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Density of real gases
Equivalent Mud Weight (EMW)
V
V
pV
(Real Gas Law)
n
ZRT
pV
g
ZRT
M
gg
M air
M
pM
V
ZRT
M
29
M = molecular
weight
m = mass
n = no. of moles
gg = S.G. of gas
29g g p
ZRT
1.84
Z = 1.413
4
1.84
1.413
14.93
5
29 g g p
ZR T
p = 10,000 psig
o
T = 200 F
gg = 0.6
29 (0.6 ) 10,015
g
1.413 (80.28 ) 660
g = 2.33 ppg
6
EMW
po=0
or, at TD:
p = 0.052 * EMW * TVD
TVD
p
8
2,000
Depth, ft
4,000
6,000
8,000
EMW
p
0.052 * Depth
10,000
12,000
0.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
EMW, ppg
9
Depth, ft
4,000
After Kick
6,000
8,000
Before Kick
10,000
12,000
0
1,000
2,000
3,000
4,000
5,000
6,000
7,000
8,000
10
Gas Migration
Gas generally has a much lower density than the
drilling mud in the well, causing the gas to rise
when the well is shut in.
Since the gas, cannot expand in a closed wellbore,
it will maintain its pressure as it rises (ignoring
temp, fluid loss to formation, compressibility of
gas, mud, and formation)
This causes pressures everywhere in the wellbore
to increase.
11
P3
P2
P1
2
P1 = P2 = P3 ???
3
12
Gas Migration
Example 1: A 0.7 gravity gas bubble enters the bottom of a
9,000 ft vertical well when the drill collars are being pulled
through the rotary table.
Flow is noted and the well is shut in with an initial recorded
casing pressure of 50 psig. Influx height is 350 ft. Mud weight
= 9.6 ppg. Assume surface temperature of 70 oF. Temp
gradient = 1.1 oF/100 ft. Surface pressure = 14 psia
Determine the final casing pressure if the gas bubble is
allowed to reach the surface without expanding
= 629 R
14
pseudoreduced
15
Bottomhole Pressure
g
29g g p
ZRT
BHP = 4,378 + 35
BHP = 4,413 psia
(~surface press.?
16
Pressure at Surface
Assume, at first, that Zf = 1.0 (at the surface)
Then,
BOTTOM
SURFACE
po V
pV
4,378V
Zf = 0.817
p0 = 3,258 psia
18
29g g p
ZRT
f = 29*0.7*2,812 / (0.705*80.28*530)
= 1.9 ppg
19
64 psia
2,812 psia
530 R
8,650
9,000
7,378 psia
4,413 psia
629 R
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Gas
0.1 bbl/ft
4,413 psia
4,378
3,988 (T)
3,258 (Z)
2,812 (Z)
6. 2,024 (mud)
7,004 psia
7,179 psia
21
= 48.63 bbl
22
p8650
poA
poB
poC
Consider:
0.1 bbl/ft
MW
14 ppg
TVD
10,000 ft
24
25
P3
P2
1 Hr
P1
3
26
First Attempt
If the kick rises x ft. in 1 hr and the pressure
in the kick = constant, then the pressure
increases everywhere,
Dp = 0.052 * 14 * x
x = (2,000 - 1,000) / (0.052 * 14)
x = 1,374 ft
Second Attempt
Consider mud compressibility
Hole capacity = 0.1 bbl/ft * 10,000 ft
= 6 bbl
29
Second Attempt
i.e. gas could expand by 6 bbl, to 36 bbl
Initial kick pressure
=1,000 + 0.052 * 14 * 10,000 (approx.)
= 8,280 psig
= 8,295 psia
30
Second Attempt
A 20% expansion would reduce the
pressure in the kick to ~ 0.8*8,295
= 6,636 psia
= 6,621 psig
Second Attempt
How far did it migrate in 1 hour?
The pressure reduction in kick fluid
= 8,260 - 6,621=1,659 psi
The kick must therefore have risen an
additional x2 ft, given by:
1,659 = 0.052 * 14 * x2
x2 = 2,279 ft
32
Second Attempt
2nd estimate = 1,374 + 2,279
= 3,653 ft/hr
34
Example
Kick occurs. After shut-in, initial csg.
Press = 500 psig. 30 minutes later,
p = 800 psig
What is the slip velocity if the kick volume
remains constant?
MW = 10.0 ppg
35
Simple Solution
p 2 p1 psi
v slip
psi
g
t 2 t1 hr
ft
v slip
Ignoring
temperature,
compressibility and
other effects.
800 500
0.052 10.0 0.5
v slip 1,154 ft / hr
37
38
End
40