IRC

45-1972

RECOMMENDATIONS FOR ESTIMATING

THE RESISTANCE OF SOIL BELOW
THE MAXIMUM SCOUR LEVEL
IN THE DESIGN OF WELL
FOUNDATIONS
OF
BRIDGES

THE INDIAN ROADS CONGRESS

1996

Digitized by the Internet Archive

in

2014

https ://arch ve o rg/detai Is/govlawi rcy 1 972sp45_0

i

IRC

451972

RECOMMENDATIONS FOR ESTIMATING

THE RESISTANCE OF SOIL BELOW
THE MAXIMUM SCOUR LEVEL
IN THE DESIGN OF WELL
FOUNDATIONS
OF
BRIDGES

Published

by

THE FNDIAN ROADS CONGRESS

Janinagar House, Shahjahan Road

New

Delhi- II

1996
I'ricc

Rs. 80/-

(Plus flacking

&

Postage)

[RC: 45-1972
First

Published

October, 1972

Reprinted

March, 1984

Reprinted

July,

Reprinted

March, 1992

Reprinted

August, 1996
November, 2002
January, 2006

Reprinted
Reprinted

Reprinted

1987

June, 2009

(Rights of Publication

rinted

and of Translation are reserved)

by Abhinav

Prints, Delhi- 1

(500 Copies)

10041

IRC:

45~15r7a

RECOMMENDATIONS FOR ESTIMATING THE RESISTANCE

OF SOIL BEiLOW THE MAXIMUM SCOUR LEVEL IN
THE DESIGN OF WELL FOUNDATIONS OF BRIECEI^
I.

INTRODUCTION

The draft recommendations for estimating the resistance

below the maximum scour level in the design of well foundations of bridges were finalised by a Subcommittee consisti^ig of the
following personnel at their meeting held on the 1st March i91\.
l.i.

of

soil

Rao

1.

Shri B. Balwani

2.

Shri S. Scciharamaii

Convenor

Mimber'Secntary

Members
N.

Ramaswamy

3.

Shri S. B. Joshi

7.

Shri

4.

Dr. R. K. Katti

8.

Dr. K. S. Sankaran

5.

Shri S.

Mv Kau!

9.

Shri Shiiala Sharan

6.

Dr. P.

S.

iQ.
Ray Chowdhury
Shri S. N. Sinha
M. Shri T. N. Subba Rao

This draft was approved by the Bridges Committee

in

their

November, 1971 iind 14th April, 1972. It

was later approved by the Executive Committee in their meeting iield
on the 26ih and 27th April, 1972 and by the Council in their 7Sth
meeting hcKi in Nainital on the 10th July, 1972.
meetings held on the

7th

The recommendations given in this Standard i.ave been

on the basis of the observed behaviour of racdcis of well
foundations and also the work done by many workers in tins iic.'d.
1.2.

forniuiated

TIk- basic ussumpiions arc given

'\\\

Appendices.

These studies have indicated that

1.3.
(i)

moment between sides and base is continuously changing with the increase in deformation of the

sharing of ihe

soil

(ii)

llio

and

meciianics of sharing of the

and the base

is

moment between

the sides

entirely difTerent for the initial stages of

loading of a well as comparetl

to

its

ultimate

Cailiip;

1.4.
Elastic theoiy method gives the soil pressures at the side
and the base under design loads, but to determine the actual factor of

safety against failure,

it

will

be necessary to calcukie the ultimate

Iherefore, the design of well foundations shall be

soil resistance.

checked by both these methods.

2.

The procedure given

2.1.

SCOPE
is

applicable to the design of

foundations of bridge^ resting on non-cohesive

surrounded by the same soil below maximum

soil like

scour

provisions of these recomraenda lions will not apply

embedment
direction of

3.

less

is

if

w^ill

sand and

The

level.

the depth of

than 0.5 times the width of foundation in the

lateral forces.

PROCEDURE FOR CALCULATING THE SOIL RESISTANCE

The

resistance of the soil surrounding

be checked
(i)

for calculation of base pressures

the use of subgrade moduli

(ii)

tiic

well foundation shall

by the

elastic theory

with

and

by computing the ultimate

soil resistance

with appropriate

factor of safety,

4.

1.

Elastic

Step

METHOD OF CALCULATION

Theory (vide Annexure

1)

under combinaDetermine the values of W, H and

wind and seismic loads assuming the

tion of normal loads without

minimum grip length below maximum

IRC 51970*

scour level as required under

whce

total

downward

load acting at

the base of well,

including the self weight of well.

* Standard Speclfic^^<^on^ and Code of Piacticc for Roud Biidgcs, Section
General Features of Design.

IRC

7---

external hon'z mtal force aciing

45^1972

on the well

at

scour

level.

M
Step 2

moment about

applied external

total

well, including those

Compute

Ib

and

due

and

ly

to tills

and

base of

the

shifts.

where
Ib

mlv

(1

momeiii of

2 /x'o^J

-i

inertia

of base aboui th

direction of horizontal

axis

normal

forces passing through

to
its

C.G.

Iv

moment
of the

of inertia of the projected area in elevation

soil

mass offering resistance

-^^ -

'

where

projected width of the

soil

mass

offering resistance

multiplied by appropriate value of shape factor.

Note:

The value of shape

taken as 0.9.

factor for

circular wells shall be

For square or rectangular wells where the

resultant

horizontal force acts parallel to a principal axis, the shape factor

shall be unity and where the foices are inclined to the principal
a suitable shape factor shall be based on experimental results.

m =

depth of well below scour

Kh/K.

axis,

level.

Ratio of horizontal

lo

vertical coefficient

of subg'ade reaction at base. In the absejice of

determined by field tests m
Kh and

values for

shall generally be

II

assumed

between sides and the soil =

the angle of wall friction between

coefficient of friction

tan
well

where 8
and soil.

S,

is

as unity.

IRC

45-1972
for rectangular well

-,y^

diameter

=-

TTU

Step 3

Ensure the following

for circular well

H > ^^1 +

< M(l -

}r

and

^^') -f

where
D/2.

/i

l/mlv

It f lai!

i>

Siep 4

mM/1

limiting

is > y (Kp
vuUieroM/1

Ka)

Ka),
^- y

soil.

elastic state

y (Kp

soil.

<f>.

ang'c of internal friction of

mU/l >
if

be taken as tan

Civ k the

and the

Goef icicnt of friction between the base

fmd out the

(Kp Ka)

grip required by putting the

where
density of the soil

v'hv n

Kp & Ka

^-

(submerged density to be taken

under water or below water

nd act ve pressure coefficients to be. cr.lcuCouK mb's theory, assuming S *, the angle
of wall friction between well and soil equal to f ^
r>as:ivc

'

laied using

but limited to a value of 22i**.

Step 5

table).

Calculace

IRC

45-1972

where
<^
I

maximum and minimum

and

A =

Step 6

Step 7
not

area of the base of well.

width of the base of well

and moments.

M/r

Check

^J*!

base pressure respectively.

<0,

i.e.,

in the direction of forces

no tension

>

allowable bearing capacity of

If

any of the conditions

in

soil.

Steps 3, 4 and 6 or

all

do

satisfy, redesign the well accordingly.

Step 8

Repeat the same steps for combination with wind and

with seismic case separately.

ULTIMATE RESISTANCE METHOD

II.

Step 1

W/A >

Check that
ess

total

{Vide Anncxure 2)

o-u/2

downward load

acting at the base of well,

including the self weight of well, enhanced

by a

suitable load factor given vide Step 6.

'u

== ultimate bearing capacity

area of the base of well.

of

of the

soil

below ihe base

well.

Step 2
Calculate the base resisting moment
of rotation by the following formula
:

Mb

at the plane

Mb ^ QWB
B

tan

width
parallel

in

#
case

of square

to direction

circular wells.

and

of forces

rectangular

and diam.-ter

wells
for

IRC

45-W2
Q

a constant as given in Table

rectaaguiaf

base.

belaw

for square or

shape factor of 0.6

is

to

be

multiplied for wells with circular base.

angle of internal friction of

Table

D/B

soil.

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

0.41

0.45

0.50

0.56

0.64

Note : The values of Q for intermediate D/B values

above range may be linearly interpolated.

Ms

0.10yD(Kp

in the

Ka) L

where
=3 density

soils

of soil (submerged

under

waiter or

density to

be taken for

below water table)

projcc:ed width of the soil

case of circular wells,

it

mass

offering resistance.

shalJ be 0.9

In

diameter to account

for the shape.

D=
Kp,

Ka

Step 3

and back
formulae

depth of grip below

maximum

scour

level.

and active pressure coefficient to be calculated

using Coulomb's theory assuming ** 5 *' angle of wall
friction between well and soil equal to | ^ but limited
to a value of 22^.
passive

Calculate the resisting

faces (Mr) about

moment due

to friction at front

the plane of rotation

(0 For rectangular well

Mf

= 0.18

y (Kp

Ka) L.B.D*

sin 3

by following

IRC

Mf
The

45

1972

for circular well

(ii)

Step 4

0.1

y (Kp

- Ka) B^D*

total resistance

sin S

moment Mt about

the plane of

rotation shall be

Mt
Step 5

0.7

Check Mt

+ Ms +

(Mb

<

Mf)

where

rrt

moment about

total applied external

rotation, viz., located at

the

0.2D above the

plane of

base, taking

appropriate load factors as per combinations given

below

I.ID

I.ID

4-

I.ID

4- 1.6L

I.ID

-f

I.ID

4-

-1-

1.4

B f

4-

1.4
1

(Wc

(L

25(L

-+

Ep

+ Wc
-f-

Wc

-h

-f

W or S)
Ep)

4-

W or S)

...

(1)

...

(2)

...

(3)

...

(4)

...

(5)

where

D ^
L

dead load

^= live load including braking, etc.

=
Wc =
Ep =

earth pressure

W =

wind force

buoyancy
water current fo:cc

seismic force

Note (i)
For horizontal force due to frictional resistance of
bearing due lo dead and live loads, appropiiatc factors shall be taken.
But effect of deformation due to temperature, shrinkage and creep
may be neglected for normal structures.
.

IRC

45

Hole

1972

Moment due

(ii) :

direct loads,

if

and

to shift

till

of wells and piers and

any, shall also be considered about the plane of

rotation.

Step 6:

If the conditions in Steps

and

5 are not satisfied,

redesign the well.

ELASTIC THEORY
I.

(Annexwe

I)

INTRODUCTION

The following assimipiions

on elastic theory

b.iscd

METHOD

are

made

in

deriving the equations

The soil surrounding the well and below

homogenous and follow? Hooke's Law.

(i)

elastic,

(ii)

the base

is

perfectly

Under design working

small that the unit

lateral deflection

soil

loads, the lateral deflections arc so

leaction '*p" increases linearly with increasing

"z*' as expressed by p

= Khz

where

Kh

is

the

oeflicient of horizontal subgi ade reaction at the base.

(iii)

The

coefficient of horizontal

subgrade reaction increases

linearly with depth in the case of cohesionless soils.

(iv)

The

well

is

assumed

to

be a rigid body subjected to an

external unidirectional horizontal force

H and

moment

Mo at

scour

level.

2.

A
B

SYMBOLS

area of base of the well.

width

of the base

parallel to the direction

external horizontal force.

depth of well below scour

level.

of the

IRC

external horizontal force acting

on the

45

1972

well at

scoiir

level.

iii

moment

of inertia of the base about an axis p '^^Ip^'.

anrl
perpendicular to horizonia'.
C. G.

through

resultant force.

moment of

Iv

about the horizontal

inertia

through the C.G. of the projected area

the soil mass offering resistance

- coefficient of vertical

Kh

"

l^ote

~- projected

=
=

subgrade reaction at ihc hasc.

Coulomb's theory.

width of the

shape factor of 0.9

soil

may

mass offering

resistance.

be applied for circular wells.

XT
,

i.e.,

efficient

LD'
'~\2*

active and passive pressure coefficients for cohesionless soils as pei

ratio of the

horizontal to the verticai

total applied external

moment of the

moment

at the base

(Mo

external forces at scour level.

Mp

Mb

=
=
=

horizontal

soil reaction.

coefficient

of friction between the base and the

z=z

coefficient of friction

P
fi

moment of P about the

resisting

=: density

moment

of

soil

base.

at the base.

between sides and the

angle of internal friction of

soil.

soil.

soil.

(submerged density to be used

under water)

co-

of subgrade reactions at the base.

H.D)

Mo

of

subgrade reaction at the base.

coefficient of horizontal

KaI^p

axis passing

in elevation

IRC

45

1972

between the sides of well and

= angle of friciion

taken equal to J

=
=

=-

<*y

soil

limited to a value of 22 J''.

<^

angular rotation of the well as a rigid body.

horizontal soil reaction ai depth y from scour level.
vertical

soil

reaction at distance

CO.

from

of

base.

^2

maximum and minimum

dista!\ce

base pressures.

from the axis passing the CO. of base at

which the resultant vertical friclional force on side
B/2
acts normal to the direction of horizontal force
in case

of rectangular wells or, 0.318 diameter in

circular wells.

3.

EQUATIONS FOR BASE PRESSURES

In the most general case, the centre of rotation can be above the

base atCi,

hase Cj or below the base at Cg,

visualised that the base

moves* towards the centre

It
(

can be easily

rotacion, if the

above the base so that the horizontal frictional force at the

base acts in the direction of H. If the point of rotation lies below

latter lies

the base by a similar argument,

it

is

seen that horizontal frictional

must be in the opposite sense to H. The maximum

W. At any partifriclional force which can develop at the base is
cular instant only a fraction of it would be acting. I.et it be denoted
by ^fxW^^herc /J is a factor always less than one. It is, therefore,
clear ihat before movemeni takes place H must be between
and 1
respectively so that we can write that for point of rotation at the
base a must be between the limits 1 to 1. In the particular case
of heavy wells met with in actual practice, the point of rotation shall
be assumed to be at the base. Let the well rotate about a point C
at a horizontal distance Xc from the centre of the well shown in
force at base

Fir

I.

=
Mb =
P

total horizontal soil reaction

resisting

moment

at the base.

10

from the

sides.

IRC

^3

EUEVi^TldM OF

451972

WE

PKJMJ

DISTRIBUTIQW
AT S>Dg

ac

PUkNOFWELU

if

Fig.

The total de/iection

= (D - y) 9
Horizonlal

soil react

at depth

^ Kh

ion

m Ke.y
D
Total horizonlal

soil

"y" from

x (D

x
(D

scour level

y)

reaction acting on the sides of the

dy

o
11

wx?!!

y) u

IRC

451972

Ke.L
o

= m KeL
D

Mp

moment of P aboui

be the

^=

Putting

Let

I.

base level

Mp =J<r. (D-y)dy.L
D

= m KeL
^^Jy(D-y)dy
D

mKeL

^-f{yiy

-h

y-2Dy)dy

-"^^LD
= mKolv
Now

(2)

consider the soil reaction acting

deflection at distance

(X
-

M*.

the base.

at

Xc) from centre of rotation

IC(Xc 4

^J'Ty a

A.X- Ko pXc

X)XdA

-ah

KoJxMA
d

B/2

(Xc

X)0

+B/2

+B/2

KeXcJxdA
-B/2

being a fund ion of

Vertical
-I-

X) 0

IRC
As

45^ 1972

the reference coordinates art at C.G. of tese

Jxd A =

0 and Ib

Mb Tor

=-

J Xd A

wlicncc

Kelfl

(3)

^ .4 0
/3;x(W-/P)-^P

eiiLiilibi

H-1

orH

iuni

/3/xW=.P(l

-l

Taking moments about base

Mo

H D = Mb + Mp
.

-i-

or

M = Mb + Mp

Substituting equations

M^-Ke^B-;
-Keiin

mKe

M/[Ib

-;

!v4-

mlv(l

-:

KO

(1), (2)

mlv(l

-:

-^ /i'Pc^D

/i'Po^D

-1-

and

(5)

(3)

/i'oi.2mKefv.

2/xV)]

M
(6)
1

where

From

^- lu

equation

-i

m U (I

H-

(4j

"jf'^^ =P^-2n,Kelv/.>

M
-

where

H + ^aW^ -

(I

13

-]-P^JL^i')

1)
-TT

.2.n'^.'>
I

mlv

IRC

45-1972

Eiiuation (7)

satisfied

is

-jr

-H <

or

only

if

W-

;x

(\

whence we obtain

fiji)

fiW

<7(l-M/j + /iW
The

vertical soil reaction is given

<ry

Ke(Xc

by

X)

W -/P-Ja-ydA-Ke J(Xc +
= KeJXcdA

/x'P)/A

KeXc-fKe.x

j/P

KG

a,

B/2

AsKo=^
14

X)dA

+KeJxdA

= KgXc. A
whence XcK 6 = (W -

(8)

IRC

4.
(i)

the

dastic state.

soil

reaction from the sides cannot exceed

passive pressure at any depth,

if the 5oil remains in an

This amounts to the condition that at awy depth y

-=

y (Kp - KA)y

m?^?.y(D- y)> y

m !y (D~y)> y

or

(at y ==

(ii)

JCp

- Ka

^Ka)

L.H.S.

is

maximum)

y (Kp - Ka)

or

ray > y (Kp - Ka)

The maximum

soil

soil,

than 0,

mKe >

shall not be less

or

(Kp

or

allowable pressure on

pressure at ba>.c

similarly the

i.e.,

(3"/'

minimum

1.

shall not

soil

exceed

pressure

**(''^**

no tension.

ULTIMATE SOIL RESISTANCE METHOD

The

45-1972

CONDITIONS OF STABILITY

The maximum

maximum

{Anncxurc 2)

INTRODUCTION

AmieMire
approximate!)
determines the stresses in the soil mass but does not indicate the safety
against ultimate failure of the founc'ation.
For this it will be necessary to

elastic

know

the

theory

mode

described

of failure of well foundations.

15

in

y
)

lEC

45-1972

OBSERVED FAILURE OF THE WELL FOUNDATION

UNDER ULTIMATE CONDITIONS

The pattern of

of the soil mass under the application of

and small depths of embedment is depicted

failure

transverse forces to large

in Fig. 2.

iV^^v.^:-^v^::--;,-;-

Fig. 2

The

soil

around the base

in cither case slides

over a circular cylindrical

path with centre of rotation somewhere above the base. The plastic
flow at the side follows the usual concept as in the case of rigid

bulkhead

Fiiilurc has

at failure.

been observed to occur

at

about 3*

rotation of the well in case of non-cohesive soils.

3.

The observed
HAass,

i.e.,

both

QUANTUM OF RESISTANCE

variation of the lolal ultimate resistance of the soil

at the base

and the sides under varying

direct loads

is

given in Fig. 3.

This study indicates that the total resisting

moment

increases with the

increase in the ratio of the direct load to the ultimate bearing capacity

of the

soil

up

to 0.5 to 0.7.

After that

it

reduces.

It

is,

therefore,

necessary to ensure that the bearing pressure adopted has a factor of

safety

of two or

cakmblcd by any

more on ultimate
rational formula.

16

bearing capacity of the soil

IRC

4S-1972

Fig. 3

4.

(i)

Morement of
(a) Effect

POINT OF ROTATION AT FAILURE

the point of rotation on the vertical axis

of geometry and horizontal loads

The geometry of the foundation, viz., the ratio of the width of

foundation to the depth of embedment in the soil and the magnitude
of the horizontal loads have no effect in shifting the point of rotation
along the vertical axis as could be seen from Fig.

4.

0-7

01

FoundoWs of

0^1

AfforcntwidlV^s

30
Fo

Vi

cm
cm
2?D

Position oflhc centre of rotation as a function of relative depth

Fig.

17

tEC

451^

(b) Effect of direct loads

The point of

rotation has a relation to the ratio of the super-

imposed vertical loads to the ultimate bearing capacity of

seen from Fig. 5,

the soil a$

Fig. 5

The actual variation is confined to a narrow range between 0.75

and 0 8 times the depth of embedment below the scour level. Taking
into account normally expected vertical loads on well foundations,
a fixed value of 0.2 times depth above the base of the foundation
has been adopted for working out the
(ii)

soil resistance.

Shift of the poiot of rotation along the horizontal axis

The point of rotation undergoes a change in the horizontal

upon the geometry of the foundation and the
Under ultimate conditions
extent of deforpiation of the foundation.
direction depending

the

magnitude of horizontal

shift

of the point as function of

D/B

ratio is given in Fig. 6.

This

shift in position

direction will
the sides

and

of the point of rotation in the horizontal

cause variation in the share of the

the base.

18

moments between

IRC

OS

\'0

t^i

?o

it^

45

1972

'^^B

Position or (he cenlre of rotation as a function of relative depth

Fig.

Note
of

For the purpose of this analysis the shift of (he point

along the horizontal axis has been ignored, in view of
related indeterminate factors.
:

rolcation

olhe?.*

5.

METHOD OF

CAJLCXILATION

Base Resisting Momciit (Mb)

5.1.

The base

resisting

moment

is

the

moment of the

friclional force

mobilised along the surface of rupture

which is assumed to be
cylindrical passing through the corners of the base for a square v;5ll
as shown in Fig. 7. For circular wells, the surface of rupluie corresponds to that of a part of sphere with its centre at the point of
rotation and passing through the periphery of the base.
If

is

factors given

be W/B,

the total vertical load augmented by appropriate load

in sup-para 5.5 below, the load

per unit

width

which will also be equal to the upward pressure as

will

shown

in Fig. 8.
(i)

For a reclaopi^

Consider the small arc of length RddC at an angle of JL from

the vertical axis.
19

IRC

45-1972

Fie. 7

Applied load

W/B

^^VTVfff
,

ttH'f

^or unit width

Upward

ft

W/B
Fig. 8

base pressure

for unit width

IRC
lis

/.

horizoiUiil coniponcMi

1972

45

R. J 6. cos o6

Vcilicjl force at the clement

RJc^

Due
element

to

is

this

cos cL VV B

vertical

force

normal force

the

tlevelo|x\l

at

ilie

h Fn

where

Fn

^ R.

t^.

cl

cos JL cos JL

cosU

^JL

2WR

/ (I

_J

RW

-3

{B

cos2o6)

L^j^

sin e. cos G)

/T'

4nD

Moment of resistance of the

2nBD

base about the point of rotation

Mb-=Ftan^R
(ii)

Mb

in

...

(I)

For a circular base

muhiplication factor of 0.6

expression of

is

to be applied

order to accuimi

for

the

for

surface

the abivc

of rupture

being part of a sphere.

For both cases substituting the value

*'n**

the point of rotation in formula (!) above, the

be simplified and expressed in teems of B.

Mb = Q WB

tan

equal to 0.2D

fi>r

bas^ resistance can

TRC

45- 1972
wlicrc

width

case of square and

ihc

ill

parallel to the

wells

direction

of

rectangular
forces

and

diameter for circular wells.

well

depends upon the shape of

which

= a constant,

as well as ihc

D/B

ratio.

Its

values are

given in Tabic 2 below for square or rectangular

wells.

shape factor of 0.6

is

to be multiplied

for wells wiih circular base.

Table
dJb

ol

T.0

0 45

0 50

Note
range

may

5 2.

The

41

values of

for iniermediatc

To
056

2I
064

values in the above

be linearly interpolated.

Side Resisting

The ultimate

soil

Moment

(M,)

pressure disiiibutfon

faces of the well foundation

is

at

indicated in Fig. 9.

Fig. 9

22

the front and back

IRC
The

point of rotation

moment

side resistance

is

lowkd

at

- Ka) = X =
ADEF

Lct,yD(Kp
From

Dt

h^^sc.

The

0.2D

\^

or

4S -1972

=Y

BF

BC;

Di

0.2

0.2D above the

will then b(5 calculated as follows

..

(1)

...

(3)

A'sABCandCEF

From

X
Equating

X~Y

'

(I)

and

"
=

or

(2)

5Di-D

D-Di
Y

2D:

where

D,

Moment
A's

ABC

1/3D

of side resistance about *0'

and

ihe nlgebrnic

moments of

DEC

^jO.X fyD + if.

4,X

15

Say

is

135

13/135

0.096D.X

0.1

XD

DX

Subsiimiing for

Ms

2.x. ^-g

= 0.1

Foi a Width of L,

yD (Kf

Mt

0.1

23

Ka) per

yD (Kf

unit width of well

KjJ.L

IRC

45-1^72
Resisting momeiil ile to frldioa mi

5.3.

front and

Due

iMck faces

(Mr)

shown

the passive pressure of soil as

to

rrt;tional forces

on

the front

the vertical direction and

and back

also produce resisting

will

For the purpose of this code, the

The

momen'i *Mf*

is

calculated &s follows

ver?ical pressure

dm

pressure at that Itwel whtre 6

Total

D,

friction

to fricdon at
is

force/unit

^fOr^D

A BOD

Area of

any kvel

yD (Kp

^^

0.8D

- Ka)

^^^^^^

0.1yD(Kp-KA)
Total friction force/unh width
I.l

Moment about
(i)

centre of rotation

in case of rectangular wells for width

Mr

^yD

yD

0.

say

83 y (Kp

0180

(Kp

- Ka)

(Kp~Ka).

- Ka)

neglected,

in sin

fhe

$ ti^ne^ the

an^ of wall friction.

width - (A AOE + A BOD)

A yD (K, -K>0.

A AOE

Area of

*Mf*

the

^2 yD (Kp-Ka)

moment

D/3

pressure at

the

of the active earih prt rsare

effect

perpendicular to the directions of applied forces

resisting

in Fig. 9,

faces of well will be acting in

|
B.

sin

sin5xL

L.B.D=

sin 5

y(Kp-KA)LBD

sin a

24

sin

IRC

45-1972

In cnsc of circular wells

(ii)

Lever arm

TT

Thcrefi rc

Since

Mr

0.9

.ay O.ll y

(Kp - Ka) B

moment

Tola! resisting
4-

s.n ?

sinr;
sin S.

M,

of

soil

Mr

is

given by

Mf)

Factor of safety

5.5.

(Mb

L. sin 5

moment of soil

Total resisting

Mr

02

105y(Kp-K J BMy

-0

Ka).

y (Kp - Ka).

TT

in case of circular well

^ iil

5.4.

yD* (Kp

suitable safeiy factor has to be ensured taking into account the

The

probable variation of differcni loads and their combinations.

of

variation

strength

of the

characteristic

accounted for in calculating the resisting

Putting

expression.

it

soil

moment

should

also

be

given by the above

mathematically

Yi (applied load or moment) ^

A

(soil resisting

moment)

(I)

where
Yj

-= load factor for a particular load

strength factor for

The passive

'.he

resistance of soil.

resistance of the soil depends

on the angle of internal

of which a reduction factor of 1.25 may be

applied. Further to take into account the special nature of risk of
failure of foundation, which is most important part of the bridge,
another reduction factor of 1.15 may be applied. Hence the total
coefficient applicable to the Right Hand Side of the above expresfriction

for variation

sion (1) will

As
loads

is

come

to 0.7.

regards the Left

described below

Hand

Side of the expression, the variation of

25

IRC

451972
Dead

(i)

load, a factor

load

1.1

The dead load being more or

would be

Icf^s

a permanent

sufficient for Ihe variations in densities of

materials and computational errors, etc.

(ii)

Live load

Considering the

effect

of variation in

IRC

load*

met with in bridges, it is adequate to adopt a factor of 1.6 for

probable overloading with the combination of dead load only and
With
1.4 with other combinations except with wind or seismic.
cither wind or seismic due to reduced probability of occurrence of
ing

maximum

of 1.25

live load, a factor

is

considered adequate.

(iii) Brakfng force, etc.

These longitudinal loads
respond to the coefficient adopted for live load.
:

Notes

will

cor-

(1)

The

forces

should be added,

of the bearings

e.g.,

may

due

imposed deformations

characteristic

to

the horizontal load due to frictional resistance

include the increase in dead and live load.

(2) For normal structures imposed temperature deformations

of climatic origin and deformations due to creep and shrinkage can

However, for
statically indeterminate structures, the forces due to above causes
should be considered. Similarly, the forces due to settlement of
support have also to be taken into consideration.
be

generally

neglected

Water current force

(iv)

in estimating the velocity,

(v)

Buoyancy

of submerged masses

ultimate

the

for

Due

a factor of

analysis.

to possible error of 20 per cent

may

1.4

be adopted.

The effect of buoyancy in reducing the density

is more or less a constant and can be taken as

unity.
(vi)

by

Wind

live load,

forces.

Due

or seismic forces

a factor of

When

the bridge

Earth pressure on

earth' pressure resulting

from

is

is

not covered

adequate for wind or seismic

to less probability of combination with

load, a reduced factor of 1.25

(vii)

1.4 is considered

maximum

live

adequate.

abutments

To account

for increased

either the density of soil being higher or

26

IRC

45-^1972

the angle of internal friction being lower than determined by tests for

various reasons, a factor of 14

is

considered adequate for Computa-

tion of earth pressure.

Accordingly, the following

combinations

of load

factors

are

obtained

I.ID

l.lD-f

0)

B+

+WorS)

1.4(Wc 4-Ep

(2)

I.ID -f 1.6L

+ B+
1.1D + B +

I.ID

(3)

1.4(L

+ Wc +

1.25(L+

Ep)

Wc +Ep

(4)

-f

W or S)

(5)

where

D = dead load
L = live load including braking, etc.
B = buoyancy
Wc = water current force
Bp = earth pressure
W = wind force
= seismic force
S
(viii) Tilt

effects

and

shift

of moments due to

In the computation of applied momcnis,

tilt

and

shift

of wells,

if

any, about the

plane of rotation shall also be considered.

6.

In order to ensure the factor of safety for ultimate resistance

according to above concept, the total resistance moment (Mr) reduced

by strength factor should be not less than the tola! apphed nionicni

(M) about

the point of rotation lor the appropriate combinaiK>ns o!

applied loads enhanced by the factors given above,

0.7

(Mb

-f

Ms

-1-

Mr)

<

i.e.,

to say