Listofimportantpublicationsinphysics

FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

Thisisalistofimportantpublicationsinphysics,organizedbyfield.
Somereasonswhyaparticularpublicationmightberegardedasimportant:
TopiccreatorApublicationthatcreatedanewtopic
BreakthroughApublicationthatchangedscientificknowledge
significantly
InfluenceApublicationwhichhassignificantlyinfluencedthe
worldorhashadamassiveimpactontheteachingofphysics.

Contents
1 Appliedphysics
1.1 Acceleratorphysics
1.2 Biophysics
1.3 Geophysics
1.4 Physicsofcomputation
1.5 Plasmaphysics
2 AstronomyandAstrophysics
2.1 Astrophysics
2.2 Cosmology
3 Atomicandmolecularphysics
4 Classicalmechanics
4.1 Fluiddynamics
5 Computationalphysics
6 Condensedmatterphysics
6.1 Polymerphysics
7 Electromagnetism
8 Generalphysics
9 Mathematicalphysics
9.1 PreModern(Classical)mathematicalphysics

Titlepageofthefirst,1704,edition
ofNewton'sOpticks.

9.2 Nonlineardynamicsandchaos
10 Optics
11 NuclearandParticlePhysics
11.1 Nuclearphysics
11.2 Particlephysics
12 Quantummechanics
12.1 Quantumfieldtheory
13 Relativity
13.1 Special
13.2 General
14 StatisticalmechanicsandThermodynamics
15 Seealso
16 References
17 Furtherreading
18 Externallinks

Appliedphysics
Acceleratorphysics
Ising,G.(1924)."PrinzipeinerMethodezurHerstellungvonKanalstrahlenhoherVoltzahl".Arkivfr
matematik,astronomiochfysik(inGerman)18(30):14.
TheSwedishphysicistGustavIsingwasthefirstonetopublishthebasicconceptofalinearaccelerator(in
thiscase,aspartofacathoderaytube).
Widere,R.(1928)."bereinneuesPrinzipzurHerstellunghoherSpannungen".ArchivfrElektrotechnik
(inGerman)21(4):387406.doi:10.1007/BF01656341.
TheNorwegianphysicistRolfWideretookIsing'sideaandexpandedit.Later,hebuiltthefirstoperational
linearaccelerator.
Kerst,D.W.(1941)."TheAccelerationofElectronsbyMagneticInduction"(PDF).PhysicalReview60(1):
4753.Bibcode:1941PhRv...60...47K.doi:10.1103/PhysRev.60.47.
Kerst,D.W.Serber,R.(1941)."ElectronicOrbitsintheInductionAccelerator".PhysicalReview60(1):
5358.Bibcode:1941PhRv...60...53K.doi:10.1103/PhysRev.60.53.
Thesetwoarticlesdescribethebetatronconceptandthefirstexperimentaldataofaworkingbetatron,built
byDonaldWilliamKerst.
Courant,E.D.Livingston,M.S.Snyder,H.S.(1952)."TheStrongFocusingSynchrotronANewHigh

EnergyAccelerator".PhysicalReview88(5):11901196.Bibcode:1952PhRv...88.1190C.
doi:10.1103/PhysRev.88.1190.
Courant,E.D.Snyder,H.S.(1958)."Theoryofthealternatinggradientsynchrotron"(PDF).Annalsof
Physics3(1):148.Bibcode:2000AnPhy.281..360C.doi:10.1006/aphy.2000.6012.
Thesepublicationswerethefirsttointroducetheideaofstrongfocusingtoparticlebeams,enablingthe
transitionfromcompactcircularacceleratorconceptstoseparatefunctionmagnetdeviceslikesynchrotrons,
storageringsandparticlecolliders.

Biophysics
Perutz,M.F.(1978)."Electrostaticeffectsinproteins".Science201(4362):11871191.
Bibcode:1978Sci...201.1187P.doi:10.1126/science.694508.PMID694508.
Cantor,C.R.Schimmel,P.R.(1980).BiophysicalChemistry.Vols.13.W.H.Freeman.
ISBN0716711885(Vol.1),ISBN0716711907(Vol.2),ISBN0716711923(Vol.3)
Tributsch,H.(1982).HowLifeLearnedtoLive:AdaptationinNature.MITPress.ISBN9780262200455.
Glaser,R.(2001).Biophysics(5thReviseded.).Springer.ISBN3540670882.
Cotterill,R.M.J.(2002).Biophysics:AnIntroduction.Wiley.ISBN9780471485384.
Nelson,P.C.(2007).BiologicalPhysics(Updateded.).W.H.Freeman.ISBN9780716798972.
Cell
Phillips,R.Kondev,J.Theriot,J.(2008).PhysicalBiologyoftheCell.GarlandScience.ISBN08153
41636.
Mathematical
Rashevsky,N.(1960).MathematicalBiophysics,Volume1(3rded.).DoverPublications.ISBN0486
605744.
Rashevsky,N.(1960).MathematicalBiophysics,Volume2(3rded.).DoverPublications.ISBN0486
605752.
Medical
Ruch,T.C.Fulton,J.F.(1974).MedicalPhysiologyandBiophysics.Saunders.ISBN9780721678184.
Haacke,E.M.Brown,R.W.Thompson,M.R.Venkatesan,R.(1999).MagneticResonanceImaging:
PhysicalPrinciplesandSequenceDesign.WileyLiss.ISBN0471351288.
AninfluentialgraduatetextbookinMRIbysomeoftheprincipaladvancersofthefield.
Hobbie,R.K.Roth,B.J.(2006).IntermediatePhysicsforMedicineandBiology(4thed.).Springer.
ISBN9780387309422.
Molecular
Perutz,M.F.(1962).ProteinsandNucleicAcids.Elsevier.
Perutz,M.F.(1969)."Thehaemoglobinmolecule".ProceedingsoftheRoyalSocietyB173(31):11340.
Bibcode:1969RSPSB.173..113P.doi:10.1098/rspb.1969.0043.PMID4389425.
Sneppen,K.Zocchi,G.(2005).PhysicsinMolecularBiology.CambridgeUniversityPress.ISBN0521
844193.
Plant
Govindjee(1975).BioenergeticsofPhotosynthesis.AcademicPress.ISBN0122943503.

Geophysics
Gilbert,W.(1600).DeMagnete,MagneticisqueCorporibus,etdeMagnoMagneteTellure[OntheMagnet
andMagneticBodies,andonThatGreatMagnettheEarth](inLatin).PeterShort.
Englishtranslation:Gilbert,W.(1991).DeMagnete.DoverPublications.ISBN9780486267616.
Republicationofthe1893unabridgedandunalteredtranslationbyPaulFleuryMottelay.
EarlydescriptionofmagnetismfromanElizabethanscientistconsistingofsixbooks.Erroneouslyattributes
magnetismascausingthemotionofbodiesintheSolarsystem.[1]
Chapman,S.Bartels,J.(1940).GeomagnetismVolume1:GeomagneticandRelatedPhenomena.Clarendon
Press.ASINB002K07MAO.OCLC499431969.
Chapman,S.Bartels,J.(1940).GeomagnetismVolume2:AnalysisoftheDataandPhysicalTheories.
ClarendonPress.ASINB0020TCMR8.OCLC458641769.
AclassicreferenceontheEarth'smagneticfieldandrelatedtopicsinmeteorology,solarandlunarphysics,
theaurora,techniquesofsphericalharmonicanalysisandtreatmentofperiodicitiesingeophysicaldata.[2]Its
comprehensivesummariesmadeitthestandardreferenceongeomagnetismandtheionosphereforatleast2
decades.[3]
Yilmaz,.(1999).Seismicdataprocessing(9thed.).SocietyofExplorationGeophysicists.ISBN0931830
400.
Uptodateaccountofseismicdataprocessinginthepetroleumgeophysicsindustry.

Physicsofcomputation
Feynman,R.P.(1982)."Simulatingphysicswithcomputers".InternationalJournalofTheoreticalPhysics
21(67):467488.Bibcode:1982IJTP...21..467F.doi:10.1007/BF02650179.
Developstheoryofadigitalcomputerasanefficientuniversalcomputingdevice.
Lloyd,S.(2000)."Ultimatephysicallimitsofcomputation".Nature406(6799):10471054.arXiv:quant
ph/9908043.Bibcode:2000Natur.406.1047L.doi:10.1038/35023282.PMID10984064.

Plasmaphysics
Langmuir,I.(1961).TheCollectedWorksofIrvingLangmuirVolume3:ThermonicPhenomenon:Papers
from19161937.PergamonPress.
Langmuir,I.(1961).TheCollectedWorksofIrvingLangmuirVolume4:ElectricalDischarges:Papersfrom
19231931.PergamonPress.
ThesetwovolumesfromNobelPrizewinningscientistIrvingLangmuir,includehisearlypublishedpapers
resultingfromhisexperimentswithionizedgases(i.e.plasma).Thebookssummarisemanyofthebasic
propertiesofplasmas.Langmuircoinedthewordplasmainabout1928.
Alfvn,H.Flthammar,C.G.(1963).CosmicalElectrodynamics.OxfordUniversityPress.
HannesAlfvnwontheNobelPrizeforhisdevelopmentofmagnetohydrodynamics(MHD)thesciencethat
modelsplasmaasfluids.Thisbooklaysdownthegroundwork,butalsoshowsthatMHDmaybeinadequate
forlowdensityplasmassuchasspaceplasmas.

AstronomyandAstrophysics
Kopernik,Mikolaj(1543).Derevolutionibusorbiumcoelestium[OntheRevolutionsoftheHeavenly
Spheres](inLatin).Nuremberg:JohannesPetreius.p.405.

Favouredtheheliocentricmodel(firstadvancedbyAristarchus)overthePtolemaicmodelofthesolar
systemsometimescreditedwithstartingtheScientificRevolutionintheWesternworld.
Kepler,Johannes(1609).Astronomianova[NewAstronomy](inLatin).(Availableonline).Prague.
(1992).NewAstronomy.TranslatedbyWilliamH.Donahue.Cambridge:CambridgeUniversity
Press.ISBN0521301319.
Providedstrongargumentsforheliocentrismandcontributedvaluableinsightintothemovementofthe
planets,includingthefirstmentionoftheirellipticalpathandthechangeoftheirmovementtothemovement
offreefloatingbodiesasopposedtoobjectsonrotatingspheres(twoofKepler'slaws).Oneofthemost
importantworksoftheScientificRevolution.[4]
Kepler,Johannes(1619).HarmonicesMundi[HarmonyoftheWorld](inLatin).(Availableonline).
(1997).Theharmonyoftheworld.TranslatedintoEnglishwithanintroductionandnotesbyE.J.
Aiton,A.M.DuncanandJ.V.Field.Philadelphia:AmericanPhilosophicalSociety.ISBN087169
2090.
DevelopedthethirdofKepler'slaws.

Astrophysics
Astrophysicsemploysphysicalprinciples"toascertainthenatureoftheheavenlybodies,ratherthantheirpositions
ormotionsinspace."[5]
Burbidge,E.M.Burbidge,,G.R.Fowler,F.Hoyle,F.(1957)."SynthesisoftheElementsinStars".
ReviewsofModernPhysics29(4):547650.Bibcode:1957RvMP...29..547B.
doi:10.1103/RevModPhys.29.547.
Alandmarkarticleofstellarphysics,analysingseveralkeyprocessesthatmightberesponsibleforthe
synthesisofchemicalelementsinnatureandtheirrelativeabundancesitiscreditedwithoriginatingwhatis
nowthetheoryofstellarnucleosynthesis.
Faber,SandraM.Jackson,Robert(1976)."Velocitydispersionsandmasstolightratiosforelliptical
galaxies".AstrophysicalJournal204(6,):668.Bibcode:1976ApJ...204..668F.doi:10.1086/154215.
IntroductionoftheFaberJacksonlawrelatinggalaxyluminosityandvelocitydispersion.
Tully,R.BFisher,J.R.(1977)."Anewmethodofdeterminingdistancestogalaxies".Astronomyand
Astrophysics54(3):661673.Bibcode:1977A&A....54..661T.
IntroductionoftheTullyFisherrelationbetweengalaxyluminosityandrotationcurveamplitude.
Merritt,LauraMerritt,David(2000)."Afundamentalrelationbetweensupermassiveblackholesandtheir
hostgalaxies".AstrophysicalJournalLetters539(1):L9L12.arXiv:astroph/0006053.
Bibcode:2000ApJ...539L...9F.doi:10.1086/312838.
IntroductionoftheMsigmarelationbetweenblackholemassandgalaxyvelocitydispersion.

Cosmology
Sakharov,A.D.(1967)."ViolationofCPinvariance,Casymmetry,andbaryonasymmetryoftheuniverse".
JournalofExperimentalandTheoreticalPhysics5(5):2427.Bibcode:1991SvPhU..34..392S.
doi:10.1070/PU1991v034n05ABEH002497.
Introducedtheconditionsnecessaryforbaryogenesis,bymakinguseofrecentresults(discoveryofCP

violation,etc).Republishedin1991inSovietPhysicsUspekhi,vol.34(number5),pages392393.
Kolb,EdwardTurner,Michael(1988).TheEarlyUniverse.AddisonWesley.ISBN0201116049.
Referencetextbookoncosmology,discussingbothobservationalandtheoreticalissues.
J.C.Mather,E.S.Cheng,R.E.Eplee,Jr.,R.B.Isaacman,S.S.Meyer,R.A.Shafer,R.Weiss,E.L.Wright,
C.L.Bennett,N.W.Boggess,E.Dwek,S.Gulkis,M.G.Hauser,M.Janssen,T.Kelsall,P.M.Lubin,S.H.
Moseley,Jr.,T.L.Murdock,R.F.Silverberg,G.F.SmootandD.T.Wilkinson(1990)."APreliminary
MeasurementoftheCosmicMicrowaveBackgroundSpectrumbytheCosmicBackgroundExplorer(COBE)
Satellite".TheAstrophysicalJournal354:L3740.Bibcode:1990ApJ...354L..37M.doi:10.1086/185717.
Mather,J.C.Fixsen,D.J.Shafer,R.A.Mosier,C.Wilkinson,D.T.(20February1999)."Calibrator
DesignfortheFarInfraredAbsoluteSpectrophotometer(FIRAS)".TheAstrophysicalJournal512(2):511
520.arXiv:astroph/9810373.Bibcode:1999ApJ...512..511M.doi:10.1086/306805.
ReportedresultsfromtheCOBEsatellite,whichwasdevelopedbyNASA'sGoddardSpaceFlightCenterto
measurethediffuseinfraredandmicrowaveradiationfromtheearlyuniversetothelimitssetbyour
astrophysicalenvironment.MeasurementsbyaFarInfraredAbsoluteSpectrophotometer(FIRAS)confirmed
thatthecosmicmicrowavebackground(CMB)spectrumisthatofanearlyperfectblackbodywitha
temperatureof2.7250.002K.ThisobservationmatchesthepredictionsofthehotBigBangtheory
extraordinarilywell,andindicatesthatnearlyalloftheradiantenergyoftheUniversewasreleasedwithin
thefirstyearaftertheBigBang.Thefirstpaperpresentsinitialresultsthesecond,finalresults.
G.F.Smootetal.(1992)."StructureintheCOBEdifferentialmicrowaveradiometerfirstyearmaps".The
AstrophysicalJournal396:L15.Bibcode:1992ApJ...396L...1S.doi:10.1086/186504.
Bennett,C.L.Banday,A.J.Grski,K.M.Hinshaw,G.Jackson,P.Keegstra,P.Kogut,A.Smoot,G.
F.Wilkinson,D.T.Wright,E.L.(10June1996)."FourYearCOBEDMRCosmicMicrowaveBackground
Observations:MapsandBasicResults".TheAstrophysicalJournal464(1):L1L4.arXiv:astroph/9601067.
Bibcode:1996ApJ...464L...1B.doi:10.1086/310075.
PresentsresultsfromtheDifferentialMicrowaveRadiometer(DMR)ontheCOBEsatellite.Thismapsthe
cosmicradiationandsearchesforvariationsinbrightness.TheCMBwasfoundtohaveintrinsic"anisotropy"
forthefirsttime,atalevelofapartin100,000.ThesetinyvariationsintheintensityoftheCMBoverthe
skyshowhowmatterandenergywasdistributedwhentheUniversewasstillveryyoung.Later,througha
processstillpoorlyunderstood,theearlystructuresseenbyDMRdevelopedintogalaxies,galaxyclusters,
andthelargescalestructurethatweseeintheUniversetoday.Thefirstpaperpresentsinitialresultsthe
second,finalresults.
Hauseretal.(1998)."TheCOBEDiffuseInfraredBackgroundExperimentSearchfortheCosmicInfrared
Background.I.LimitsandDetections"(PDF).TheAstrophysicalJournal508(1):2543.arXiv:astro
ph/9806167.Bibcode:1998ApJ...508...25H.doi:10.1086/306379.
PresentsresultsfromtheDiffuseInfraredBackgroundExperiment(DIRBE)ontheCOBEsatellite.This
searchesforthecosmicinfraredbackgroundradiationproducedbythefirstgalaxies.Infraredabsolutesky
brightnessmapsinthewavelengthrange1.25to240micrometreswereobtainedtocarryoutasearchforthe
cosmicinfraredbackground(CIB).TheCIBwasoriginallydetectedinthetwolongestDIRBEwavelength
bands,140and240micrometres,andintheshortwavelengthendoftheFIRASspectrum.Subsequent
analyseshaveyieldeddetectionsoftheCIBinthenearinfraredDIRBEskymaps.TheCIBrepresentsa
"coresample"oftheUniverseitcontainsthecumulativeemissionsofstarsandgalaxiesdatingbacktothe
epochwhentheseobjectsfirstbegantoform.

Atomicandmolecularphysics
Rntgen,W.C.(28December1895)."bereineneueArtvonStrahlen"[OnANewKindOfRays].
SitzungsberichtederWrzburgerPhysikmedic.Gesellschaft(inGerman)22(3):153157.
doi:10.3322/canjclin.22.3.153.Retrieved24Aug2013.

DiscoveryofXrays,leadingtotheveryfirstNobelPrizeinPhysicsfortheauthor.
Thomson,J.J.(1897)."Cathoderays".PhilosophicalMagazine44:293316.
doi:10.1080/14786449708621070.
Theclassicexperimentalmeasurementofthemassandchargeofcathoderay"corpuscles",latercalled
electrons.WontheNobelPhysicsPrize(in1906)forthisdiscovery.
Zeeman(1897)papers
Zeeman,P.(1897)."OntheinfluenceofMagnetismontheNatureoftheLightemittedbya
Substance".Phil.Mag.43:226.
Zeeman,P.(1897)."Doublesandtripletsinthespectrumproducedbyexternalmagneticforces".Phil.
Mag.44(266):5560.doi:10.1080/14786449708621028.
Zeeman,P.(11February1897)."TheEffectofMagnetisationontheNatureofLightEmittedbya
Substance".Nature55(1424):347.Bibcode:1897Natur..55..347Z.doi:10.1038/055347a0.
DescribedthefamouseffectofsplittingofspectrallinesinmagneticfieldsearnedauthoraNobelPhysics
prizecitation(1902).
Planck,Max(1901).
Seequantummechanicssection.
Einstein,Albert(1905).
Seequantummechanicssection.
Bohr,Niels(19134).
Seequantummechanicssection.
H.G.J.Moseley,M.A.(1913)."TheHighFrequencySpectraoftheElements".Phil.Mag.:1024.
ThisannouncedalawthatgavedecisiveevidenceforatomicnumberfromstudiesofXrayspectra,which
couldbeexplainedbytheBohrmodel.
Stark,J.(1914)."BeobachtungenberdenEffektdeselektrischenFeldesaufSpektrallinienI.Quereffekt"
[ObservationsoftheeffectoftheelectricfieldonspectrallinesI.Transverseeffect].AnnalenderPhysik(in
German)43:965983.doi:10.1002/andp.19143480702.Publishedearlier(1913)inSitzungsberichtender
Kgl.Preuss.Akad.d.Wiss.
Describedthefamouseffectofsplittingofspectrallinesinelectricfields(c.f.Zeemaneffect)aspredictedby
Voigt.[6]Observedthesameyear(1913)asLoSurdo[7]theworkwonaNobelPhysicsprizeforStark.
Einstein,A.(1916)."StrahlungsEmissionundAbsorptionnachderQuantentheorie"[RadiationEmission
andAbsorptionaccordingtotheQuantumtheory].VerhandlungenderDeutschenPhysikalischen
Gesellschaft(inGerman)18:318323.Bibcode:1916DPhyG..18..318E.
(1916)."ZurQuantentheoriederStrahlung"[OntheQuantumTheoryofRadiation].Mitteilungen
derPhysikalischenGessellschaftZrich(inGerman)18:4762.
(1917)."ZurQuantentheoriederStrahlung"[OntheQuantumTheoryofRadiation].
PhysikalischeZeitschrift(inGerman)18:121128.Bibcode:1917PhyZ...18..121E.
TranslatedinterHaar,D.(1967).TheOldQuantumTheory.Pergamon.pp.167183.
LCCN66029628.AlsoinBoorse,H.A.,Motz,L.(1966).Theworldoftheatom,editedwith
commentaries,BasicBooks,Inc.,NewYork,pp.888901.
(http://astro1.panet.utoledo.edu/~ljc/einstein_ab.pdf)
Formulatedtheconceptsofspontaneousandstimulatedemission.
ArnoldSommerfeld(1919).

Seequantummechanicssection.
Auger,P.V.(1923)."SurlesrayonssecondairesproduitsdansungazpardesrayonsX"[Onthesecondary
raysproducedinagasbyXrays].C.r.a.s.177:169171.
DescriptiononanatomicionizationeffectfirstdiscoveredbyMeitner,[8]butnamedforthelaterdiscoverer,
Auger.
deBroglie,Louis(1924).
Seequantummechanicssection.
Matrixmechanicspapers:W.Heisenberg(1925),M.BornandP.Jordan(1925),M.Born,W.Heisenberg,
andP.Jordan(1926).
Seequantummechanicssection.
Schroedinger,E(1926).
Seequantummechanicssection.
Raman,C.V.(1928)."Anewradiation".IndianJ.Phys.2:387398.hdl:2289/2135.
Relatestheexperimentaldiscoveryoftheinelasticscatteringoflight(predictedtheoreticallybyA.Smekalin
1923[9])inliquids(withK.S.Krishnan),forwhichRamanreceivestheNobelPrizeinPhysicsin1930.[10]
Observedindependentlysoonafter(incrystals)byG.LandsbergandL.I.Mandelstam.[11]

Classicalmechanics
ClassicalmechanicsisthesystemofphysicsbegunbyIsaacNewtonandhiscontemporaries.Itisconcernedwith
themotionofmacroscopicobjectsatspeedswellbelowthespeedoflight.[12]
Galilei,Galileo(1638).Discorsiedimostrazionimatematiche,intornoduenuovescienzeattenentialla
mecanica&imovimentilocali[TwoNewSciences](inLatin).Leiden:LouisElsevier.
Classic(firstandoriginal[13])Englishtranslation:(1914).Mathematicaldiscoursesand
demonstrations,relatingtoTwoNewSciences.TranslationbyHenryCrewandAlfonsodeSalvio.
RecentEnglishtranslation:(1974).TwoNewsciences,includingCentersofgravity&Forceof
percussion.TranslatedandcompiledbyStillmanDrake.Madison:WisconsinUniversityPress.
ISBN9780299064044.
Descartes,Ren(1983)[1644,withadditionalmaterialfromtheFrenchtranslationof1647].Principia
philosophiae[PrinciplesofPhilosophy](inLatin).TranslationwithexplanatorynotesbyValentineRodger
MillerandReeseP.Miller(Reprinted.).Dordrecht:Reidel.ISBN9027714517.
Newton,Isaac(1687).PhilosophiaeNaturalisPrincipiaMathematica[Mathematicalprinciplesofnatural
philosophy](inLatin).
Athreevolumework,oftencalledPrincipiaorPrincipiaMathematica.Oneofthemostinfluentialscientific
bookseverpublished,itcontainsthestatementofNewton'slawsofmotionformingthefoundationof
classicalmechanicsaswellashislawofuniversalgravitation.HederivesKepler'slawsforthemotionofthe
planets(whichwerefirstobtainedempirically).
Lagrange,JosephLouis(1788).McaniqueAnalytique[Analyticalmechanics](inFrench).
Lagrange'smasterpieceonmechanicsandhydrodynamics.Basedlargelyonthecalculusofvariations,this
workintroducedLagrangianmechanicsincludingthenotionofvirtualwork,generalizedcoordinates,andthe

Lagrangian.LagrangealsofurtherdevelopedtheprincipleofleastactionandintroducedtheLagrangian
referenceframeforfluidflow.
Hamilton'spapers.
Hamilton,WilliamRowan(1835)."OntheApplicationtoDynamicsofaGeneralMathematical
MethodpreviouslyappliedtoOptics"(PDF).BritishAssociationReport1834,published1835:513
518.Retrieved14Dec2012.
(1835)."OnaGeneralMethodinDynamicsbywhichtheStudyoftheMotionsofallfreeSystems
ofattractingorrepellingPointsisreducedtotheSearchandDifferentiationofonecentralRelation,or
characteristicFunction"(PDF).PhilosophicalTransactionsoftheRoyalSociety:247308.
doi:10.1098/rstl.1834.0017.Retrieved14Dec2012.
(1835)."SecondEssayonaGeneralMethodinDynamics"(PDF).PhilosophicalTransactionsofthe
RoyalSociety:95144.doi:10.1098/rstl.1835.0009.Retrieved14Dec2012.
ThesethreepapersusedHamilton'smethodsinopticstoformulatemechanicsanewnowcalledHamiltonian
mechanics.
Noether,Emmy(1918).
Seemathematicalphysicssection.
KolmogorovArnol'dMoserpapers.
Kolmogorov,A.N."OnConservationofConditionallyPeriodicMotionsforaSmallChangein
Hamilton'sFunction."Dokl.Akad.NaukSSSR98,527530,1954.
Moser,J."OnInvariantCurvesofAreaPreservingMappingsofanAnnulus."Nachr.Akad.Wiss.
GttingenMath.Phys.Kl.II,120,1962.
Arnol'd,V.I."ProofofaTheoremofA.N.KolmogorovonthePreservationofConditionallyPeriodic
MotionsunderaSmallPerturbationoftheHamiltonian."UspehiMat.Nauk18,1340,1963.
SetofimportantresultsindynamicalsystemstheoryofHamiltoniansystems,namedtheKAMtheoremafter
theauthors'initials.Regardedinretrospectasasignofchaostheory.
Goldstein,Herbert.ClassicalMechanics.
Astandardgraduatetextbookonclassicalmechanics,consideredagoodbookonthesubject.

Fluiddynamics
Archimedes(ca.250BCE)."OnFloatingBodies"(inancientGreek,latertr.medievalLatin).Syracuse,
Sicily.Partialpreservation.
Twobooktreatiseregardedasthefoundingtextoffluidmechanicsandhydrostaticsinparticular.Contains
anintroductionofhisfamousprinciple.[14]
DanielBernoulli(1738).Hydrodynamica,sivedeviribusetmotibusfluidorumcommentarii(inLatin).
Strasbourg.Englishtranslation:HydrodynamicsandHydraulicsbyDanielBernoulliandJohannBernoulli
(DoverPublications,1968).
EstablishedaunifiedapproachtohydrostaticsandhydraulicsstudyofeffluxBernoulli'sPrinciple.
JeanleRondD'Alembert(1752).Essaid'unenouvellethoriedelarsistancedesfluides(inFrench)[Essay
ofanewtheoryofresistanceoffluids].Paris.
IntroducesD'Alembert'sParadox.
Euler,Leonhard(1757)."Principesgnrauxdumouvementdesfluides"[Generalprinciplesoffluid
motion].Mmoiresdel'acadmiedessciencesdeBerlin11:274315.(Presentedin1755)

Formulatesthetheoryoffluiddynamicsintermsofasetofpartialdifferentialequations:Eulerequations
(fluiddynamics)
Navier,ClaudeLouis(1827)."Mmoiresurlesloisdumouvementdesfluides".Mmoiresdel'acadmiedes
Sciencesdel'InstitutdeFrance6:389440.(Presentedin1822)
FirstformulationoftheNavierStokesequations,albeitbasedonanincorrectmoleculartheory.
Stokes,GeorgeGabriel(1849)."Onthetheoryoftheinternalfrictionoffluidsinmotion,andofthe
equilibriumandmotionofelasticsolids".TransactionsoftheCambridgePhilosophicalSociety8:287.
(Presentedin1845)
CorrectformulationoftheNavierStokesequations.
vonHelmholtz,Hermann(1858)."berintegralederhydrodynamischengleichungen,welcheden
wirbelbewegungenentsprechen".JournalfrdiereineundangewandteMathematik55(55):2555.
doi:10.1515/crll.1858.55.25.
Introducedthestudyofvortexdynamics(seeVorticity).
Reynolds,Osbourne(1883)."Anexperimentalinvestigationofthecircumstanceswhichdeterminewhether
themotionofwatershallbedirectorsinuous,andofthelawofresistanceinparallelchannels".
PhilosophicalTransactions174:935982.Bibcode:1883RSPT..174..935R.doi:10.1098/rstl.1883.0029.
IntroducesthedimensionlessReynoldsnumber,investigatingthecriticalReynoldsnumberfortransition
fromlaminartoturbulentflow.
Prandtl,Ludwig(1905)."berFlssigkeitsbewegungbeisehrkleinerReibung".Verhandlungendesdritten
internationalenMathematikerKongressesinHeidelberg1904:484491.(Presentedin1904)
IntroducestheBoundarylayer.
Kolmogorov,AndreyNikolaevich(1941).
.DokladyAkademiiNaukSSSR(inRussian)30(1890):
299303.Bibcode:1991RSPSA.434....9K.doi:10.1098/rspa.1991.0075..TranslatedintoEnglishby
Kolmogorov,AndreyNikolaevich(July8,1991)."Thelocalstructureofturbulenceinincompressible
viscousfluidforverylargeReynoldsnumbers".ProceedingsoftheRoyalSocietyA434(1991):913.
Bibcode:1991RSPSA.434....9K.doi:10.1098/rspa.1991.0075.
Introducesaquantitativetheoryofturbulence.
Monin,A.S.(1971)[1965].Lumley,JohnL,ed.Statisticalfluidmechanicsmechanicsofturbulence.
TranslatedbyA.M.Yaglom(Updated,augmentedandrevisedEnglished.).Cambridge,Massachusetts:MIT
Press.ISBN9780262130622.(NowreprintedbyDover.)
Reviewtextonturbulence.

Computationalphysics
S.Ulam,R.D.Richtmyer,andJ.vonNeumann(1947)."Statisticalmethodsinneutrondiffusion"
(http://library.lanl.gov/cgibin/getfile?00329286.pdf)LANLScientificLaboratoryreportLAMS551.
Retrieved20111023.
ThispaperrecordsthefirstuseoftheMonteCarlomethod,createdatLosAlamos.
Metropolis,N.etal.(1953)
Seestatisticalmechanicsandthermodynamicssection.

Fermi,E.Pasta,J.Ulam,S.(1955):"StudiesofNonlinearProblems"(accessed25Sep2012)
(http://www.osti.gov/accomplishments/documents/fullText/ACC0041.pdf).LosAlamosLaboratory
DocumentLA1940.
TheFermiUlamPastasimulationwasanimportantearlydemonstrationoftheabilityofcomputerstodeal
withnonlinear(physics)problemsanditssurprisingresultregardingthermalequipartitionhintedtowards
chaostheory.
Moleculardynamics.
Alder,B.J.T.E.Wainwright(1959)."StudiesinMolecularDynamics.I.GeneralMethod".J.Chem.
Phys.31(2):459.Bibcode:1959JChPh..31..459A.doi:10.1063/1.1730376.
A.Rahman(1964)."CorrelationsintheMotionofAtomsinLiquidArgon".PhysRev136(2A):
A405A411.Bibcode:1964PhRv..136..405R.doi:10.1103/PhysRev.136.A405.
Independentformulationsofthemethodofmoleculardynamics.

Condensedmatterphysics
Condensedmatterphysicsdealswiththephysicalpropertiesofcondensedphasesofmatter.Theseproperties
appearwhenatomsinteractstronglyandadheretoeachotherorareotherwiseconcentrated.
J.Bardeen,L.N.Cooper,andJ.R.Schriefferpapers
Cooper,L.N.(1956)."BoundElectronPairsinaDegenerateFermiGas".PhysicalReview104(4):
11891190.Bibcode:1956PhRv..104.1189C.doi:10.1103/PhysRev.104.1189.
Bardeen,J.Cooper,L.N.Schrieffer,J.R.(1957)."MicroscopicTheoryofSuperconductivity".
PhysicalReview106:162164.Bibcode:1957PhRv..106..162B.doi:10.1103/PhysRev.106.162.
Bardeen,J.Cooper,L.N.Schrieffer,J.R.(1957)."TheoryofSuperconductivity".PhysicalReview
108(5):11751204.Bibcode:1957PhRv..108.1175B.doi:10.1103/PhysRev.108.1175.
ThesethreepapersdeveloptheBCStheoryofusual(nothighTC)superconductivity,relatingtheinteraction
ofelectronsandthephononsofalattice.TheauthorswereawardedtheNobelprizeforthiswork.
Ashcroft,NeilW.Mermin,N.David(1976).SolidStatePhysics.BrooksCole.ISBN0030839939.
Itissooldthatitstillcallscondensedmatterphysicsbytheoutoffashionnameofsolidstatephysics,butyet
itisstillagoodintroductiontothetopic.

Polymerphysics
Guth,EugenHermann,Mark(1934)."Zurinnermolekularen,Statistik,insbesonderebeiKettenmolekiilenI"
[Fortheintramolecular,statistics,especiallyforchainmoleculesI].MonatsheftefrChemie(inGerman)65
(1):93121.doi:10.1007/BF01522052.
Containsthefoundationofthekinetictheoryofrubberelasticity,includingthefirsttheoreticaldescriptionof
statisticalmechanicsofpolymerswithapplicationtoviscosityandrubberelasticity,andanexpressionforthe
entropygainduringthecoilingoflinearflexiblemolecules.
Guth,EugeneJames,HubertM.(1941)."ElasticandThermoelasticPropertiesofRubberlikeMaterials".
Industrial&EngineeringChemistry33(5):624629.doi:10.1021/ie50377a017.
PresentedearlierbyGuthattheAmericanChemicalSocietymeetingof1939,thisarticlecontainsthefirst
outlineofthenetworktheoryofrubberelasticity.TheresultingGuthJamesequationofstateisanalogousto
vanderWaal'sequation.
James,HubertM.Guth,Eugene(1943)."TheoryoftheElasticPropertiesofRubber".TheJournalof
ChemicalPhysics11(10):455.Bibcode:1943JChPh..11..455J.doi:10.1063/1.1723785.

Presentsamoredetailedversionofthenetworktheoryofrubberelasticity.Thepaperusedaverageforcesto
someextentinsteadofthermodynamicalfunctions.Instatisticalthermodynamics,thesetwoproceduresare
equivalent.Aftersomecontroversywithintheliterature,theJamesGuthnetworktheoryisnowgenerally
acceptedforlargerextensions.See,e.g.,PaulFlory'scommentsinProc.RoyalSoc.A.351,351(1976).
Flory,PaulJ.(1992).Principlesofpolymerchemistry(15.pr.ed.).Ithaca:CornellUniv.Press.ISBN0
801401348.
Flory,PaulJ.(1969).Statisticalmechanicsofchainmolecules.NewYork:IntersciencePublishers.ISBN0
470264950.
Reissued:Flory,PaulJ.J.G.JacksonC.J.Wood(1989).Statisticalmechanicsofchainmolecules.
(Repr.corr.ed.).HanserGardner.ISBN1569900191.
Gennes,PierreGillesde(1996).Scalingconceptsinpolymerphysics(5.print.ed.).Ithaca,NewYork:
CornellUniv.Press.ISBN9780801412035.
Doi,M.Edwards,S.F.(1988).Thetheoryofpolymerdynamics(Reprinteded.).Oxford:ClarendonPress.
ISBN9780198520337.
Pokrovskii,VladimirN.(2009).Themesoscopictheoryofpolymerdynamics(2nded.).Dordrecht:Springer.
ISBN9789048122301.
VladimirN.Pokrovskii,(SpringerSeriesinChemicalPhysics,Vol.95)
Thesecondedition,Springer,2009.ISBN9789048122301

Electromagnetism
WilliamGilbert(mainauthor),AaronDowling,1600.
Seegeophysicssection.
Coulomb,C.A.(178589).Mmoiressurl'lectricitetleMagntisme(InFrenchtrans.Memoirson
ElectricityandMagnetism),aseriesofsevenmemoirs.
Containsdescriptionsempiricalinvestigationsintoelectricity.Establishedanempiricalinversesquarelaw
thatwouldbenamedforhim,[15][16][17][18][19][20][21]bymeasuringthetwistinatorsionbalance.[22]Cavendish
woulduseasimilarmethodtoestimatethevalueofNewton'sconstantG.[23]
BiotSavart(1820)."NotesurlemagntismedelapiledeVolta"[NoteonmagnetismoftheVoltapile].
Annalesdechimieetdephysique(inFrench).
IntroducedtheBiotSavartlaw,themagnetostaticanalogueofCoulomb'slaw.
Ampre,AndrMarie(1826)."Thoriemathmatiquedesphnomneslectrodynamiques:uniquement
dduitedel'exprience"[MemoirontheMathematicalTheoryofElectrodynamicPhenomena,Uniquely
DeducedfromExperience](inFrench).MquignonMarvis.OnlinelinksatGoogleeBooks
(http://books.google.com/books?id=LzcVAAAAQAAJ)(accessed20100926),andarchivedfromthe
original(https://archive.org/details/thoriemathmatiq00ampgoog)attheInternetArchive.
Introducedthefamouseponymouslawforelectriccurrent.
Ohm,GS(1827)."DiegalvanischeKette,mathematischbearbeitet[tr.,TheGalvanicCircuitInvestigated
Mathematically]"(inGerman).THRiemann,Berlin.
Announcedthenowfamouscircuitalrelationbetweenvoltageandcurrent.
Green,George(1828)."AnEssayontheApplicationofMathematicalAnalysistotheTheoriesofElectricity

andMagnetism",Nottingham.[24]
Essayconceivedseveralkeyideas,amongthematheoremsimilartothemodernGreen'stheorem,theideaof
potentialfunctions,andtheconceptofwhatarenowcalledGreen'sfunctions.This(initiallyobscure)work
directlyinfluencedtheworkofJamesClerkMaxwellandWilliamThomson,amongothers.
Faraday,Michael(18391855).Experimentalresearchesinelectricity(Reprinted2000fromthe1sted.1839
(vol.1),1844(vol.2),1855(vol.3)ed.).SantaFe(N.M.):GreenLionPress.ISBN1888009152.
Faraday'slawofinductionandresearchinelectromagnetism.[25]
Maxwell,JamesClerk(1861)."OnPhysicalLinesofForce".TheLondon,Edinburgh,andDublin
PhilosophicalMagazineandJournalofScience21(4):161175281191338348.
Maxwell,JamesClerk(1865).Torrance,ThomasF.,ed.ADynamicalTheoryoftheElectromagneticField.
1982reprint,withanappreciationbyAlbertEinstein.Eugene,Oregon:WipfandStock.ISBN978157910
0155.
ThethirdofJamesClerkMaxwell'spapersconcernedwithelectromagnetism.Theconceptofdisplacement
currentwasintroduced,sothatitbecamepossibletoderiveequationsofelectromagneticwave.Itwasthe
firstpaperinwhichMaxwell'sequationsappeared.
Jackson,J.D.(1998).ClassicalElectrodynamics(3rded.).Wiley.ISBN047130932X.
Thedefininggraduatelevelintroductorytext.(Firstedition1962)
Griffiths,DavidJ.(1981).Introductiontoelectrodynamics(1sted.).EnglewoodCliffs,N.J.:PrenticeHall.
ISBN013481374X.
Astandardundergraduateintroductorytext.

Generalphysics
LevLandau,EvgenyLifshitz(1stRuss.ed.1940,1stEng.ed1960).CourseofTheoreticalPhysics.
Importanttenvolumetextbookintheoreticalphysicsmethods.
RichardFeynman,RobertB.LeightonandMatthewSands(1964).FeynmanLecturesonPhysics.Addison
Wesley.
Bestsellingthreevolumetextbookcoveringthespanofphysics.Referenceforboth(under)graduatestudent
andprofessionalresearcheralike.

Mathematicalphysics
EdwinBidwellWilson,1901."VectorAnalysis:Atextbookfortheuseofstudentsofmathematicsand
physics,foundeduponthelecturesofJ.WillardGibbsPh.D.LL.D."Freeonlinecopy
(https://archive.org/details/117714283).(Accessed7Dec2012.)
Introducedthemoderndaynotationofvectorcalculus,basedonGibbs'system.
Minkowskirelativitypapers(190715):
Seespecialrelativitysection.
Silberstein,Ludwik(1914)

Seespecialrelativitysection.
Noether,Emmy(1918)."InvarianteVariationsprobleme"[InvariantVariationProblems].Nachr.D.Knig.
Gesellsch.D.Wiss.ZuGttingen,Mathphys.Klasse(inGerman)1918:235257.Reprintedin:Noether,
Emmy(1971)."Invariantvariationproblems".TransportTheoryandStatisticalPhysics1(3):186207.
arXiv:physics/0503066.Bibcode:1971TTSP....1..186N.doi:10.1080/00411457108231446.
ContainsaproofofNoether'sTheorem(expressedastwotheorems),showingthatanysymmetryofthe
Lagrangiancorrespondstoaconservedquantity.Thisresulthadaprofoundinfluenceon20thcentury
theoreticalphysics.
Eddington,Arthur(1923)
Seegeneralrelativitysection.
Ising,Ernst(1924)."BeitragzurTheoriedesFerroundParamagnetismus"[Contributiontothetheoryof
ferroandparamagnetism].Thesis,Hamburg(inGerman).
Ising,Ernst(1925)."BeitragzurTheoriedesFerromagnetismus"[Contributiontothetheoryof
ferromagnetism].ZeitschriftfrPhysik(inGerman)31(1):253258.Bibcode:1925ZPhy...31..253I.
doi:10.1007/BF02980577.
Ising's1924thesisprovingthenonexistenceofphasetransitionsinthe1dimensionalIsingmodel.
DavidHilbertRichardCourant.MethodendermathematischenPhysik[MethodsofMathematicalPhysics]
(inGerman).,2vol.
Courant,R.Hilbert,D.(1989).VolumeI.WILEYVCHVerlagGmbH&Co.KGaA
Paperback/eBook.p.575.doi:10.1002/9783527617210.ISBN9783527617210.1stGermanedition
1924[26]currentEnglisheditionApril1989,[26]PrintISBN9780471504474onlineISBN9780
471504474.
Courant,RHilbert,D,eds.(1989).VolumeII,DifferentialEquations.WILEYVCHVerlagGmbH&
Co.KGaAPaperback/eBook.p.852.doi:10.1002/9783527617234.ISBN9783527617234.1st
Germanedition1937[27]currentEnglishedition:April1989,.[27]PrintISBN9780471504399,
onlineISBN9783527617234.
Influentialtextbooksbytwoleadingmathematiciansoftheearly20thcentury.
Weyl,H.K.H.(1929).ElektronundGravitation.I.(inGerman)Z.Phys.(56),330.
Theestablishmentofgaugetheoryasanimportantmathematicaltoolinfieldtheories,anideafirstadvanced
(unsuccessfully)in1918bythesameauthor.[28]
vonNeumann,John(1932).
Seequantummechanicssection.
Peierls,R.Born,M.(1936)."OnIsing'sModelofFerromagnetism".Proc.CambridgePhil.Soc.32(3):
477481.Bibcode:1936PCPS...32..477P.doi:10.1017/S0305004100019174.
RudolfPeierls'1936contourargumentprovingtheexistenceofphasetransitionsinhigherdimensionalIsing
models.
PAMDirac(1939)."Anewnotationforquantummechanics".MathematicalProceedingsoftheCambridge
PhilosophicalSociety35(3):416418.Bibcode:1939PCPS...35..416D.doi:10.1017/S0305004100021162.
IntroducedDiracnotationasastandardnotationfordescribingdenoteabstractvectorspacesandlinear
functionalsinquantummechanicsandmathematics,thoughthenotationhasprecursorsinGrassmannnearly
100yearspreviously.[29]

Morse,PhilipM.Feshbach,Herman(1953).Methodsoftheoreticalphysics.NewYork:McGrawHill.
ISBN9780070433168.
C.N.Yang,R.Mills(1954)
Seequantumfieldtheorysection.
Menzel,DonaldH.(1961).Mathematicalphysics(Unabridgedandcorrectedrepublicationofthe2nded.).
NewYork:Dover.ISBN0486600564.
Thoroughintroductiontothemathematicalmethodsofclassicalmechanics,electromagnetictheory,quantum
theoryandgeneralrelativity.PossiblymoreaccessiblethanMorseandFeshbach.
Frhlich,J.Simon,B.Spencer,T.(1February1976)."Infraredbounds,phasetransitionsandcontinuous
symmetrybreaking".CommunicationsinMathematicalPhysics50(1):7995.
Bibcode:1976CMaPh..50...79F.doi:10.1007/BF01608557.
Provedtheexistenceofphasetransitionsofcontinuoussymmetrymodelsinatleast3dimensions.
Kleinert,Hagen(2004).PathIntegralsinQuantumMechanics,Statistics,PolymerPhysics,andFinancial
Markets.(paperbacked.).Singapore:WorldScientific.ISBN9812381074.

PreModern(Classical)mathematicalphysics
Galilei,Galileo(1638)
Seeclassicalmechanicssection.
Newton,Isaac(1687)
Seeclassicalmechanicssection.
Lagrangia,GiuseppeLudovico(1788)
Seeclassicalmechanicssection.
Fourier,JB.J(1807).Mmoiresurlapropagationdelachaleurdanslescorpssolides[Memoironthe
propagationofheatinsolidbodies](inFrench).
ConsideredafoundingtextinthefieldofFourieranalysis(andbyextensionharmonicanalysis),anda
breakthroughforthesolutionoftheclassic(partial)differentialequationsofmathematicalphysics.
Hamilton,WilliamRowan(182837)
Seeopticssection.
Fourier,JBJ(1822).Thorieanalytiquedelachaleur(inFrench).Paris:FirminDidotPreetFils.
OCLC2688081.EnglishtranslationbyFreeman(1878),[30]witheditorial'corrections'.[31]RevisedFrench
edition,Darboux(ed.)(1888),withmanyeditorialcorrections.[31]
ContainsadiscussionofFourier(1807)andannunciationofFourier'slaw.[32]
Green,George(1828).
Seeelectromagnetismsection.
Hamilton,WilliamRowan(18341835)
Seeclassicalmechanicssection.

ClerkMaxwell,James(1861,1865)
Seeelectromagnetismsection.

Nonlineardynamicsandchaos
KolmogorovArnol'dMoserpapers.
Seeclassicalmechanicssection.
Fermi,E.Pasta,J.Ulam,S.(1955)
Seecomputationalphysicssection.
Lorenz,EdwardN.(1963)."DeterministicNonperiodicFlow"(PDF).JournaloftheAtmosphericSciences20
(2):130141.Bibcode:1963JAtS...20..130L.doi:10.1175/15200469(1963)020<0130:DNF>2.0.CO2.
ISSN15200469.
Afinitesystemofdeterministicnonlinearordinarydifferentialequationsisintroducedtorepresentforced
dissipativehydrodynamicflow,simulatingsimplephenomenaintherealatmosphere.Allofthesolutionsare
foundtobeunstable,andmostofthemnonperiodic,thusforcingtoreevaluatethefeasibilityoflongterm
weatherprediction.InthispapertheLorenzattractorispresentedforthefirsttime,andgavethefirsthintof
whatisnowknownasbutterflyeffect.
Li,TienYienYorke,JamesA.(1975)."PeriodThreeImpliesChaos".TheAmericanMathematicalMonthly
82(10):985992.doi:10.2307/2318254.JSTOR2318254.

Optics
Alhacen(1021).BookofOptics.
(Arabic:KitabalManazir,Latin:DeAspectibus)asevenvolumetreatiseonopticsandphysics,writtenby
theMuslimscientistIbnalHaytham(LatinizedasAlhacenorAlhazeninEurope),andpublishedin1021.
Hooke,R(1665)."Micrographia:or,Somephysiologicaldescriptionsofminutebodiesmadebymagnifying
glasses"(firsted.).London:J.MartynandJ.Allestry.
ThefirstmajorpublicationoftheRoyalSociety.Itgeneratedawidepublicinterestin,andoftenis
consideredthecreatorof,thescienceofmicroscopy.Alsonotableforcoiningtheterm"biologicalcell".
Huygens,Christiaan(1690).TraitdelaLumiere[TreatiseonLight].
Huygensattainedaremarkablyclearunderstandingoftheprinciplesofwavepropagationandhisexposition
ofthesubjectmarksanepochinthetreatmentofOpticalproblems.Notappreciateduntilmuchlaterdueto
themistakenzealwithwhichformerlyeverythingthatconflictedwiththecherishedideasofNewtonwas
denouncedbyhisfollowers.
Newton,Isaac(1704).Opticksor,aTreatiseofthereflexions,refractions,inflexionsandcoloursoflight.
Alsotwotreatisesofthespeciesandmagnitudeofcurvilinearfigures.London:printedforSam.Smith.and
Benj.Walford.(availableonline)(http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb36118888z)
Akeypublicationinthehistoryofphysics,arguablyNewton'ssecondmostinfluentialphysicspublication
afterPrincipia.Withinhedescribeshisfamousexperimentsregardingcolourandlight,andendswithasetof
queriesaboutthenatureoflightandmatter.
Goethe,JohannWolfgangvon(1970)[1810].ZurFarbenlehre[(Onthe)TheoryofColours](inGerman).
TranslatedfromtheGerman,withnotes,byCharlesLockEastlakeintroductionbyDeaneB.Judd(Reprint
London1840ed.).Cambridge,Massachusetts:MITPress.ISBN9780262570213.

Seminaltext(regardedaspolemicalforitstime)thatinfluencedlaterresearchonhumanvisualandcolour
perception,[33]fromanauthorusuallyrememberedforhisliterarywork.
Young,Thomas(1804)."BakerianLecture:Experimentsandcalculationsrelativetophysicaloptics".
PhilosophicalTransactionsoftheRoyalSociety94:116.Bibcode:1804RSPT...94....1Y.
doi:10.1098/rstl.1804.0001.
Fresnel,Augustin(1819)."MemoirontheDiffractionofLight".TheWaveTheoryofLightMemoirsby
Huygens,YoungandFresnel.AmericanBookCompany.pp.79145.
Fresnel,Augustin(1819)."OntheActionofRaysofPolarizedLightuponEachOther".TheWaveTheoryof
LightMemoirsbyHuygens,YoungandFresnel.AmericanBookCompany.pp.145156.
WorkbyThomasYoungandFresnelprovidedacomprehensivepictureofthepropagationoflight.
Hamiltoniangeometricaloptics.TheoryofSystemsofRaysandthreesupplements.ReissuedinHamilton,
WilliamRowan(1931).TheMathematicalPapersofSirWilliamRowanHamilton,VolumeI:Geometrical
Optics.EditedfortheRoyalIrishAcademybyA.W.ConwayandJ.L.Synge.CambridgeUniversityPress.
Retrieved20130713.
Hamilton,W.R.(1828)."TheoryofSystemsofRays".TransactionsoftheRoyalIrishAcademy15:
69174.
."SupplementtoanEssayontheTheoryofSystemsofRays"(TransactionsoftheRoyalIrish
Academy,volume16,part1(1830),pp.161.)
."SecondSupplementtoanEssayontheTheoryofSystemsofRays"(TransactionsoftheRoyal
IrishAcademy,volume16,part2(1831),pp.93125.)
."ThirdSupplementtoanEssayontheTheoryofSystemsofRays"(TransactionsoftheRoyal
IrishAcademy,volume17(1837),pp.1144.)
AseriesofpapersrecordingHamilton'sworkingeometricoptics.[34]Thiswouldlaterbecomeaninspiration
forHamiltonianmechanics.
Maxwell,JamesClerk(1861),(1865).
Seeelectromagnetismsection.
Udem,Th.Reichert,J.Holzwarth,R.Hnsch,T.W.(1999)."Accuratemeasurementoflargeoptical
frequencydifferenceswithamodelockedlaser"(PDF).OpticsLetters24(13):881.
Bibcode:1999OptL...24..881U.doi:10.1364/OL.24.000881.Archivedfromtheoriginal(PDF)on20100804.
Reichert,J.T.W.HnschUdem,Th.Hnsch,T.W.(1999)."Measuringthefrequencyoflightwithmode
lockedlasers".OpticsCommunications172(16):5968.Bibcode:1999OptCo.172...59R.
doi:10.1016/S00304018(99)004915.
Udem,Th.Holzwarth,R.Hnsch,T.W.(2002)."Opticalfrequencymetrology".Nature416(6877):233
237.Bibcode:2002Natur.416..233U.doi:10.1038/416233a.PMID11894107.
ThesethreepapersintroducedtheFrequencycombtechnique.Theearlierpresentedthemainideabutlastis
theoneoftencited.

NuclearandParticlePhysics
Nuclearphysics
Becquerel,H(1896)."Surlesradiationsmisesparphosphorescence".ComptesRendus122:420421.
Reportedtheaccidentaldiscoveryofanewkindofradiation.Awardedthe1903NobelPrizeinPhysicsfor
thiswork.
Rutherford,E.(2004firsted.1904).Radioactivity.CourierDoverPublications,399pages.ISBN
048649585X,9780486495859.
Hess,V.F.(1912)."berBeobachtungenderdurchdringendenStrahlungbeisiebenFreiballonfahrten"

[AboutObservationsofpenetratingRadiationduringsevenballoonjourneys].PhysikalischeZeitschrift(in
German)13:10841091.
Givesanaccountoftheauthor'sdiscoveryofhighenergycosmicradiation.Awardedhalfofthe1936Nobel
PrizeinPhysics.
Neutrondiscovery.
Chadwick,J.(1932)."PossibleExistenceofaNeutron".Nature129(3252):312.
doi:10.1038/129312a0.
Chadwick,J.(1932)."TheExistenceofaNeutron".ProceedingsoftheRoyalSocietyA:Mathematical,
PhysicalandEngineeringSciences136(830):692.Bibcode:1932RSPSA.136..692C.
doi:10.1098/rspa.1932.0112.
Chadwick,J.(1933)."BakerianLecture.TheNeutron".ProceedingsoftheRoyalSocietyA:
Mathematical,PhysicalandEngineeringSciences142(846):126.Bibcode:1933RSPSA.142....1C.
doi:10.1098/rspa.1933.0152.
Chadwick'sexperimentsconfirmedtheidentityofthemysteriousparticledetectedindependentlybyJoliot
Curie&Joliot,[35]andBothe&Becker[36][37]andpredictedbyMajoranaandothers[38]tobeaneutral
nucleonin1932,forwhichChadwickwasawardedtheNobelPrizeinPhysicsin1935.[39]
E.Fermi(1934),"Trendstoatheoryofbetaradiation",NuovoCim.11:119.InItalian.
Introducedatheoryofbetadecay,whichfirstappearedin1933.[40]Thearticlewaslatertranslatedinto
German,[41]andmuchlaterEnglish,[42]havingbeenrefusedpublicationinNature.Thiswaslaterinfluential
inunderstandingtheweaknuclearforce.
BetheNuclearPhysicspapers
Bethe,HansR.F.Bacher(1936)."NuclearPhysics.A:StationaryStatesofNuclei".Reviewsof
ModernPhysics8(2):82229.Bibcode:1936RvMP....8...82B.doi:10.1103/RevModPhys.8.82.
Bethe,Hans(1937)."NuclearPhysics.B:NuclearDynamics,Theoretical".ReviewsofModernPhysics
9(2):69244.Bibcode:1937RvMP....9...69B.doi:10.1103/RevModPhys.9.69.
Bethe,HansM.StanleyLivingston(1937)."NuclearPhysics.C:NuclearDynamics,Experimental".
ReviewsofModernPhysics9(3):245390.Bibcode:1937RvMP....9..245L.
doi:10.1103/RevModPhys.9.245.
AseriesofthreearticlesbyHansBethesummarizingtheknowledgeinthesubjectofNuclearPhysicsatthe
timeofpublication.Thesetofthreearticlesiscolloquiallyreferredtoas"Bethe'sbible".
C.L.Cowan,Jr.,F.Reines,F.B.Harrison,H.W.Kruse,A.D.McGuireReinesHarrisonKruseMcGuire
(July20,1956)."DetectionoftheFreeNeutrino:aConfirmation".Science124(3212):1034.
Bibcode:1956Sci...124..103C.doi:10.1126/science.124.3212.103.PMID17796274.
ThiscontainsanaccountofanexperimentfirstsuggestedbyWang,[43]confirmingtheexistenceofaparticle
(theneutrino,morepreciselytheelectronneutrino)firstpredictedbyPauliin1940[44][45]aresultthatwas
rewardedalmostfortyyearslaterwiththe1995NobelPrizeforReines.[46]
Wuetal.(1957)
Seeparticlephysicssection.
Fowleretal.(1957).
Seeastrophysicssection.

Particlephysics
Thomson,JJ(1897).

Seetheatomicandmolecularphysicssection.
Hess,V.F.(1912).
Seethenuclearphysicssection.
C.D.Anderson(1932)."TheApparentExistenceofEasilyDeflectablePositives".Science76(1967):2389.
Bibcode:1932Sci....76..238A.doi:10.1126/science.76.1967.238.PMID17731542.
ExperimentaldetectionofthepositronverifyingthepredictionfromtheDiracequation,forwhichAnderson
wontheNobelPhysicsprizein1936.Seealso:C.D.Anderson(1933)."ThePositiveElectron".Physical
Review43(6):491494.Bibcode:1933PhRv...43..491A.doi:10.1103/PhysRev.43.491.
Fermi,E.(1934).
Seethenuclearphysicssection.
J.C.StreetandE.C.Stevenson."NewEvidencefortheExistenceofaParticleIntermediateBetweenthe
ProtonandElectron",Phys.Rev.52,1003(1937).
ExperimentalconfirmationofaparticlefirstdiscoveredbyAndersonandNeddermeyeratCaltechin
1936[47]originallythoughttobeYukawa'smeson,[48]butlatershowntobea"heavyelectron",nowcalled
muon.
Cowanetal.(1956)
Seethenuclearphysicssection.
Wu,C.S.Ambler,EHayward,R.W.Hoppes,D.D.Hudson,R.P.(1957)."ExperimentalTestofParity
ConservationinBetaDecay".PhysicalReview105(4):14131415.Bibcode:1957PhRv..105.1413W.
doi:10.1103/PhysRev.105.1413.
Animportantexperiment(basedonatheoreticalanalysisbyLeeandYang[49])thatprovedthatparity
conservationwasdisobeyedbytheweakforce,laterconfirmedbyanothergroupinthesameyear.[50]This
wonLeeandYangtheNobelPrizeinPhysicsfor1957.
Sakharov,A.D.(1967).
Seecosmologysection.
Griffiths,David(1987).Introductiontoelementaryparticles(Newed.).NewYork:Wiley.ISBN0471
603864.
Standardundergraduateparticlephysicstextbook.

Quantummechanics
Forrelevantpublicationsbefore1900,seeatomicandmolecularphysicssection.
Planck,Max(1901)."UeberdasGesetzderEnergieverteilungimNormalspectrum"[OntheLawof
DistributionofEnergyintheNormalSpectrum](PDF).AnnalenderPhysik(inGerman)309(3):553563.
Bibcode:1901AnP...309..553P.doi:10.1002/andp.19013090310.
(1901)."OntheLawofDistributionofEnergyintheNormalSpectrum"(PDF).AnnalenderPhysik
4(3):553ff.Bibcode:1901AnP...309..553P.doi:10.1002/andp.19013090310.
IntroducedPlanck'slawofblackbodyradiationinanattempttointerpolatebetweentheRayleighJeanslaw
(whichworkedatlongwavelengths)andWien'slaw(whichworkedatshortwavelengths).Hefoundthatthe

abovefunctionfitthedataforallwavelengthsremarkablywell.Thispaperisconsideredtobethebeginning
ofquantumtheoryanddiscoveryofphoton.
Einstein,Albert(1905)."bereinendieErzeugungundVerwandlungdesLichtesbetreffendenheuristischen
Gesichtspunkt"(PDF).AnnalenderPhysik(inGerman)17(6):132148.Bibcode:1905AnP...322..132E.
doi:10.1002/andp.19053220607.Retrieved20080218.
Englishtranslations:
"OnaHeuristicPointofViewabouttheCreationandConversionofLight(http://www.physik.fu
berlin.de/~kleinert/files/eins_lq.pdf)".TranslatedbyDirkterHaar
"OnaHeuristicPointofViewabouttheCreationandConversionofLight.TranslatedbyWikisource
Introducedtheconceptoflightquanta(calledphotonstoday)toexplainthephotoelectriceffect.Citedfor
NobelPhysicsPrize(1921).PartoftheAnnusMirabilispapers.
Bohrmodelpapers:
Bohr,Niels(1913)."OntheConstitutionofAtomsandMolecules,PartI"(PDF).Philosophical
Magazine26(151):124.doi:10.1080/14786441308634955.
(1913)."OntheConstitutionofAtomsandMolecules,PartIISystemsContainingOnlyaSingle
Nucleus"(PDF).PhilosophicalMagazine26(153):476502.doi:10.1080/14786441308634993.
(1913)."OntheConstitutionofAtomsandMolecules,PartIIISystemscontainingseveralnuclei".
PhilosophicalMagazine26(155):857875.doi:10.1080/14786441308635031.
(1914)."Thespectraofheliumandhydrogen".Nature92(2295):231232.
Bibcode:1913Natur..92..231B.doi:10.1038/092231d0.
IntroducedtheBohrmodelofthe(hydrogen)atom,whichlaterformedthefoundationforthemore
sophisticatedatomicshellmodeloflargeratoms.
J.FranckandG.Hertz(1914)."berZusammenstezwischenElektronenundMoleklendes
QuecksilberdampfesunddieIonisierungsspannungdesselben".Verh.Dtsch.Phys.Ges.(inGerman)16:
457467.
AnexperimentontheelectricalconductivityofgasesthatsupportedtheconclusionsoftheBohrmodel.
ArnoldSommerfeld(1919).AtombauundSpektrallinien.FriedrichViewegundSohn,Braunschweig'ISBN
3871444847.
ArnoldSommerfeld,translatedfromthethirdGermaneditionbyHenryL.BroseAtomicStructureand
SpectralLines(Methuen,1923)
AddedarelativisiticcorrectiontoBohr'smodelachievedin1916,bySommerfeld.TogetherwithPlanck
(1901),Einstein(1905)andBohrmodel(1913)consideredstanchionofoldquantumtheory.
Gerlach,W.Stern,O.(1922)."DasmagnetischeMomentdesSilberatoms"[Themagneticmomentofsilver
atoms].ZeitschriftfrPhysik(inGerman)9:353355.Bibcode:1922ZPhy....9..353G.
doi:10.1007/BF01326984.
Thisimportantexperimentonabeamofparticlesthroughamagneticfielddescribedtheexperimental
observationthattheirdeflectiontakesonlycertainquantizedvalueswasimportantinleadingtotheconcept
ofanewquantumnumber,spin.
deBroglie,Louis(1924).Recherchessurlathoriedesquanta(inFrench)(Researchesonthetheoryof
quanta),Thesis,Paris.Ann.dePhysique(10)3,22(1925)
IntroducedformallytheconceptofthedeBrogliewavelengthtosupporthypothesisofwaveparticleduality.
Matrixmechanicspapers:
W.Heisenberg(1925),berquantentheoretischeUmdeutungkinematischerundmechanischer
Beziehungen(inGerman),ZeitschriftfrPhysik,33,879893(receivedJuly29,1925).[English

translationin:B.L.vanderWaerden,editor,SourcesofQuantumMechanics(DoverPublications,
1968)ISBN0486618811(Englishtitle:QuantumTheoreticalReinterpretationofKinematicand
MechanicalRelations).]
M.BornandP.Jordan(1925),ZurQuantenmechanik(inGerman),ZeitschriftfrPhysik,34,858888
(receivedSeptember27,1925).[Englishtranslationin:B.L.vanderWaerden,editor,Sourcesof
QuantumMechanics(DoverPublications,1968)ISBN0486618811(Englishtitle:OnQuantum
Mechanics).]
M.Born,W.Heisenberg,andP.Jordan(1926),ZurQuantenmechanikII(inGerman),Zeitschriftfr
Physik,35,557615,(receivedNovember16,1925).[Englishtranslationin:B.L.vanderWaerden,
editor,SourcesofQuantumMechanics(DoverPublications,1968)ISBN0486618811(Englishtitle:
OnQuantumMechanicsII).]
Thesethreepapersformulatedmatrixmechanics,thefirstsuccessful(nonrelativistic)theoryofquantum
mechanics.[51]
Wavemechanicspapers.
Schroedinger,E(1926)."QuantisierungalsEigenwertproblem"[Germantr."Quantizationasan
EigenvalueProblem"].Fourcommunications(GerMitteilungen).
Schrdinger,E.(1926)."QuantisierungalsEigenwertproblem.(ErsteMitteilung.)"[Quantization
asanEigenvalueProblem(1stcommunication.)](PDF).Ann.Phys.(inGerman)79(4):361
376.Bibcode:1926AnP...384..361S.doi:10.1002/andp.19263840404.Key:citeulike:4768943.
AlternateURL,Archived
(https://web.archive.org/web/20050323191507/http://home.tiscali.nl/physis/HistoricPaper/Schro
edinger/Schrodinger1926a.pdf)March23,2005attheWaybackMachinefromtheoriginal.
(http://home.tiscali.nl/physis/HistoricPaper/Schroedinger/Schrodinger1926a.pdf)
"...(ZweiteMitteilung.)"[(2ndcommunication.)](PDF).Ann.Phys.(inGerman)79.pp.489
527,(1926).AlternateURL,Archived
(https://web.archive.org/web/20050323191507/http://home.tiscali.nl/physis/HistoricPaper/Schro
edinger/Schrodinger1926b.pdf)March23,2005attheWaybackMachinefromtheoriginal.
(http://home.tiscali.nl/physis/HistoricPaper/Schroedinger/Schrodinger1926b.pdf)
"...(DritteMitteilung.)"[(3rdcommunication.)](PDF).Ann.Phys.(inGerman)80.pp.437490,
(1926).Archived
(https://web.archive.org/web/20050323191507/http://home.tiscali.nl/physis/HistoricPaper/Schro
edinger/Schrodinger1926d.pdf)March23,2005attheWaybackMachinefromtheoriginal.
"...(VierteMitteilung.)"[(4thcommunication.)](PDF).Ann.Phys.(inGerman)81.pp.109139,
(1926).Archived
(https://web.archive.org/web/20050323191507/http://home.tiscali.nl/physis/HistoricPaper/Schro
edinger/Schrodinger1926e.pdf)March23,2005attheWaybackMachinefromtheoriginal.
,E.(1926)."AnUndulatoryTheoryoftheMechanicsofAtomsandMolecules".Phys.Rev.28
(6):10491070.Bibcode:1926PhRv..28..1049S.doi:10.1103/PhysRev.28.1049.Retrieved20130613.
Thesepapersintroducethewavemechanicaldescriptionoftheatom(GerWellenmechaniknottobe
confusedwithclassicalwavemechanics),inspiredbythewaveparticledualityhypothesesofEinstein
(1905)anddeBroglie(1924),amongothers.Thiswasonlythesecondfullyadequateformulationof(non
relativistic)quantumtheory.Introducedthenowfamousequationnamedaftertheauthor.[51]
Heisenberg,W.(1927)."berdenanschaulichenInhaltderquantentheoretischenKinematikundMechanik"
[OnthePerceptualContentofQuantumTheoreticalKinematicsandMechanics].ZeitschriftfrPhysik(in
German)43(34):172198.Bibcode:1927ZPhy...43..172H.doi:10.1007/BF01397280.
Formulatestheuncertaintyprincipleasakeyconceptinquantummechanics.[51]
Germer,C.J.Germer,L.(January1928)."TheDiffractionofElectronsbyaCrystalofNickel"(PDF).Bell
SystemTech.J.(AmericanTel.&Tel.)7(1):90105.Bibcode:1927PhRv...30..705D.
doi:10.1103/PhysRev.30.705.RetrievedDecember5,2012.
Performedanexperiment(withLesterGermer)whichobservedBraggXraydiffractionpatternsfromslow

electronslaterindependentlyreplicatedbyThomson,forwhichDavissonandThomsonsharedtheNobel
PrizeinPhysicsin1937.ThisconfirmeddeBroglie'shypothesisthatmatterhaswavelikebehaviourin
combinationwiththeComptoneffectdiscoveredbyArthurCompton(whowontheNobelPrizeforPhysics
in1927),establishedthewaveparticledualityhypothesisasafundamentalconceptinquantumtheory.
Dirac,P.A.M.(1930).ThePrinciplesofQuantumMechanics.
Quantummechanicsasexplainedbyoneofthefoundersofthefield,PaulDirac.Firsteditionpublishedon
29May1930.Thesecondtolastchapterisparticularlyinterestingbecauseofitspredictionofthepositron.
vonNeumann,John.(1932).MathematischeGrundlagenderQuantenmechanik(inGerman).
MathematicalFoundationsofQuantumMechanics,Beyer,R.T.,trans.,PrincetonUniv.Press.1996
edition:ISBN0691028931.
Rigorousaxiomaticformulationofquantummechanicsasexplainedbyoneoftheoneofthegreatestpure
andappliedmathematiciansinmodernhistory,JohnvonNeumann.Inthisbookallthemodernmathematical
machinerytodealwithquantumtheories,asthegeneralnotionofHilbertspace,thatofselfadjointoperator
andacompletegeneralversionofthespectraltheoryforselfadjointunboundedoperatorswasintroducedfor
thefirsttime.
Feynman,RP(1942)."ThePrincipleofLeastActioninQuantumMechanics".Ph.D.Dissertation,Princeton
University.ReprintedasLaurieM.Browned.,(withtitleFeynman'sThesis:aNewApproachtoQuantum
Theory).WorldScientific,2005.ISBN9789812563804.
Theearliestrecordofthe(complete)pathintegralformalism,aLagrangianformulationofquantum
mechanics,anticipatedbyideasfromDirac,[52]viatheWienerintegral.[53]
Griffiths,DavidJ.(2004).IntroductiontoQuantumMechanics(2nded.).PrenticeHall.ISBN013111892
7.
AhowtoforQuantumMechanicsaimedatthephysicsundergraduate.

Quantumfieldtheory
KleinandGordonpapers:
Klein,O.(1926)."QuantentheorieundfnfdimensionaleRelativittstheorie".Z.f.Phys.37:895.
Gordon,O.(1926)."DerComptoneffektnachderSchrdingerschenTheorie".Z.f.Phys.40:117133.
doi:10.1007/bf01390840.
ThepublicationsformulatewhatbecameknownastheKleinGordonequationasthefirstrelativistically
invariantSchrdingerequation(howevertheequationwasconsideredcontemporaneouslybySchrdinger
inhispersonalnotesandFock,amongothers).[54]
Diracequation:
Dirac,P.A.M.(1928)."TheQuantumTheoryoftheElectron".ProceedingsoftheRoyalSocietyA
117(778):610624.Bibcode:1928RSPSA.117..610D.doi:10.1098/rspa.1928.0023.
Dirac,P.A.M.(1930)."ATheoryofElectronsandProtons".ProceedingsoftheRoyalSocietyA126
(801):360365.Bibcode:1930RSPSA.126..360D.doi:10.1098/rspa.1930.0013.JSTOR95359.
Inthesepapers,DiracformulatesandderivestheDiracequation,whichwonhimaNobelPrize(1933)in
Physics.
Feynman,RichardP.(1949)."SpaceTimeApproachtoQuantumElectrodynamics".PhysicalReview76(6):
769789.Bibcode:1949PhRv...76..769F.doi:10.1103/PhysRev.76.769.
IntroductionoftheFeynmandiagramsapproachtoquantumelectrodynamics.
Yang,C.N.Mills,R.(1954)."ConservationofIsotopicSpinandIsotopicGaugeInvariance".Physical

Review96(1):191195.Bibcode:1954PhRv...96..191Y.doi:10.1103/PhysRev.96.191.
Extendedtheconceptofgaugetheoryforabeliangroups,e.g.quantumelectrodynamics,tononabelian
groupstoprovideanexplanationforstronginteractionsbyuseofwhatarenowknownastheYangMills
equations.
Electroweakunificationpapers:
S.L.Glashow(1961)."Partialsymmetriesofweakinteractions".NuclearPhysics22(4):579588.
Bibcode:1961NucPh..22..579G.doi:10.1016/00295582(61)904692.
S.Weinberg(1967)."AModelofLeptons".PhysicalReviewLetters19(21):12641266.
Bibcode:1967PhRvL..19.1264W.doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.19.1264.
A.Salam(1968)."WeakandElectromagneticInteractions".InN.Svartholm(ed).ElementaryParticle
Physics:RelativisticGroupsandAnalyticity.EighthNobelSymposiumatLerum,Sweden.Conf.Proc.
C680519(1968).Stockholm:AlmquvistandWiksell.pp.36777.
Combinedtheelectromagneticandweakinteractions(throughtheuseoftheHiggsmechanism)intoan
electroweaktheory,andwonthetriotheNobelPhysicsPrize(1979).Alsoseenasasteptowardsthe
StandardModelofparticlephysics.
Higgsetal.1964papers:
F.Englert,R.BroutBrout(1964)."BrokenSymmetryandtheMassofGaugeVectorMesons".
PhysicalReviewLetters13(9):321323.Bibcode:1964PhRvL..13..321E.
doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.13.321.
P.W.Higgs(1964)."BrokenSymmetriesandtheMassesofGaugeBosons".PhysicalReviewLetters
13(16):508509.Bibcode:1964PhRvL..13..508H.doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.13.508.
G.S.GuralnikHagenKibble(1964)."GlobalConservationLawsandMasslessParticles".Physical
ReviewLetters13(20):585587.Bibcode:1964PhRvL..13..585G.doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.13.585.
Collectivelythesethreepapers(calledthe1964PRLsymmetrybreakingpapers)formulatedtheconceptof
theHiggsmechanism.Alsoimportantlaterworkdonebyt'Hooft.
Gross,Wilczek&Politzer1973papers:
D.J.Gross,F.WilczekWilczek(1973)."Ultravioletbehaviorofnonabeliangaugetheories".PhysicalReview
Letters30(26):13431346.Bibcode:1973PhRvL..30.1343G.doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.30.1343.
H.D.Politzer(1973)."Reliableperturbativeresultsforstronginteractions".PhysicalReviewLetters30(26):
13461349.Bibcode:1973PhRvL..30.1346P.doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.30.1346.

WonthethreeresearcherstheNobelPhysics(2004)prizeforthepredictionofasymptoticfreedom.
Peskin,MichaelE.Schroeder,DanielV.(1995)."AnIntroductiontoQuantumFieldTheory".Addison
WesleyAdvancedBookProgram.ISBN9780201503975.
Standardgraduatetextbookinquantumfieldtheory.

Relativity
Special
Theprimarysourcessectionofthelatterarticleinparticularcontainsmanyadditional(early)publicationsof
importanceinthefield.
Einstein,Albert(19050630)."ZurElektrodynamikbewegterKrper"[OntheElectrodynamicsofMoving
Bodies].AnnalenderPhysik(inGerman)17(10):891921.Bibcode:1905AnP...322..891E.
doi:10.1002/andp.19053221004.SeealsoadigitizedversionatWikilivres:ZurElektrodynamikbewegter
Krper.

"OntheElectrodynamicsofMovingBodies(http://www.fourmilab.ch/etexts/einstein/specrel/www/)".
TranslationbyGeorgeBarkerJefferyandWilfridPerrettinThePrincipleofRelativity,London:
MethuenandCompany,Ltd.(1923)
"OntheElectrodynamicsofMovingBodies".TranslationbyMeghNadSahainThePrincipleof
Relativity:OriginalPapersbyA.EinsteinandH.Minkowski,UniversityofCalcutta,1920,pp.134:
Introducedthespecialtheoryofrelativity.ReconciledMaxwell'sequationsforelectricityandmagnetism
withthelawsofmechanicsbyintroducingmajorchangestomechanicsclosetothespeedoflight.Oneofthe
AnnusMirabilispapers.
Einstein,Albert(1905)."IstdieTrgheiteinesKrpersvonseinemEnergieinhaltabhngig?"(PDF).Annalen
derPhysik18(13):639641.Bibcode:1905AnP...323..639E.doi:10.1002/andp.19053231314.Retrieved
20080218.
Englishtranslations:
"DoestheInertiaofaBodyDependUponItsEnergyContent?
(http://www.fourmilab.ch/etexts/einstein/E_mc2/www/)".TranslationbyGeorgeBarkerJefferyand
WilfridPerrettinThePrincipleofRelativity,London:MethuenandCompany,Ltd.(1923).
Usedthenewlyformedspecialrelativitytointroducethefamousmassenergyformula.OneoftheAnnus
Mirabilispapers.
Minkowskirelativitypapers:
Minkowski,Hermann(1915)[1907]."DasRelativittsprinzip"[TheRelativityPrinciple].Annalender
Physik(inGerman)352(15):927938.Bibcode:1915AnP...352..927M.doi:10.1002/andp.19153521505.
(21December1907)."DieGrundgleichungenfrdieelektromagnetischenVorgngeinbewegten
Krpern".NachrichtenvonderGesellschaftderWissenschaftenzuGttingen,MathematischPhysikalische
Klasse:53111.
Englishtranslation:TheFundamentalEquationsforElectromagneticProcessesinMovingBodies.In:
ThePrincipleofRelativity(1920),Calcutta:UniversityPress,169
(21September1908)."RaumundZeit".PhysikalischeZeitschrift10:7588.
TranslationbyMeghnadSaha,"SpaceandTime"(1920):Wikisourcelink.
IntroducedthefourvectornotationandthenotionofMinkowskispace,whichwaslateradoptedbyEinstein
andothers.
Silberstein,Ludwik(1914).Thetheoryofrelativity.CambridgeUniversityPress.
Usedconceptsdevelopedinthethencurrenttextbooks(e.g.,vectoranalysisandnonEuclideangeometry)to
provideentryintomathematicalphysicswithavectorbasedintroductiontoquaternionsandaprimeron
matrixnotationforlineartransformationsof4vectors.Thetenchaptersarecomposedof4onkinematics,3
onquaternionmethods,and3onelectromagnetism.SilbersteinusedbiquaternionstodevelopMinkowski
spaceandLorentztransformations.Thesecondeditionpublishedin1924extendedrelativityintogravitation
theorywithtensormethods,butwassupersededbyEddington'stext.
Taylor,EdwinF.Wheeler,JohnArchibald(1992).SpacetimePhysics:IntroductiontoSpecialRelativity
(2nded.).W.H.Freeman.ISBN0716723271.
Amodernintroductiontospecialrelativity,thatexplainswellhowthechoicetodividespacetimeintoatime
partandaspacepartisnodifferentthantwochoicesabouthowtoassigncoordinatestothesurfaceofthe
earth.

General
Einstein,Albert(1916)."DieGrundlagederallgemeinenRelativittstheorie"[TheFoundationoftheGeneral
TheoryofRelativity](PDF).AnnalenderPhysik(inGerman)354(7):769822.

Bibcode:1916AnP...354..769E.doi:10.1002/andp.19163540702.Archivedfromtheoriginal(PDF)on2006
0823.[55]
Thispublicationisthefirstcompleteaccountofageneralrelativistictheory.
Eddington,ArthurStanley(1923).TheMathematicalTheoryofRelativity.CambridgeUniversityPress.
Atourdeforceoftensorcalculus,developedinChapterII.Bypage83Eddingtonhasdeducedthe
Schwarzschildmetricforthedomainofeventsaroundanisolatedmassiveparticle.Bypage92hehas
explainedtheadvanceoftheperihelionoftheplanets,thedeflectionoflight,anddisplacementofFraunhofer
lines.ElectromagnetismisrelegatedtoChapterVI(pp.170195),andlater(p.223)Thebifurcationof
geometryandelectrodynamics.Thistext,withitsambitiousdevelopmentofpseudoRiemanniangeometry
forgravitationaltheory,setanausterestandardwithrelativityenthusiasts.Goneisanymentionof
quaternionsorhyperbolicgeometrysincetensorcalculussubsumesthem.Thusforlearningthemechanicsof
modernrelativitythistextstillserves,butformotivationandcontextofthespecialtheory,Silbersteinis
better.
Misner,CharlesW.Thorne,KipS.Wheeler,JohnArchibald(1973).Gravitation.24thprinting.NewYork:
W.H.Freeman.ISBN9780716703440.
Abookongravitation,oftenconsideredthe"Bible"ongravitationbyresearchers.PublishedbyW.H.
FreemanandCompanyin1973.Amassivetomeofover1200pages,thebookcoversallaspectsofthe
GeneralTheoryofRelativityandalsoconsiderssomeextensionsandexperimentalconfirmation.Thebookis
dividedintotwo"tracks",thesecondofwhichcoversmoreadvancedtopics.Ingraduateprogramsitis
sometimesreferredtoinformallyas"thephonebook".

StatisticalmechanicsandThermodynamics
BenjaminThompson,CountRumford(1798)."AnExperimentalEnquiryConcerningtheSourceoftheHeat
whichisExcitedbyFriction".PhilosophicalTransactionsoftheRoyalSociety88:102.
doi:10.1098/rstl.1798.0006.
ObservationsofthegenerationofheatduringtheboringofcannonsledRumfordtorejectthecalorictheory
andtocontendthatheatwasaformofmotion.
Fourier,JBJ(1822).Thorieanalytiquedelachaleur(inFrench).Paris:FirminDidotPreetFils.
OCLC2688081.GoogleeBook.(http://books.google.com/books?id=)EnglishtranslationbyFreeman
(1878),[30]witheditorial'corrections'.[31]RevisedFrenchedition,Darboux(ed.)(1888),withmanyeditorial
corrections.[31]
AfoundingtextinthefieldofFourieranalysis,andabreakthroughforthesolutionoftheclassic(partial)
differentialequationsofmathematicalphysics.[32]ContainsanannunciationofFourier'slaw.
Carnot,Sadi(1824).Rflexionssurlapuissancemotricedufeuetsurlesmachinespropresdvelopper
cettepuissance[ReflectionsontheMotivePowerofHeatandonMachinesFittedtoDevelopThatPower].
GoogleeBook(inFrench)(Paris:Bachelier).Externallinkin|website=(help)
Thurston,RobertHenry(1890).ReflectionsontheMotivePowerofHeatandonMachinesFitted
toDevelopThatPower.NewYork:J.Wiley&Sons.(fulltextof1897ed.)
(http://books.google.com/books?id=tgdJAAAAIAAJ))
E.ClapeyronR.Clausius(2005).ReflectionsontheMotivePowerofFireandotherPaperson
theSecondLawofThermodynamics.EditedwithanintroductionbyE.Mendoza.NewYork:Dover
Publications.ISBN0486446417.
Helmholtz,Hermann(1882)."UeberdieThermodynamikderchemischerVorgnge"[Onthe
thermodynamicsofchemicalprocesses].SitzungsberichtderAkademiderWissenschaftenzuBerlin(in
German).

(1888)."Onthethermodynamicsofchemicalprocesses".PhysicalMemoirsSelectedand
TranslatedfromForeignSources1:4397.
Gibbs,J.Willard(18751878).OntheEquilibriumofHeterogeneousSubstances.ConnecticutAcad.Sci.
ISBN0849396859.Reprintedin:
(October1993).TheScientificPapersofJ.WillardGibbs(Vol.1).OxBowPress.ISBN0918024
773.
(February1994).TheScientificPapersofJ.WillardGibbs(Vol.2).OxBowPress.ISBN1
88198706X.
Between1876and1878Gibbswroteaseriesofpaperscollectivelyentitled"OntheEquilibriumof
HeterogeneousSubstances",consideredoneofthegreatestachievementsinphysicalscienceinthe19th
centuryandthefoundationofthescienceofphysicalchemistry.InthesepapersGibbsapplied
thermodynamicstotheinterpretationofphysicochemicalphenomenaandshowedtheexplanationand
interrelationshipofwhathadbeenknownonlyasisolated,inexplicablefacts.Gibbs'papersonheterogeneous
equilibriaincluded:somechemicalpotentialconceptssomefreeenergyconceptsaGibbsianensembleideal
(basisofthestatisticalmechanicsfield)andaphaserule.
Gibbs,JosiahWillard(1902).ElementaryPrinciplesinStatisticalMechanics,developedwithespecial
referencetotherationalfoundationofthermodynamics.NewYork:CharlesScribner'sSons.
Einstein,Albert(1905)."berdievondermolekularkinetischenTheoriederWrmegeforderteBewegung
voninruhendenFlssigkeitensuspendiertenTeilchen"[Onthemovementofsmallparticlessuspendedina
stationaryliquiddemandedbythemolecularkinetictheoryofheat].Ann.Phys.(inGerman)17(549).Online
PDFcopy.(http://www.zbp.univie.ac.at/dokumente/einstein2.pdf)
InthispublicationEinsteincoveredhisstudyofBrownianmotion,andprovidedempiricalevidenceforthe
existenceofatoms.PartoftheAnnusMirabilispapers.
Ising,Ernst(1924),(1925).
Seemathematicalphysicssection.
Peierls,R.Born,M.(1936).
Seemathematicalphysicssection.
Metropolis,N.Rosenbluth,A.W.Rosenbluth,M.N.Teller,A.H.Teller,E.(1953)."EquationofState
CalculationsbyFastComputingMachines".JournalofChemicalPhysics21(6):10871092.
Bibcode:1953JChPh..21.1087M.doi:10.1063/1.1699114.Onlinearticle:accessed3May2012.
(http://www.aliquote.org/pub/metropolisetal1953.pdf)
IntroducestheMetropolisMonteCarlomethodwithperiodicboundaryconditionsandappliesittothe
numericalsimulationofafluid.
Fermi,E.Pasta,J.Ulam,S.(1955)
Seecomputationalphysicssection.
Kadanoff,LeoP.(1966)."ScalinglawsforIsingmodelsnearTc".Physics2:263.
Introducestherealspaceviewontherenormalizationgroup,andexplainsusingthisconceptsomerelations
betweenthescalingexponentsoftheIsingmodel.
Wilson,KennethG.(1974)."Therenormalizationgroup:criticalphenomenaandtheKondoproblem".Rev.
Mod.Phys.47(4):773840.Bibcode:1975RvMP...47..773W.doi:10.1103/RevModPhys.47.773.
ApplicationoftherenormalizationgrouptothesolutionoftheKondoproblem.Theauthorwasawardedthe
NobelPrizein1982forthiswork.

Seealso
Literatureofphaseboundaries
Outlineofphysics

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Furtherreading
Hawking,Stephen,ed.(2002).Ontheshouldersofgiants:thegreatworksofphysicsandastronomy.Withcommentary

byStephenHawking.Philadelphia:RunningPress.ISBN9780762413485.
Magie,WilliamFrancis(1963).Asourcebookinphysics.HarvardUniversityPress.ISBN9780674823655.
Pickover,CliffordA.(2008).ArchimedestoHawking:lawsofscienceandthegreatmindsbehindthem.Oxford:Oxford
UniversityPress.ISBN9780195336115.
Shamos,MorrisH.,ed.(1987).Greatexperimentsinphysics:firsthandaccountsfromGalileotoEinstein(Republication
ed.).NewYork:DoverPublications.ISBN9780486253466.

Externallinks
TrivialAnomaly.com(http://trivialanomaly.com/),linkstohistoricphysicspapers
HeraldsofScience:Physics(http://www.sil.si.edu/OnDisplay/HeraldsofScience/Heralds_books.cfm?
category=physics),collectionattheSmithsonianInstitution
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