Resolver el ejercicio 12 y los impares del 19 al 31 , ejercicios 2.

SECTION 2.2 THE LIMIT OF A FUNCTION

9. For the function f whose graph is shown, state the following.

(a) lim f sxd

(b) lim f sxd

(d) lim2 f sxd

(e) lim1 f sxd

x l27

xl6

|||| Guess the value of the limit (if it exists) by evaluating the
function at the given numbers (correct to six decimal places).

xl0

x 2 2 2x
, x 2.5, 2.1, 2.05, 2.01, 2.005, 2.001,
x l2 x 2 x 2 2
1.9, 1.95, 1.99, 1.995, 1.999

15. lim

xl6

(f) The equations of the vertical asymptotes.

y

x 2 2 2x
, x 0, 20.5, 20.9, 20.95, 20.99,
xl 21 x 2 x 2 2
20.999, 22, 21.5, 21.1, 21.01, 21.001

16. lim

_3

_7

17. lim

xl0

ex 2 1 2 x
,
x2

18. lim1 x lnsx 1 x 2 d,

xl0

10. A patient receives a 150-mg injection of a drug every 4 hours.

The graph shows the amount f std of the drug in the bloodstream after t hours. (Later we will be able to compute the
dosage and time interval to ensure that the concentration of the
drug does not reach a harmful level.) Find
lim2 f std

x 61, 60.5, 60.1, 60.05, 60.01

x 1, 0.5, 0.1, 0.05, 0.01, 0.005, 0.001

20. lim

tan 3x
tan 5x

21. lim

x6 2 1
x10 2 1

22. lim

9x 2 5x
x

xl1

2330

300

||||

23. lim1
xl5

150

xl0

xl0

6
x25

16

29.

lim

x ls2py2d2

1yx
; 11. Use the graph of the function f sxd 1ys1 1 e d to state the

xl5

22x
sx 2 1d2
x21
27. lim 1 2
x l22 x sx 1 2d

24. lim2
26. lim

x l1

12

xl0

6
x25
x21
x sx 1 2d
2

28. lim2 csc x

x lp

30. lim1 lnsx 2 5d

sec x

x l5

value of each limit, if it exists. If it does not exist, explain why.

(a) lim2 f sxd

(b) lim1 f sxd

xl0

xl0

(c) lim f sxd

x l1

mine the values of a for which lim x l a f sxd exists:

1314

if x , 21
if 21 x , 1
if x 1

32. (a) Find the vertical asymptotes of the function

Sketch the graph of an example of a function f that

satisfies all of the given conditions.
||||

13. lim1 f sxd 4,

xl3

f s3d 3,
xl0

lim f sxd 1,

x l 21

xl3

lim f sxd 2,

lim f sxd 21,

x l 01

f s2d 1,

lim f sxd 0

x l 22

(b) Confirm your answer to part (a) by graphing the function.

decimal places. Does this number look familiar?
(b) Illustrate part (a) by graphing the function y s1 1 xd1yx.
34. The slope of the tangent line to the graph of the exponential

f s0d is undefined

x
x2 2 x 2 2

33. (a) Estimate the value of the limit lim x l 0 s1 1 xd1yx to five

x l 22

f s22d 1

14. lim2 f sxd 1,

lim2 f sxd 2,

1
1
and lim1 3
x l1 x 2 1
x3 2 1
(a) by evaluating f sxd 1ysx 3 2 1d for values of x that
approach 1 from the left and from the right,
(b) by reasoning as in Example 9, and
(c) from a graph of f .

31. Determine lim2

xl0

12. Sketch the graph of the following function and use it to deter-

22x
f sxd x
sx 2 1d2

Determine the infinite limit.

25. lim

sx 1 4 2 2
x

tl 12

f(t)

19. lim

xl0

and explain the significance of these one-sided limits.

1922 |||| Use a table of values to estimate the value of the limit.
If you have a graphing device, use it to confirm your result
graphically.

lim1 f std

and

tl 12

103

1518

(c) lim f sxd

x l23

function y 2 x at the point s0, 1d is lim x l 0 s2 x 2 1dyx.

Estimate the slope to three decimal places.

Resolver los ejercicios impares del 11 al 33 y del 37 al 41, solucin de los impares seccin 2.6
RESOLVER
SECTION 2.6 LIMITS AT INFINITY; HORIZONTAL ASYMPTOTES

(c) lim tsxd

(d) lim tsxd

1334

(e) lim1 tsxd

(f) The equations of the asymptotes

13. lim

x l3

xl`

1
2x 1 3

15. lim

x l 2`

14. lim

3x 1 5
x24

16. lim

2 2 3y 2
5y 2 1 4y

x l`

1 2 x 2 x2
2x 2 2 7

yl`

17. lim

x l`

4u 1 5
su 2 2 2ds2u 2 2 1d

20. lim

21. lim

s9x 6 2 x
x3 1 1

22. lim

f s1d 1,

6. lim1 f sxd `,
x l0

lim f sxd 0,

lim f sxd 2`,

lim f sxd 1,

x l`

25. lim (sx 2 1 ax 2 sx 2 1 bx )

26. lim cos x

27. lim sx

3
x
28. lim s

29. lim ( x 2 sx )

30. lim

x l2`

xl`

lim f sxd `,

x l2

lim1 f sxd `,

x l0

x l`

lim f sxd 0,

x l 2`

lim2 f sxd 2`

x l0

32. lim tan21sx 2 2 x 4 d

x 1 x3 1 x5
33. lim
xl` 1 2 x2 1 x4

34.

8. lim f sxd `,
x l 22

lim f sxd 3,

x l 2`

lim f sxd 23

S D

f sxd 1 2

2
x

Evaluate the limit and justify each step by indicating the

appropriate properties of limits.

12. lim

xl`

f sxd s3x 2 1 8x 1 6 2 s3x 2 1 3x 1 1

to estimate the value of lim x l ` f sxd to one decimal place.
(b) Use a table of values of f sxd to estimate the limit to four
decimal places.
(c) Find the exact value of the limit.

; 3742

||||

; 36. (a) Use a graph of

to estimate the value of lim x l ` f sxd correct to two decimal

places.
(b) Use a table of values of f sxd to estimate the limit to four
decimal places.

lim (sx 2 1 x 1 1 1 x)

; 10. (a) Use a graph of

xl`

by graphing the function f sxd sx 2 1 x 1 1 1 x.

(b) Use a table of values of f sxd to guess the value of the limit.
(c) Prove that your guess is correct.

by evaluating the function f sxd x 2y2 x for x 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5,

6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 20, 50, and 100. Then use a graph of f to support
your guess.

3x 2 2 x 1 4
2x 2 1 5x 2 8

lim e tan x

x l spy2d 1

x l 2`

x2
lim x
x l` 2

11. lim

; 9. Guess the value of the limit

1112

xl`

; 35. (a) Estimate the value of

x l`

x 3 2 2x 1 3
5 2 2x 2

31. lim sx 1 x d
x l 2`

7. lim f sxd 2`,

x l`

x l2`

xl`

lim f sxd 1

x l 2`

s9x 6 2 x
x3 1 1

24. lim ( x 1 sx 2 1 2x )

xl`

x l 02

x12
s9x 2 1 1

x l 2`

x l`

f is odd

x l`

x l`

23. lim (s9x 2 1 x 2 3x)

||||

5. f s0d 0,

t l 2`

x l`

Sketch the graph of an example of a function f that

satisfies all of the given conditions.

t2 1 2
t 1 t2 2 1

18. lim

19. lim

xl`

58

x 1 5x
2x 2 x 2 1 4
3

ul`

147

Find the limit.

||||

x l0

x l 22

12x 3 2 5x 1 2
1 1 4x 2 1 3x 3

|||| Find the horizontal and vertical asymptotes of each

curve. Check your work by graphing the curve and estimating the
asymptotes.

37. y

x
x14

38. y

x2 1 4
x2 2 1

39. y

x3
x 1 3x 2 10

40. y

x3 1 1
x3 1 x

41. hsxd

x
4
x4 1 1
s

x29
s4x 2 1 3x 1 2

42. Fsxd

RESPUESTAS DE LOS EJERCICIOS 2.2 Y 2.6.

A62

APPENDIX H Answers to Odd-Numbered Exercises

19. s f + tdsxd lnsx 2 2 9d, s2`, 23d < s3, `d

(c)

st + f dsxd sln xd2 2 9, s0, `d

s f + f dsxd ln ln x, s1, `d
st + tdsxd sx 2 2 9d2 2 9, s2`, `d
21. y 0.2493x 2 423.4818; about 77.6 years
3
23. 1
25. (a) 9
(b) 2 (c) 1ys3 (d) 5
1
2ty4
27. (a) 16 g
(b) mstd 2
(c) tsmd 24 log 2 m; the time elapsed when there are m grams
of 100 Pd
(d) About 26.6 days
29.

3 _1 _2 _4

s
4

(d)

t#

s= 6

(i)

(ii)

(iii)
2

t#

s= 6

tangent

(iv)

1
1

1.5

1.5

9. (a) 0, 1.7321, 21.0847, 22.7433, 4.3301, 22.8173, 0,

22.1651, 22.6061, 25, 3.4202; no

Exercises 2.2

(c) 231.4

page 102

1. Yes
3. (a) lim x l23 f sxd ` means that the values of f sxd can be
_5

_3 0

1 2
4

For c , 0, f is defined everywhere. As c increases, the dip at x 0

becomes deeper. For c 0, the graph has asymptotes at x 6sc.
Principles of Problem Solving

page 85

1. a 4 sh 2 16yh, where a is the length of the altitude and

2

h is the length of the hypotenuse

13.

3. 2 3 , 9
5.

7.

made arbitrarily large (as large as we please) by taking x sufficiently close to 23 (but not equal to 23).
(b) lim x l 41 f sxd 2` means that the values of f sxd can be made
arbitrarily large negative by taking x sufficiently close to 4 through
values larger than 4.
5. (a) 2
(b) 3 (c) Does not exist (d) 4
(e) Does not exist
7. (a) 21
(b) 22
(c) Does not exist (d) 2 (e) 0
(f) Does not exist (g) 1 (h) 3
9. (a) 2`
(b) ` (c) ` (d) 2` (e) `
(f) x 27, x 23, x 0, x 6
11. (a) 1
(b) 0 (c) Does not exist
y

0
0

9.

15. 3
17. 2
19. 4
21.
25. `
27. 2`
29. 2`
33. (a) 2.71828
(b)

y
1

3
5

23. `
31. 2` ; `
6

_4

13. x [ [21, 1 2 s3 ) < (1 1 s3, 3]

11. 5
n11
15. 40 miyh
19. fnsxd x 2

Chapter 2
Exercises 2.1

page 91

1. (a) 244.4, 238.8, 227.8, 222.2, 216.6

(b) 233.3 (c) 233 13

3. (a) (i) 0.333333
(ii) 0.263158 (iii) 0.251256
(iv) 0.250125 (v) 0.2 (vi) 0.238095 (vii) 0.248756
(viii) 0.249875 (b) 41
(c) y 14 x 1 14
5. (a) (i) 232 ftys (ii) 225.6 ftys (iii) 224.8 ftys
(iv) 224.16 ftys (b) 224 ftys
13
7
19
331
7. (a) (i) 6 ftys (ii) 6 ftys (iii) 24 ftys (iv) 600 ftys
(b) 12 ftys

4
_2

35. (a) 0.998000, 0.638259, 0.358484, 0.158680, 0.038851,

0.008928, 0.001465; 0
(b) 0.000572, 20.000614, 20.000907, 20.000978, 20.000993,
20.001000; 20.001
37. No matter how many times we zoom in toward the origin, the
graph appears to consist of almost-vertical lines. This indicates
more and more frequent oscillations as x l 0.
39. x < 60.90, 62.24; x 6sin21spy4d, 6sp 2 sin21spy4dd
Exercises 2.3
1. (a) 5

page 111

(b) 9
(g) Does not exist
3. 59
5. 205
13. Does not exist

(c) 2 (d) 2 13
(h) 2 116
1
7. 8
9. 0
15.

6
5

17. 8

(e) 2 38
11. 5

(f) 0

APPENDIX H Answers to Exercises 2.6

19.
31.
43.
45.

4
21. 6
23.
(a), (b) 23
35. 1
Does not exist
y
(a)

1
6

47. (a) (i) 2

(ii) 22

(b) No

21. hx x 23, 22j

x l 23

y
0

_4

(_3,_5)
(_3,_7)

(c)

A63

19. lim f sxd f s23d

(b) (i) 1
(ii) 21
(iii) Does not exist
(iv) 1

1
0

25. 2 16
27. 108
29. 22
39. 0
41. Does not exist

23. 2 , `)
29. x 0

25. R

27. s2`, 21d < s1, `d

3

0
x

_4

49. (a) (i) 22

(ii) Does not exist (iii) 23

(b) (i) n 2 1 (ii) n
(c) a is not an integer.
59. 15; 21
Exercises 2.4

_1
7
3

31.
33. 1
37. 0, left

page 122

(c) Radius; area; s1000yp ; 1000; 5; <0.0445

35. (a) 0.093
(b) d sB 2y3 2 12dys6B 1y3 d 2 1, where
B 216 1 108 1 12 s336 1 324 1 81 2
41. Within 0.1

y
(1,e)

(0,2)

(0,2)

(1,1)
(0,1)

(0,1)
0

(2,0)

41. 3
43. (a) tsxd x 2 4

(c) tsxd x 2 2 4x 1 16

(d) tsxd 1y(3 1 sx )

51. (b) s0.44, 0.45d
53. (b) 1.434
Exercises 2.6

page 133

39. 0, right; 1, left

1. (a) x 2 2 , 0.02
(b) x 2 2 , 0.002
4
3. 7 (or any smaller positive number)
5. 1.44 (or any smaller positive number)
7. 0.6875 (or any smaller positive number)
9. 0.11, 0.012 (or smaller positive numbers)
11. 0.07 (or any smaller positive number)
13. (a) s1000yp cm
(b) Within approximately 0.0445 cm

Exercises 2.5

59. None

page 146

1. (a) As x becomes large, f sxd approaches 5.

1. lim x l 4 f sxd f s4d

3. (a) 24 (removable), 22 ( jump), 2 ( jump), 4 (infinite)

(b) 24, neither; 22, left; 2, right; 4, right

(b) As x becomes large negative, f sxd approaches 3.

3. (a) `
(b) ` (c) 2` (d) 1 (e) 2
(f) x 21, x 2, y 1, y 2

5.

5.

7. (a)

Cost
(in dollars)

7.

x=2

1
0

61. Yes

1
0 1

Time
(in hours)
3

(b) Discontinuous at t 1, 2, 3, 4
9. 6
15. f s2d is not defined

17. lim f sxd does not exist

xl0

x=2

9. 0
11. 2
13. 0
15. 2 2
17. 2
19. 2
1
21. 3
23. 6
25. sa 2 bdy2
27. `
29. `
1
31. 2`
33. `
35. (a), (b) 2 2
37. y 1, x 24
39. x 2, x 25
40

12

y=

214

y=

212

10

x
212

240