degrees of freedom analysis for material balance

with reaction using element material balances

degrees of freedom = number of unknowns
number of independent equations
N D = NU N E
NU = NS(Nsp+1)- NK; NS = number of streams
Nsp= number of elements
NS(Nsp+1) = total number of variables
NK = number of knowns
Nsp+1 is number of variables in each stream that involves mass flow rate of
stream (1) and mass fraction of elements (Nsp)
NE involves independent element balances (Nsp-1), total mass balance (1), and
in each stream the sums of the mass or mole fractions equals unity
(implicit equation) (number of stream that have incomplete information
of independent mass or mole fractions), etc.

Analyzing of elements balance in multiple units

(problem 11.14; 7th ed.)
Metallurgical grade silicon is purified to electronic grade for use in the
semiconductor industry. The Si metal reacts in varying degree with hydrogen
chloride gas at 300 oC to form several polychlorinated silanes. Trichlorosilane
is liquid at room temperature and is easily separated by fractional distillation
from the other gases. If 100 kg of silicon is reacted as shown in Fig. P11.14,
how much Trichlorosilane is produced?
<D>
21.42 mole % H2SiCl2
14.29 mole % SiCl4
64.29 mole % H2

<B>
HCl (g)

<A>
Si (s)

Reactor

<C>

Distillation
<E>
100 % HSiCl3

Step 1 - Step 5
Base : <A> 100 kg

MW
Si
H
Cl

28
1
35.5

HCl
Base =
H
Cl

100 mole =
100 mole =
100 mole =

mass fraction
Si
H
Cl

0
0.027
0.973
1.000

HSiCl3
Base =
Si
H
Cl
3650 gr
100 gr
3550 gr
3650

mass fraction
Si
H
Cl

100 mole =
100 mole =
100 mole =
300 mole =

0.207
0.007
0.786
1.000

13550 gr
2800 gr
100 gr
10650 gr
13550

Step 1 - Step 5
Base : <A> 100 kg

mole frac.
H2SiCl2
0.2142
SiCl4
0.1429
H2
0.6429
base =
1

mole
21.42
14.29
64.29
100
(as base)

mass
2163.42
2429.3
128.58
4721.3

H2SiCl2
Si
H
Cl

21.42 mole =
21.42 mole =
42.84 mole =
42.84 mole =

2163.42 gr
599.76 gr
42.84 gr
1520.82 gr
2163.42

SiCl4
Si
H
Cl

14.29 mole =
14.29 mole =
0 mole =
57.16 mole =

2429.3 gr
400.12 gr
0 gr
2029.18 gr
2429.3

H2
Si
H
Cl

64.29 mole =
0 mole =
128.58 mole =
0 mole =

128.58 gr
0 gr
128.58 gr
0 gr
128.58

Si
H
Cl

mass mass frac.

999.9
0.212
171.4
0.036
3550.0
0.752
4721.3
1.000

Step 6 - Step 10

<B>
0 % Si
2.7 % H
97.3 % Cl
<C>

Reactor

<A> 100 kg
100 % Si
0% H
0 % Cl

Distillation
<E>
20.7 % Si
0.7 % H
78.6 % Cl

Nsp = 3; NS = 4
NU = 4(3+1) (4+3+3+3) = 3
NE = 2 + 1 + 0 = 3
ND = 3 3 = 0
<A>

frac.
Si
H
Cl

<D>
21.2 % Si
3.6 % H
75.2 % Cl

1
0
0

<B>
mass
100
0
0
100

frac.
0
0.027
0.973
1.000

<D>
mass
0
10.11
368.16
378.27

frac.
0.212
0.036
0.752
1.000

0.027 -0.00006
<A>+<B>-<D>-<E>= 0.00000

<E>
mass
48.18
8.26
171.04
227.48

frac.
0.207
0.007
0.786
1.000

mass
51.82
1.85
197.12
250.79

(problem 11.17; 7th ed.)

Solution hydroxide is usually produced from common salt by electrolysis. The
essential elements of the system are shown in Figure P11.17.
(a) What is the percent conversion of salt to sodium hydroxide
(b) How much chlorine gas is produced per pound of product
(c) Per pound of product, how much water must be evaporated in the
evaporator?
<4>
Cl2
<1>
NaCl

Dissolver
<2>
H2O

<3> 30%
solution

<5>
H2

Electrolysis
System

<8>
H2O

<6>

Evaporator
<7>
50 % NaOH
7 % NaCl
43 % H2O

MW
Na
H
Cl
O

23
1
35.5
16

NaCl
Base =
Na
Cl

100 mole =
100 mole =
100 mole =

mass fraction
Na
H
Cl
O

H2O
Base =
O
H
mass fraction
Na
H
Cl
O

NaOH
NaCl
H2O

5850 gr
2300 gr
3550 gr
5850

0.393
0
0.607
0
1.000

100 mole =
100 mole =
200 mole =

0
0.111
0
0.889
1.000

1800 gr
1600 gr
200 gr
1800

mass frac.
0.5
0.07
0.43

mass
50
7
43
100
(as base)

NaOH
Na
H
O

1.250 mole
1.250 mole =
1.250 mole =
1.250 mole =

NaCl
Na
Cl

0.120 mole
0.120 mole =
0.120 mole =

H2O
O
H

2.389 mole
2.389 mole =
4.778 mole =

Na
H
Cl
O

mass mass frac.

31.5
0.3150
6.0
0.0603
4.2
0.0425
58.2
0.5822
100.0
1.0000

mole
1.250
0.120
2.389

28.750 gr
1.250 gr
20.000 gr
50.000

2.752 gr
4.248 gr
7.000

38.222 gr
4.778 gr
43.000

<1>
39.3 % Na
0%H
60.7 % Cl
0%O

Dissolver
<2>
0 % Na
11.1 % H
0 % Cl
88.9 % O

<4>
0 % Na
0%H
100 % Cl
0 %O
<3> 30%
solution

<8>
0 % Na
11.1 % H
0 % Cl
88.9 % O

<5>
0 % Na
100 % H
0 % Cl
0 %O

Electrolysis
System

Nsp = 4; NS = 6
NU = 6(4+1) (4+4+4+4+4+5) = 5
NE = 3 + 1 + 0 + 1 = 5
ND = 5 5 = 0

<6>

Evaporator
<7> 1 lb
31.5 % Na
6.03% H
4.25 % Cl
58.22 % O

neraca massa unsur untuk Na.

Na : Na di <1> = Na di <7> = 0.315 lb, sehingga massa <1> = 0.315/0.393 = 0.801527 lb

<1> 0.801527 lb
39.3 % Na
0%H
60.7 % Cl
0%O

Dissolver
<2>
0 % Na
11.1 % H
0 % Cl
88.9 % O

<4>
0 % Na
0%H
100 % Cl
0 %O
<3> 30%
solution

<8>
0 % Na
11.1 % H
0 % Cl
88.9 % O

<5>
0 % Na
100 % H
0 % Cl
0 %O

Electrolysis
System

Nsp = 4; NS = 6
NU = 6(4+1) (5+4+4+4+4+5) = 4
NE = 3 + 1 + 0 = 4
ND = 4 4 = 0

<6>

Evaporator
<7> 1 lb
31.5 % Na
6.03% H
4.25 % Cl
58.22 % O

<1>
Na
H
Cl
O

frac.
mass
0.393 0.315130
0.000
0
0.607 0.486397
0.000
0
1.000 0.801527

<2>
frac.
mass
0.000
0
0.111 0.207803
0.000
0
0.889 1.662426
1.000 1.870229

<4>
frac.
0.000
0.000
1.000
0.000
1.000

<1>+<2>-<4>-<5>-<7>-<8> =

mass
0.000000
0.000000
0.444027
0.000000
0.444027
0.000000

<5>
frac.
0.000
1.000
0.000
0.000
1.000

<7>
mass
0
0.0125
0
0
0.0125

frac.
0.3150
0.0603
0.0425
0.5822
1.000

mass
0.315021
0.060278
0.042479
0.582222
1

<8>
frac.
mass
0.000
0
0.111 0.135025
0.000
0
0.889 1.080204
1.000 1.215229

<1> 0.801527 lb
100 % NaCl
0 % H2O

Dissolver
<2>
0% NaCl
100 % H2O

<3>
30 % NaCl
70 % H2O

Nsp = 2; NS = 3
NU = 3(2+1) (3+2+2) = 2
NE = 1 + 1 + 0 = 2
ND = 2 2 = 0
<1>

frac.
NaCl
H20

mass
1 0.801527
0
0
0.801527

<2>
frac.

<3>
mass

0
0
1.000 1.870229
1.000 1.870229

frac.
mass
0.300 0.801527
0.700 1.870229
1.000 2.671756

degrees of freedom analysis for material balance

with reaction using species material balances
degrees of freedom = number of unknowns
number of independent equations
N D = NU N E

NU = NS(Nsp+1)+Nr- NK; NS = number of streams

Nsp= number of species
Nr = number of reactions
NS(Nsp+1)+Nr= total number of variables
NK = number of knowns
Nsp+1 is number of variables in each stream that involves mass flow rate of
stream (1) and mass fraction of elements (Nsp)
Nr involves reaction conversions of each reaction
NE involves independent species balances (Nsp-1), total mass balance (1), and
in each stream the sums of the mass or mole fractions equals unity
(implicit equation) (number of stream that have incomplete information
of independent mass or mole fractions), etc.

Analyzing of material balances in multiple units involving reaction

(problem 2, page 327; 7th ed.)
A simplified process for the production of SO3 to be used in the manufacture
of sulfuric acid is illustrated in figure SAT11P2. Sulfur is burned with 100%
excess air in the burner, but for the reaction S + O2
SO2 , only 90%
conversion of the S to SO2 is achieved in the burner. In the converter, the
conversion of SO2 to SO3 is 95% complete. Calculate the kg of air required per
100 kg of sulfur burned, and the concentrations of the components in the exit
gas from the burner and from the converter in mole fractions.

<1> Air

Burner
<2> S
<3> unburned S

<3>
SO2
O2
N2

Converter

<4>
SO3
SO2
O2
N2

S in <2> = 100/0.9 = 111.11 kg

S + O2 SO2
100 % excess of O2 = (mol O2 in <1> - mol O2 consumed theoretically) . 100 %
mol O2 consumed theoretically
mol O2 consumed theoretically = mol S in <2> = 100/32 kmol
Mol O2 in <1> = 2 . 100/32 kmol = 200/32 kmol = (200/32) x 32 = 200 kg
Mol N2 in <1> = 79.(200/32)/21 kmol = (79.(200/32)/21) x 28 = 658.33 kg
Mass rate of <1> = 858.33 kg

<1> Air

Burner
<2> S
<3> unburned S

<4>
SO2
O2
N2

Converter

<5>
SO3
SO2
O2
N2

<1> Air
858.33 kg
S =0%
SO2 = 0 %
O2 = 21 %
N2 = 79 %

Burner
<2> S
111.11 kg
S = 100 %
SO2 = 0 %
O2 = 0 %
N2 = 0 %

<3> unburned S
S = 100 %
SO2 = 0 %
O2 = 0 %
N2 = 0 %

<4>
S =0%
SO2
O2
N2

Nsp = 4; NS = 4
NU = 4(4+1)+1 (5+5+4+1)-1 = 5
NE = 3 + 1 + 1.1= 5
ND = 5 5 = 0