ch03 Mont

Chapter 3
Introduction to Statistical Quality Control, 6th Edition by Douglas C. Montgomery.

Copyright (c) 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Chapter 3

Learning Objectives
Chapter 3

3 1 Describing Variation
3.1
Stem-and-Leaf Display
Easy to find percentiles of the data; see page 65
Chapter 3

Plot of Data in Time Order

Marginal plot
produced by
MINITAB
Also called a run chart

Chapter 3

Histograms Useful for large data sets
Group values of the variable into bins, then count the number of
observations that fall into each bin
Plot frequency (or relative frequency) versus the values of the
variable
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Chapter 3

Numerical Summary of Data

Sample average:
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10
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11
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12
The Box Plot

(or Box-and-Whisker Plot)
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13
Comparative Box Plots
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14
Probability Distributions
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16
Sometimes called a
probability mass function
Sometimes called a
probability density function
Will see many examples in the text
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18
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19
20
Chapter 3

The mean is not necessarily the 50th percentile of the distribution (thats
(that s
the median)
The mean is not necessarily the most likely value of the random variable
(thatss the mode)
(that
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3.2 Important Discrete Distributions

The Hypergeometric Distribution
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Discrete distributions are used frequently in designing acceptance

sampling plans see Chapter 15
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The Binomial Distribution

Basis is in Bernoulli trials
The random variable x is the number of successes out of n

Bernoulli trials with constant probability of success p on each trial
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The Poisson Distribution
Frequently used as a model for count data
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32
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The Pascal Distribution
The random variable x is the number of Bernoulli trials upon

p
which the rth success occurs
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When r = 1 the Pascal distribution is known as

the geometric distribution
The geometric distribution has many useful

applications in SQC
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3.3 Important Continuous Distributions

The Normal Distribution
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Practical interpretation the sum of independent random

variables is approximately normally distributed regardless of
the distribution of each individual random variable in the sum
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The Lognormal Distribution
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The Exponential Distribution
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Relationship between the Poisson and exponential distributions
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The Gamma Distribution
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When r is an integer, the gamma distribution is the result of summing r

independently and identically exponential random variables each with
parameter .
The gamma distribution has many applications in reliability engineering.
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50
The Weibull Distribution

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When = 1,
Wh
1 th
the
Weibull reduces to
the exponential
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3 4 Probability Plots
3.4
Determining if a sample of data might reasonably be
assumed to come from a specific distribution
Probabilityy plots
p
are available for various
distributions
p
software
Easyy to construct with computer
(MINITAB)
Subjective interpretation
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Normal Probability Plot
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Other Probability Plots

What is a reasonable choice as a probability model
for these data?
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3.6 Some Useful Approximations

pp
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Learning Objectives
Chapter 3

61

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Chapter 3

Introduction to Statistical Quality Control, 6th Edition by Douglas C. Montgomery.

Introduction to Statistical Quality Control, 6th Edition by Douglas C. Montgomery.

Introduction to Statistical Quality Control, 6th Edition by Douglas C. Montgomery.

Easy to find percentiles of the data; see page 65

Introduction to Statistical Quality Control, 6th Edition by Douglas C. Montgomery.

Plot of Data in Time Order

Also called a run chart

Introduction to Statistical Quality Control, 6th Edition by Douglas C. Montgomery.

Histograms Useful for large data sets

Introduction to Statistical Quality Control, 6th Edition by Douglas C. Montgomery.

Introduction to Statistical Quality Control, 6th Edition by Douglas C. Montgomery.

Introduction to Statistical Quality Control, 6th Edition by Douglas C. Montgomery.

Introduction to Statistical Quality Control, 6th Edition by Douglas C. Montgomery.

Numerical Summary of Data

Introduction to Statistical Quality Control, 6th Edition by Douglas C. Montgomery.

Introduction to Statistical Quality Control, 6th Edition by Douglas C. Montgomery.

Introduction to Statistical Quality Control, 6th Edition by Douglas C. Montgomery.

The Box Plot

Introduction to Statistical Quality Control, 6th Edition by Douglas C. Montgomery.

Comparative Box Plots

Introduction to Statistical Quality Control, 6th Edition by Douglas C. Montgomery.

Introduction to Statistical Quality Control, 6th Edition by Douglas C. Montgomery.

Introduction to Statistical Quality Control, 6th Edition by Douglas C. Montgomery.

Will see many examples in the text

Introduction to Statistical Quality Control, 6th Edition by Douglas C. Montgomery.

Introduction to Statistical Quality Control, 6th Edition by Douglas C. Montgomery.

Introduction to Statistical Quality Control, 6th Edition by Douglas C. Montgomery.

Introduction to Statistical Quality Control, 6th Edition by Douglas C. Montgomery.

Introduction to Statistical Quality Control, 6th Edition by Douglas C. Montgomery.

Introduction to Statistical Quality Control, 6th Edition by Douglas C. Montgomery.

Introduction to Statistical Quality Control, 6th Edition by Douglas C. Montgomery.

3.2 Important Discrete Distributions

Introduction to Statistical Quality Control, 6th Edition by Douglas C. Montgomery.

Discrete distributions are used frequently in designing acceptance

Introduction to Statistical Quality Control, 6th Edition by Douglas C. Montgomery.

Introduction to Statistical Quality Control, 6th Edition by Douglas C. Montgomery.

The Binomial Distribution

The random variable x is the number of successes out of n

Introduction to Statistical Quality Control, 6th Edition by Douglas C. Montgomery.

Introduction to Statistical Quality Control, 6th Edition by Douglas C. Montgomery.

Introduction to Statistical Quality Control, 6th Edition by Douglas C. Montgomery.

Introduction to Statistical Quality Control, 6th Edition by Douglas C. Montgomery.

The Poisson Distribution

Frequently used as a model for count data

Introduction to Statistical Quality Control, 6th Edition by Douglas C. Montgomery.

Introduction to Statistical Quality Control, 6th Edition by Douglas C. Montgomery.

Introduction to Statistical Quality Control, 6th Edition by Douglas C. Montgomery.

The Pascal Distribution

The random variable x is the number of Bernoulli trials upon

Introduction to Statistical Quality Control, 6th Edition by Douglas C. Montgomery.

When r = 1 the Pascal distribution is known as

The geometric distribution has many useful

Introduction to Statistical Quality Control, 6th Edition by Douglas C. Montgomery.

3.3 Important Continuous Distributions

Introduction to Statistical Quality Control, 6th Edition by Douglas C. Montgomery.

Introduction to Statistical Quality Control, 6th Edition by Douglas C. Montgomery.

Introduction to Statistical Quality Control, 6th Edition by Douglas C. Montgomery.

Introduction to Statistical Quality Control, 6th Edition by Douglas C. Montgomery.

Introduction to Statistical Quality Control, 6th Edition by Douglas C. Montgomery.

Introduction to Statistical Quality Control, 6th Edition by Douglas C. Montgomery.

Practical interpretation the sum of independent random

Introduction to Statistical Quality Control, 6th Edition by Douglas C. Montgomery.