m);i++)
str1[j++]=m[i];
str1[j]='\0';
printf("Main String after insertion of substring\n%s",str1);
}INPUT:Enter the main string : eslish
Enter the sub string : tab
Enter the position where the item has to be inserted:2
RESULT:
Main string after insertion of substring : establish
To delete n characters from a given position in a given string

Program to delete n characters from a given position in a given string.
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<string.h>
void main()
{
int i,pos,len,n;
char mstr[100],substr[10],str1[100];
void strdel(char[],int,int);
clrscr();
printf("Enter main string");
gets(mstr);
printf("\nEnter how many characters and from which position:");
scanf("%d%d",&n,&pos);
strdel(mstr,n,pos);
getch();
}
Page 23
void strdel(char m[],int n,int p)

{
int i;
for(i=p-1;i<m[i]!='\0';i++)
m[i]=m[i+n];
printf("After deletion : %s",m);
}
OUTPUT
INPUT:
Enter the first string : establish
Enter how many characters and from which position : 3 2
RESULT:
After deletion the string is elish
To determine if the given string is a palindrome or not

Program to determine if the given string is a palindrome or not
#include<stdio.h>
#include<string.h>
enum Boolean{false,true};
enum Boolean IsPalindrome(char string[])
{
int left,right,len=strlen(string);
enum Boolean matched=true;
if(len==0)
return 0;
left=0;
right=len-1;
/* Compare the first and last letter,second & second last & so on */
while(left<right&&matched)
{
if(string[left]!=string[right])
matched=false;
else
{
left++;
right--;
Page 24
}
}
return matched;
}
int main()
{
char string[40];
clrscr();
printf("****Program to test if the given string is a palindrome****\n");
printf("Enter a string:");
scanf("%s",string);
if(IsPalindrome(string))
printf("The given string %s is a palindrome\n",string);
else
printf("The given string %s is not a palindrome\n",string);
getch();
return 0;
}
OUTPUT
INPUT
Enter a string : MALAYALAM
RESULT
The given string MALAYALAM is a palindrome
To display the position or index in the string S

where the string T begins, or - 1 if S doesn't contain T.
Program that displays the position or index in the string S where the string T begins, or - 1 if
S doesn't contain T.
#include<stdio.h>
#include<string.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
char s[30], t[20];
char *found;
clrscr();
/* Entering the main string */
puts("Enter the first string: ");
gets(s);
/* Entering the string whose position or index to be displayed */
Page 25
puts("Enter the string to be searched: ");

gets(t);
/*Searching string t in string s */
found=strstr(s,t);
if(found)
printf("Second String is found in the First String at %d position.\n",(found-s)+1);
else
printf("-1");
getch();
}
OUTPUT
INPUT:
Enter the first string : horizontal
Enter the string to be searched : zon
RESULT:
Second String is found in the First String at 5 position.
To count the lines, words and characters in a given text.

program to count the lines, words and characters in a given text.
#include <stdio.h>
main()
{
char line[81], ctr;
int i,c,
end = 0,
characters = 0,
words = 0,
lines = 0;
printf("KEY IN THE TEXT.\n");
printf("GIVE ONE SPACE AFTER EACH WORD.\n");
printf("WHEN COMPLETED, PRESS 'RETURN'.\n\n");
while( end == 0)
Page 26
{
/* Reading a line of text */
c = 0;
while((ctr=getchar()) != '\n')
line[c++] = ctr;
line[c] = '\0';
/* counting the words in a line */
if(line[0] == '\0')
break ;
else
{
words++;
for(i=0; line[i] != '\0';i++)
if(line[i] == ' ' || line[i] == '\t')
words++;
}
/* counting lines and characters */
lines = lines +1;
characters = characters + strlen(line);
}
printf ("\n");
printf("Number of lines = %d\n", lines);
printf("Number of words = %d\n", words);
printf("Number of characters = %d\n", characters);
}
OUTPUT
INPUT :
KEY IN THE TEXT.
GIVE ONE SPACE AFTER EACH WORD.
WHEN COMPLETED, PRESS 'RETURN'.
Admiration is a very short-lived passion.
Admiration involves a glorious obliquity of vision.
Always we like those who admire us but we do not
like those whom we admire.
Fools admire, but men of sense approve.
RESULT :
Page 27
Number of lines = 5
Number of words = 36
Number of characters = 205
Pascal's triangle
Pascal Triangle
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int bin,p,q,r,x;
clrscr();
bin=1;
q=0;
printf("How many rows you want :");
scanf("%d",&r);
printf("\nPascal's Triangle:\n");
while(q<r)
{
for(p=40-3*q;p>0;--p)
printf(" ");
for(x=0;x<=q;++x)
{
if((x==0)||(q==0))
bin=1;
else
bin=(bin*(q-x+1))/x;
printf("%6d",bin);
}
printf("\n");
++q;
}
getch();
}
OUTPUT:
INPUT:
Enter how many rows you want : 5
RESULT :
Page 28
Pascal's Triangle:
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
3
4
1
3
1
4
To construct a pyramid of numbers

program to construct a pyramid of numbers
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int num,i,y,x=35;
clrscr();
printf("\nEnter the number to generate the pyramid:\n");
scanf("%d",&num);
for(y=0;y<=num;y++)
{
/*(x-coordinate,y-coordinate)*/
gotoxy(x,y+1);
/*for displaying digits towards the left and right of zero*/
for(i=0-y;i<=y;i++)
printf("%3d",abs(i));
x=x-3;
}
getch();
}
OUTPUT
INPUT :
Enter the number to generate the : 5
RESULT :
Page 29
2
3 2
4 3 2
5 4 3 2
To
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
2
2 3
2 3 4
2 3 4 5
read in two numbers, x and n, and then compute the sum of this
geometric progression: 1+x+x2+x3+. . . xn
program to read in two numbers, x and n, and then compute the sum of this geometric
progression: 1+x+x2+x3+. . . xn
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<math.h>
void main()
{
long x,n,i,sum=0,v;
clrscr();
lab:
printf("Enter the values of x and n:");
scanf("%ld%ld",&x,&n);
if(n<0)
{
printf("does not take negative exponents");
goto lab;
}
else
for(i=0;i<=n;i++)
{
v=pow(x,i);
printf("+%ld",v);
sum=sum+v;
}
printf("=%ld\n",sum);
getch();
}
OUTPUT
INPUT :Enter the values of x and n : 2
8
Page 30
RESULT:
1+2+4+8+16+32+64+128+256=511
To find the 2s complement of a binary number

Program to find the 2s complement of a binary number.
#include <stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void complement (char *a);
void main()
{
char a[16];
int i;
clrscr();
printf("Enter the binary number : ");
gets(a);
for(i=0;a[i]!='\0'; i++)
{
if (a[i]!='0' && a[i]!='1')
{
printf("The number entered is not a binary number. Enter the correct number");
exit(0);
}
}
complement(a);
getch();
}
void complement (char *a)
{
int l, i, c=0;
char b[16];
l=strlen(a);
for (i=l-1; i>=0; i--)
{
if (a[i]=='0')
b[i]='1';
else
b[i]='0';
}
Page 31
for(i=l-1; i>=0; i--)

{
if(i==l-1)
{
if (b[i]=='0')
b[i]='1';
else
{
b[i]='0';
c=1;
}
}
else
{
if(c==1 && b[i]=='0')
{
b[i]='1';
c=0;
}
else if (c==1 && b[i]=='1')
{
b[i]='0';
c=1;
}
}
}
b[l]='\0';
printf("The 2's complement is %s", b);
}
OUTPUT
INPUT:
Enter the binary number1111
RESULT:
The 2's complement is 0001
To convert a Roman numeral to its decimal equivalent.

Page 32
Program to convert a Roman numeral to its decimal equivalent.

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<string.h>
#include<stdlib.h>
void main()
{
int *a,len,i,j,k;
char *rom;
printf("Enter the Roman Numeral:");
scanf("%s",rom);
len=strlen(rom);
for(i=0;i<len;i++)
{
if(rom[i]=='I')
a[i]=1;
else if(rom[i]=='V')
a[i]=5;
else if(rom[i]=='X')
a[i]=10;
else if(rom[i]=='L')
a[i]=50;
else if(rom[i]=='C')
[i]=100;
else if(rom[i]=='D')
a[i]=500;
else if(rom[i]=='M')
a[i]=1000;
else
{
printf("\nInvalid Value");
exit(0);
}
}
k=a[len-1];
for(i=len-1;i>0;i--)
{
if(a[i]>a[i-1])
k=k-a[i-1];
else if(a[i]==a[i-1] || a[i]<a[i-1])
k=k+a[i-1];
}
printf("\nIts Decimal Equivalent is:");
printf("%d",k);
}
Page 33
OUTPUT
INPUT:
Enter the Roman Numeral : XXVIII
RESULT:
Its Decimal Equivalent is : 28
Addition and Multiplication of two complex number

Program that uses functions to perform the following operations:
i) Reading a complex number
ii) Writing a complex number
iii) Addition of two complex numbers
iv) Multiplication of two complex number
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<stdlib.h>
struct complex
{
float real;
float imag;
};
typedef struct complex c;
void main()
{
int ch;
struct complex add(struct complex,struct complex);
struct complex sub(struct complex,struct complex);
struct complex mul(struct complex,struct complex);
struct complex div(struct complex,struct complex);
Page 34
c c1,c2,c3;
clrscr();
printf("Enter first complex ");
scanf("%f%f",&c1.real,&c1.imag);
printf("Enter second complex ");
scanf("%f%f",&c2.real,&c2.imag);
do
{
printf("\n1.Addition");
printf("\n2.Subtraction");
printf("\n3.Multiplication");
printf("\n4.Division");
printf("\n5.exit");
printf("\nEnter ur choice :");
scanf("%d",&ch);
switch(ch)
{
case 1:c3=add(c1,c2);
printf("%.2f+i%.2f",c3.real,c3.imag);
break;
case 2:c3=sub(c1,c2);
break;
case 3:c3=mul(c1,c2);
break;
case 4:c3=div(c1,c2);
break;
case 5:exit(0);
}
}while(ch!=5);
getch();
}
c add(c x,c y)
{
c z;
z.real=x.real+y.real;
z.imag=x.imag+y.imag;
return z;
}
c sub(c x,c y)
{
c z;
z.real=x.real-y.real;
z.imag=x.imag-y.imag;
Page 35
return z;
}
c mul(c x,c y)
{
c z;
z.real=(x.real*y.real)-(x.imag*y.imag);
z.imag=(x.real*y.imag)+(x.imag*y.real);
return z;
}
c div(c x,c y)
{
c z;
z.real=((x.real*y.real)+(x.imag*y.imag))/((x.real*x.real)+(x.imag*x.imag));
z.imag=((y.imag*x.real)+(x.real*y.imag))/((x.real*x.real)+(x.imag*x.imag));
return z;
}
OUTPUT
INPUT:
Enter first complex 2.5
Enter second complex 4
6.5
9
RESULT:
1.Addition
2.Subtraction
3.Multiplication
4.Division
5.exit
Enter ur choice :1
Addtion : 6.50+i15.50
1.Addition
2.Subtraction
3.Multiplication
4.Division
5.exit
Enter ur choice :3
Page 36
Multiplication : -48.50+i48.50
Binary Search
ALGORITHM :
step 1: start
step 2: read how many elements n
step 3: read n elements
step 4: enter the key element to be searched
step 5: sort the elements
step 6: compare the key element with n elements
step 7:
step 8: write the element is found in postition else not found
step 9: stop
Programs that use both recursive and non recursive functions to perform binary search
operations
#include <stdio.h>
#define MAX_LEN 10
Page 37
/* Non-Recursive function*/
void b_search_nonrecursive(int l[],int num,int ele)
{
int l1,i,j, flag = 0;
l1 = 0;
i = num-1;
while(l1 <= i)
{
j = (l1+i)/2;
if( l[j] == ele)
{
printf("\nThe element %d is present at position %d in list\n",ele,j);
flag =1;
break;
}
else
if(l[j] < ele)
l1 = j+1;
else
i = j-1;
}
if( flag == 0)
printf("\nThe element %d is not present in the list\n",ele);
}
/* Recursive function*/
int b_search_recursive(int l[],int arrayStart,int arrayEnd,int a)
{
int m,pos;
if (arrayStart<=arrayEnd)
{
m=(arrayStart+arrayEnd)/2;
if (l[m]==a)
return m;
else if (a<l[m])
return b_search_recursive(l,arrayStart,m-1,a);
else
return b_search_recursive(l,m+1,arrayEnd,a);
}
return -1;
}
void read_list(int l[],int n)
{
int i;
printf("\nEnter the elements:\n");
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
Page 38
scanf("%d",&l[i]);
}
void print_list(int l[],int n)
{
int i;
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
printf("%d\t",l[i]);
}
/*main function*/
void main()
{
int l[MAX_LEN], num, ele,f,l1,a;
int ch,pos;
clrscr();
printf("======================================================");
printf("\n\t\t\tMENU");
printf("\n=====================================================");
printf("\n[1] Binary Search using Recursion method");
printf("\n[2] Binary Search using Non-Recursion method");
printf("\n\nEnter your Choice:");
scanf("%d",&ch);
if(ch<=2 & ch>0)
{
printf("\nEnter the number of elements : ");
scanf("%d",&num);
read_list(l,num);
printf("\nElements present in the list are:\n\n");
print_list(l,num);
printf("\n\nEnter the element you want to search:\n\n");
scanf("%d",&ele);
switch(ch)
{
case 1:printf("\nRecursive method:\n");
pos=b_search_recursive(l,0,num,ele);
if(pos==-1)
{
printf("Element is not found");
}
else
{
printf("Element is found at %d position",pos);
}
Page 39
getch();
break;
case 2:printf("\nNon-Recursive method:\n");
b_search_nonrecursive(l,num,ele);
getch();
break;
}
}
getch();
}
OUTPUT
INPUT :
==================================
MENU
==================================
[1] Binary Search using Recursion method
[2] Binary Search using Non-Recursion method
Enter your Choice:1
Enter the number of elements : 5
Enter the elements: 45 50 68 74 85
RESULT :
Elements present in the list are:
45
50
68
74
85
Enter the element you want to search : 68
Recursive method:
Element is found at 3 position
INPUT :
======================================================
MENU
=====================================================
[1] Binary Search using Recursion method
[2] Binary Search using Non-Recursion method
Enter your Choice:2
Enter the number of elements : 5
Enter the elements:
Page 40
25 65 87 98 153
RESULT :
Elements present in the list are: 25
65
87
98
153
Enter the element you want to search : 98

Non-Recursive method:
The element 98 is present at position 3 in list
Bubble Sort
Definition :
Bubble Sort is an elementary sorting algorithm. It works by repeatedly exchanging adjacent
elements, if necessary. When no exchanges are required, the data is sorted.
ALGORITHM :
Procedure BubbleSort(A, MAX) : Here A is an array consisting of MAX elements. This
procedure sorts the elements in Ascending Order by repeatedly exchanging adjacent elements, if
necessary. Here 'temp' is a temporary variable used to exchange the adjacent elements in this
procedure.
ASCENDING ORDER
for i 1 to MAX do
for j MAX downto i+1 do
If A[j] < A[j-1] then
Exchange A[j] A[j-1]
Program to implement Bubble sort

#include <stdio.h>
#define MAX 10
void swapList(int *m,int *n)
{
int temp;
temp = *m;
*m = *n;
*n = temp;
Page 41
}
// Function for Bubble Sort
void bub_sort(int list[], int n)
{
int i,j;
for(i=0;i<(n-1);i++)
for(j=0;j<(n-(i+1));j++)
if(list[j] > list[j+1])
swapList(&list[j],&list[j+1]);
}
void readlist(int list[],int n)
{
int j;
printf("\nEnter the elements: \n");
for(j=0;j<n;j++)
scanf("%d",&list[j]);
}// Showing the contents of the list
void printlist(int list[],int n)
{
int j;
for(j=0;j<n;j++)
printf("%d\t",list[j]);
}
void main()
{
int list[MAX], num;
printf(\nBUBBLE SORT);
printf("\n\n\nEnter the number of elements [Maximum 10]\n");
scanf("%d",&num);
readlist(list,num);
printf("\n\nElements in the list before sorting are:\n");
printlist(list,num);
bub_sort(list,num);
printf("\n\nElements in the list after sorting are:\n");
printlist(list,num);
}
OUTPUT:
******BUBBLE SORT *****
INPUT :
Enter the number of elements [Maximum 10] : 6
Page 42
Enter the elements:

55 44 11 66 88 5
RESULT :
Elements in the list before sorting are:
55
44
11 66
88
5
Elements in the list after sorting are:
5
11 44
55
66
88
QUICK SORT
Definition :
Quick Sort works on the principle of divide-and-conquer. It is an algorithm of choice in many
situations because it is not difficult to implement, it is a good "general purpose" sort and it
consumes relatively fewer resources during execution.
ALGORITHM : QUICK SORT

Procedure QuickSort(A, left, right) : Here A is an array consisting of MAX elements. This
procedure sorts the elements in Ascending or Descending Order based on the divide and conquer
method.
Quick Sort works by partitioning a given array A[p . . r] into two non-empty sub-array A[p . . q]
and A[q+1 . . r] such that every key in A[p . . q] is less than or equal to every key in A[q+1 . . r].
Then the two sub-arrays are sorted by recursive calls to Quick sort. The exact position of the
partition depends on the given array and index q is computed as a part of the partitioning
procedure.
Procedure QuickSort(A, left, right)

If left < right then
pivot = Partition (A, left, right)
Recursive call to QuickSort (A, left, pivot-1)
Recursive call to QuickSort (A, pivot+1, right)
PARTITION (A, p, r)
x = A[p]
i = p-1
j = r+1
while TRUE do
Page 43
Repeat j = j-1
until A[j] x
Repeat i = i+1
until A[i] x
if i < j
then exchange A[i] = A[j]
else return j
Quick sort
#include <stdio.h>
#define MAX 10
void swap(int *m,int *n)
{
int temp;
temp = *m;
*m = *n;
*n = temp;
}
int get_key_position(int x,int y )
{
return((x+y) /2);
}
// Function for Quick Sort
void quicksort(int list[],int m,int n)
{
int key,i,j,k;
if( m < n)
{
k = get_key_position(m,n);
swap(&list[m],&list[k]);
key = list[m];
i = m+1;
j = n;
while(i <= j)
{
while((i <= n) && (list[i] <= key))
i++;
while((j >= m) && (list[j] > key))
j--;
if( i < j)
swap(&list[i],&list[j]);
}
swap(&list[m],&list[j]);
quicksort(list,m,j-1);
quicksort(list,j+1,n);
Page 44
}
}
// Function to read the data
void read_data(int list[],int n)
{
int j;
printf("\n\nEnter the elements:\n");
for(j=0;j<n;j++)
scanf("%d",&list[j]);
}
// Function to print the data
void print_data(int list[],int n)
{
int j;
for(j=0;j<n;j++)
printf("%d\t",list[j]);
}
void main()
{
int list[MAX], num;
clrscr();
printf("\n***** Enter the number of elements Maximum [10] *****\n");
scanf("%d",&num);
read_data(list,num);
printf("\n\nElements in the list before sorting are:\n");
print_data(list,num);
quicksort(list,0,num-1);
printf("\n\nElements in the list after sorting are:\n");
print_data(list,num);
getch();
}
OUTPUT:
******QUICK SORT *****
INPUT :
Enter the number of elements [Maximum 10] : 10
Enter the elements:
15 4 11 6 28 25 9 35 45 3
RESULT :
Page 45
Elements in the list before sorting are:

15 4 11 6 28 25 9 35 45
Elements in the list after sorting are:
3 4 6 9 11 15 25 28 35
3
45
Insertion Sort
Definition :
Insertion Sort is an example of an incremental algorithm. It builds the sorted sequence one
number at a time.
If the first few objects are already sorted, an unsorted object can be inserted in the sorted set in
proper place. This is called insertion sort. An algorithm consider the elements one at a time,
inserting each in its suitable place among those already considered (keeping them sorted).
ALGORITHM :
Procedure InsertionSort(A, MAX) : Here A is an array consisting of MAX elements. This
procedure sorts the elements in Ascending Order.
ASCENDING ORDER
For j = 2 to length [A] do
key = A[j]
Put A[j] into the sorted sequence A[1 . . j-1]
i = j-1
while i > 0 and A[i] > key do
A[i+1] = A[i]
i = i-1
A[i+1] = key
Program to implement Insertion sort
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void inst_sort(int []);
void main()
{
Page 46
int num[5],count;
clrscr();
printf(\n******INSERTION SORT******);
printf("\nEnter the Five Elements to sort:\n");
for (count=0;count<5;count++)
scanf("%d",&num[count]);
inst_sort(num);
printf("\n\nElements after sorting: \n");
for(count=0;count<5;count++)
printf("%d\n",num[count]);
getch();
}
// Function for Insertion Sorting
void inst_sort(int num[])
{
int i,j,k;
for(j=1;j<5;j++)
{
k=num[j];
for(i=j-1;i>=0 && k<num[i];i--)
num[i+1]=num[i];
num[i+1]=k;
}}
OUTPUT:
*****INSERTION SORT********
INPUT :
Enter the Five Elements to sort:
5
66
22
44
55
RESULT :
Elements after sorting:
5
22
44
55
66
Merge Sort
Definition :
Merge-sort is based on the divide-and-conquer paradigm. The Merge-sort algorithm can be
described in general terms as consisting of the following three steps:
1. Divide Step
Page 47
If given array A has zero or one element, return S; it is already sorted. Otherwise, divide A into two
arrays, A1 and A2, each containing about half of the elements of A.
2. Recursion Step
Recursively sort array A1 and A2.
3. Conquer Step
Combine the elements back in A by merging the sorted arrays A1 and A2 into a sorted sequence.
ALGORITHM :
To begin, suppose that we have two sorted arrays A1[1], A1[2], . . , A1[M] and A2[1], A2[2], . . . ,
A2[N]. The following is a direct algorithm of the obvious strategy of successively choosing the
smallest remaining elements from A1 to A2 and putting it in A
MERGE (A1, A2, A)

i = j1
A1[m+1], A2[n+1] = INT_MAX
For k = 1 to m + n do
if A1[i] < A2[j]
then A[k] = A1[i]
i = i +1
else
A[k] = A2[j]
j=j+1
The Merge sort algorithm is as follows:
MERGE_SORT (A)
A1[1 . . floor(n/2)] = A[1 . . floor(n/2)]
A2[1 . . floor(n/2)] = A[1 + floor(n/2) . . n]
Merge Sort (A1)
Merge Sort (A1)
Merge Sort (A1, A2, A)
Program to implement Merge sort

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#define MAX_ARY 10
void merge_sort(int x[], int end, int start);
int main(void) {
Page 48
int ary[MAX_ARY];
int j = 0;
printf("\n\nEnter the elements to be sorted: \n");
for(j=0;j<MAX_ARY;j++)
scanf("%d",&ary[j]);
/* array before mergesort */
printf("Before :");
for(j = 0; j < MAX_ARY; j++)
printf(" %d", ary[j]);
printf("\n");
merge_sort(ary, 0, MAX_ARY - 1);
/* array after mergesort */
printf("After Merge Sort :");
for(j = 0; j < MAX_ARY; j++)
printf(" %d", ary[j]);
printf("\n");
getch();
}
/* Method to implement Merge Sort*/
void merge_sort(int x[], int end, int start) {
int j = 0;
const int size = start - end + 1;
int mid = 0;
int mrg1 = 0;
int mrg2 = 0;
int executing[MAX_ARY];
if(end == start)
return;
mid = (end + start) / 2;
merge_sort(x, end, mid);
merge_sort(x, mid + 1, start);
for(j = 0; j < size; j++)
executing[j] = x[end + j];
mrg1 = 0;
mrg2 = mid - end + 1;
for(j = 0; j < size; j++) {
if(mrg2 <= start - end)
if(mrg1 <= mid - end)
if(executing[mrg1] > executing[mrg2])
x[j + end] = executing[mrg2++];
else
else
else
}
Page 49
}
OUTPUT:
*******MERGE SORT**********
Enter 10 elements to be sorted:
55
66
22
33
1
44
77
58
25
35
Before : 55 66 22 33 1 44 77 58 25 35
After Merge Sort : 1 22 25 33 35 44 55 58 66 77
Page 50

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INDEX

DESCRIPTION OF THE PROGRAM

a) A C program to find the sum of individual digits of a positive integer.

a) A C program to calculate the following Sum:

a) C program to find both the largest and smallest number in a

a) A C program that uses functions to perform the following operations:

JOGINPALLY B.R.ENGINEERING COLLEGE

a) A C program that displays the position or index in the string S

b) A C program to count the lines, words and characters in a given text.

a) A C program to find the 2s complement of a binary number.

A C program that uses functions to perform the following

a) A C program which copies one file to another.

A C program that uses functions to perform the following operations on Single

A C program that uses functions to perform the following operations on doubly

JOGINPALLY B.R.ENGINEERING COLLEGE

ii) C programs that implement stack (its operations) using pointers

A C program that uses Stack operations to perform the following:

A C program that uses functions to perform the following:

C programs that use both recursive and non recursive functions to

C programs that use both recursive and non recursive functions to

i) A C program to implement the Lagrange interpolation

i) A C program to implement the Linear Regression algorithm.

i) A C program to implement trapezoidal method.

JOGINPALLY B.R.ENGINEERING COLLEGE

Sum of individual digits of a given positive integer

JOGINPALLY B.R.ENGINEERING COLLEGE

JOGINPALLY B.R.ENGINEERING COLLEGE

Program to generate prime numbers between 1 and n

JOGINPALLY B.R.ENGINEERING COLLEGE

To evaluate the series

JOGINPALLY B.R.ENGINEERING COLLEGE

To find the Roots of a quadratic equation

To find the factorial of a given integer using

JOGINPALLY B.R.ENGINEERING COLLEGE

To find GCD of two given integers

hanoiRecursion( num - 1,ndl1, ndl3, ndl2 );

To find the total distance travelled by vehicle in t seconds at regular

VELOCITY AT 10 sec (m/sec) : 90

To perform operation on the two given integer operands

To find the largest and smallest numbers in a list of integers

Addition of two matrices

Enter the values of matrix B 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

Multiplication of two matrices

Enter size of matrix B : 3 2

To insert a sub-string in to given main string from a given position

printf("Enter the position to insert the substring in the mainstring:");

To delete n characters from a given position in a given string

void strdel(char m[],int n,int p)

To determine if the given string is a palindrome or not

To display the position or index in the string S

puts("Enter the string to be searched: ");

To count the lines, words and characters in a given text.

To construct a pyramid of numbers

JOGINPALLY B.R.ENGINEERING COLLEGE

To find the 2s complement of a binary number

for(i=l-1; i>=0; i--)

To convert a Roman numeral to its decimal equivalent.

Program to convert a Roman numeral to its decimal equivalent.

Addition and Multiplication of two complex number

Enter the element you want to search : 98

Program to implement Bubble sort

Enter the elements:

ALGORITHM : QUICK SORT