LE 4000 RESOURCE MANAGEMENT-APA TECHNIQUE

NAME: Miah Mohammed Riyadh

MATRIC:1339983

KULLIYAH: Kulliyah Of Engineering(Aerospace)

TERM PAPER TITLE: Advantages Of Autopilots Over Manual Cruising

INTRODUCTION:
NO
1

REFERENCE DETAIL

Pallett,E.H.G.(1979).
Automated Flight control
chapter 4.
Page: 2

Abid Abbasi, Ubaid AlSaggaf,

&
Khalid
Munawar. (2011). Design
of
Unmanned
Aerial
Vehicle
Autopilot
based
on
Freescale Qorivva 32-bit
Microcontroller:
Life

ORIGINAL EXCERPT
(from article)

APA
TECHNIQUE

USED EXCERPT
(for term paper)

An autopilot can be capable of

PARAPHRASE/ Autopilot is the short for
many very time intensive tasks,
automatic pilot. An autopilot
helping the pilot focus on the
is a system which allows pilots
overall status of the aircraft and
to focus on the overall status
flight. Good use of an autopilot
of the aircraft and flight and
helps automate the process of
this system can also perform
guiding and controlling the
many intensive tasks.
aircraft. Autopilots can automate
Autopilot can automate tasks,
tasks, such as maintaining an
such as maintaining an
altitude, climbing or descending
assigned altitude, turning to
to an assigned altitude, turning
and maintaining an assigned
to and maintaining an assigned
heading, intercepting a course
heading, intercepting a course,
and also guiding the aircraft
guiding the aircraft between
(Pallet, 1979, p.2).
waypoints.
Later on it was found out that
SUMMARY/
In the early days of aviation
it led to serious fatigue and
industry the aircrafts were
human error. To get rid of this
piloted by humans throughout
human error and fatigues,
the flight duration. Later on to
autopilots were introduced
avoid the human error and pilot
and came into use (Abid
fatigue, Autopilots were
Abbasi, Ubaid Al-Saggaf,
developed to assist the human

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science
publications

journal pilots. In case of manned

aircrafts (Passenger planes,
Cargo Planes, Fighter Planes
etc.) Autopilots are installed to
assist the human pilot.
Autopilots do not replace the
human pilot but facilitate them
in controlling the vehicle
especially during the level flight
(cruise), so that the human pilot
can focus on the other broader
aspects of the operation like
weather.
Kallur,G,B. (march
The first aircraft autopilot was
developed by the Sperry corporation
7,2010). history of
in 1912. The autopilot connected a
autopilot.
gyroscopic heading indicator and
attitude indicator to hydraulically
operated elevators and rudder. It
permitted the aircraft to fly straight on
a level compass without a pilots
attention, greatly reducing a pilots
workload. Lawrence Sperry the son
of the famous inventor Elmer Sperry
demonstrated it two years later in
1914, at an aviation safety content
held in Paris, he demonstrated the
credibility of the invention where he
showed the flying aircraft. It was also

Khalid Munawar, 2011).

SUMMARY/

In the early 1920s, the

Standard Oil tanker J.A. Moffet
became the first ship to use
an autopilot (kallur, 2010).

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able to perform take-off and landing

and so in the early 1920s, the
standard oil tanker J.A Moffet
became the first ship to use an
autopilot.

MAIN IDEA 1: How does is assist and make pilots duties more convenient
NO
1

REFERENCE DETAIL
Patterson.(March 26,
2012) .Who's really flying
the plane?.

Hopkins,J. (August 30
2012). The Human Factor:
Finding the Right Balance.

ORIGINAL EXCERPT
(from article)
"There are millions of people out
there who are under the
impression that the airplane is
flying itself and the pilots are
only there in case something
goes wrong," says Patrick Smith,
a 22-year veteran commercial
pilot who blogs about airline

APA
TECHNIQUE
SHORT
QUOTE/

issues.
I have seen both sides of this
BLOCK
QUOTE/
issue. For some pilots, gear up,
autopilot engaged seems like
one step in the checklist. As soon
as they have achieved a positive
rate of climb and raised the

USED EXCERPT
(for term paper)
It is stated by Smith (2008),
"There are millions of people
out there who are under the
impression that the airplane is
flying itself and the pilots are
only there in case something
goes wrong

Hopkins (2012) stated:

I have seen both sides of this
issue. Some pilots gear up and
autopilot engaged system seems
like one step in the checklist. As

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landing gear, they engage the

autopilot, and it stays engaged
right up until shortly before
landing.

soon as they have achieved a

positive rate of climb and raised the
landing gear, they engage the
autopilot and it stays engaged right
up until shortly before landing.

MAIN IDEA 2: Safety and Convenience of using autopilots

NO
1

REFERENCE DETAIL
Goyer,R.(September 4,
2013). Why planes are
crashing on autopilot

ORIGINAL EXCERPT
(from article)
Over the past few weeks and days I
have personally experienced many
accidents and witnessed it. Many
blame the automated systems but
many also tell that human error was
what caused these type of
unwanted devastating crashes. Too
many people relied solely on these
systems and over-reliance was
what caused these according to my
personal opinion.

APA TECHNIQUE
USED EXCERPT
(CIRCLE)
(for term paper)
PARAPHRASING/ Over the past few weeks,
months and years a few
extremely disturbing
accidents have been
witnessed of very capable
highly automated airliners in
which much of the evidence
seems to suggest that pilot's
overreliance on automation
was a major factor. A recent
study also found out that
most of the accidents were

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due to pilot errors and not the

automated systems (Goyer,
2013).
2

Benincasa,R.(2011). Air
Safety On Autopilot?
Problems Spur
Investigation

Pultrorova.(2015). Plane
safety: five technologies
that could save your life.

Markoff .(April 6 2015).

Planes Without Pilots.

Tom Peterson, a flight instructor

at Embry-Riddle Aeronautical
University in Daytona Beach,
Fla., says pilots must closely
monitor automation systems to
make sure they're behaving as
they expect them to.
There may have been little that
could have saved passengers
aboard the ill-fated Germanwings
flight 4U9525 after derailed co-pilot
Andreas Lubitz decided to smash
the Airbus A320 into a mountain
rock in the French Alps, having
earlier locked his captain out of the
cockpit. Hitting the cliff at 700km/h,
the plane disintegrated into a
shapeless pile of rubble with not a
single fragment of the nearly 40m
long craft larger than a passenger
car which couldve been avoided if
sensors were present.
An Airbus airliner knows
enough not to fly into a

SHORT QUOTE/

A flight instructor
Peterson(1997) stated that,
pilots must closely monitor
automation systems to make
sure they're behaving as they
expect them to".

PARAPHRASING/ Andreas Lubitz decided to smash

the Airbus A320 into a mountain
rock in the French Alps, having
earlier locked his captain out of
the cockpit which could've been
avoided if the aircraft had sensors
attached to the autopilot system.

SHORT QUOTE/

Air commercial planes are

becoming smarter all the

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mountain, said David Mindell,

a Massachusetts Institute of
Technology aeronautics and
astronautics professor. It has a
warning system that tells a
pilot. But it doesnt take over.

time. An Airbus airliner knows

enough not to fly into a
mountain. It has a warning
system that tells a pilot but it
doesn't take over.

MAIN IDEA 3: Cost efficiency of using autopilots

NO
1

REFERENCE DETAIL
HaiYan.C, YongCan.C,
&YangQuan.C.(2010).
Autopilots for Small
Unmanned Aerial
Vehicles: International
journal of control and

ORIGINAL EXCERPT
(from article)
Recently, there has been a
rapidly increasing interest
in small unmanned aerial
vehicles (UAVs). With the
emergence of high power
density batteries, long range

APA TECHNIQUE
USED EXCERPT
(CIRCLE)
(for term paper)
PARAPHRASING/ The autopilots from UNAV
Company have special types of
cheap autopilots for
UAV(Unmanned Aerial Vehicle)
beginners. Cheap autopilot
systems can provide interactive

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systems publications

and low-power micro radio

devices, cheap airframes, and
powerful micro-processors and
motors, small/micro
UAVs have become applicable
in civilian circumstances
like remote sensing, mapping,
traffic monitoring, search
and rescue, etc. Small UAVs
have a relatively short
wingspan and light weight.
They are expendable, easy to
be built and operated. Most of
them can be operated by
one to two people, or even be
hand-carried and handlaunched
[1,2]. In fact, small UAVs are
designed to fly at
low altitude (normally less than
1000 meters) to provide
a close observation of the
ground objects. This low
altitude flight makes the UAVs
easy to crash. A robust
and accurate autopilot system
is indispensable for small
UAVs to successfully perform
tasks like low-altitude
surveillance.

and efficient training for

beginners. Picopilot-SPcosts only
$400 and provides the basic
autonomous navigation function
with self-programming mode.
UNAV uses electronic gyros,
which could prevent the gyro drift
during a sustained bank as
claimed. One advantage of UNAV
3500 autopilot is its truly
autonomous ability, which means
that it doesn't require constant
communication with ground
station in autonomous mode. It
supports GPS waypoints
navigation, altitude and speed
hold mode with the possible gain
and rate setup for roll, pitch,
rudder, and power loops
respectively (Hai Yang, YongCan,
YangQuan, 2010).

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Autopilots are systems to guide

the UAVs in flight
with no assistance from human
operators. Autopilots
were firstly developed for
missiles and later extended to
aircrafts and ships since 1910s
[3]. A minimal autopilot
system includes attitude
sensors and onboard processor.
Due to the high nonlinearities
of the air plane dynamics

CONCLUSION
NO
REFERENCE DETAIL

ORIGINAL EXCERPT
(from article)

Abdullah Yusof Ali, the

Holy Quran, Text and
Translation, Surah AlZumr 9: Islamic
Book Trust (2007).

"Are those equal, those who

know and those who do not
know?"

Abdullah Yusof Ali, the Holy

Quran, Text and Translation,
Surah Al-Baqarah 269:
Islamic

"Allah grants wisdom to whom

He pleases and to whom wisdom
is granted indeed he receives an
overflowing benefit"

APA
TECHNIQUE
(CIRCLE)
SHORT
QUOTE/

SHORT
QUOTE/

USED EXCERPT
(for term paper)
"Are those equal, those who
know and those who do not
know?"

"Allah grants wisdom to whom

He pleases and to whom
wisdom is granted indeed he
receives an overflowing

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Book Trust (2007).

benefit"