Principle Of

Conservation Of Momentum
The principle of conservation of momentum states that in a system that make
out of objects that react(collide or explode),the total momentum of the
system before the collision is same as the total momentum after the collision
if no external force is applied on the system.
Total Momentum Before Collision=Total Momentum After The Collision
Formula:

Applications of Principle of Conservation of Momentum

Rocket
1) Liquid hydrogen(fuel tank) and oxygen gas (oxygen tank) burn in
combustion chamber.
2) Explosive process occurs
3) Hot gaseous are expelled through exhaust at high speed.
4) Downward momentum is produced due to the removal of exhaust gas.
5) By conservation of momentum, an equal and opposite momentum is
produced and acted on the rocket, pushing the rocket upwards.

Aeroplane
1) Engine thrust=air resistance

2) Lift from wings=weight of the aeroplane

Archimedes Principle
Archemedes principle state that buoyant force applied to an object is equal
the weight of the fluid(liquid or gas) the object displaced.
Buoyant force is an upthrust force that act on an object that immerse in
liquid.
Buoyant force is influenced by
The volume of the displaced fluid,V
The density of the fluid,p
Gravitational field strength,g
Displacement occurs when an object displace the liquid to occupy the
volume of the liquid occupied.
Formula:
F=VPg

F = Upthrust/ Buoyant Force

= Density of the liquid
V = Volume of the displaced liquid
g = Gravitational field strength

Application of Archimedes Principle

The battle ship
1) Battle ship made of
iron can float on water
even though iron is
denser than water.
2) This is because
battle ship is designed
to more water at the
bottom.
3) The buoyant force is large enough to support the weight of the ship so
that the ship will float on water.

Ice cube
1) Ice cube float
because it is
less
dense
than water.
2) The ice cube

displace the volume of water.

3) Buoyant force is generated to support the weight of the ice cube.

Pascal Principle
Pascal principle state that when pressure is applied to a fluid in a closed
container,the pressure will be transmitted equally throughout the fluid.
Through pascal principle,a small force can be magnified through the
transference of pressure.
Only applicable in an enclosed system
Formula:
F=PxA
or
F1/A1=F2/A2

Application of Pascal Principle.

Hydraulic Jacks
Working
mechanism
of a hydraulic
jack
1)
W
hen the
handle is
pushed
down,the
small
piston
will be
moved downward.
2) Valve A closes whereas valve B open so that the oil can move upward
and the pressure is transmitted to the large piston through the oil.
3) The large piston will move up as a result of pressure transfer.
4) When the handle is pulled upward,the piston is pulled upward too.Valve
is closed so that large piston does not drop.
5) At the same time,valve A will open so that the liquid from the reservoir
can enter the small cylinder due to the action of the atmospheric pressure on
it.
6) By moving the handle up and down several times,the large piston can lift
the load to the desired height.

7) To bring down the large piston,the release valve needed to be opened so

that the oil from big cylinder can be drained back into the oil tank.

Hydraulic Brakes

Working mechanism of a Hydraulic Brakes

1) When the foot pedal is is pressed,the resulting pressure is transmitted
through the brake oil to the small pistons of the drum brake and disc
brake.
2) The small piston on drum brake will push out the brake shoes to rub
against the drum which is connected to the wire.
3) The friction produce at the disc brake and drum brake of the tyre will
stop the car(vehicle).
4) When the foot pedal is released,the spring pulls the piston back to
original.

Bernoullis Principle
Bernoullis Principle states that a fluid moving at high velocity will
experience low pressure,while a fluid moving at low velocity will experience
high pressure.

Application of Bernoullis Principle.

Principle of flight in an aeroplane

1) Aeroplane
wings are
designed
according
to
bernoulis
principle.
2) The air
moving
faster on
the upper part of an aerofoil and create an area of low pressure
meanwhile the air moving slower on the lower part of the aerofoil and
create a region of high pressure.
3) The difference in pressure that exists between the upper surface and the
lower surface of the wing produce an upward resultant force on the

aerofoil.This force is called lift.

Insecticide Spray

1) When
the

plunger is pushed in quickly,the air goes out at high velocity through

nozzle.
2) Low pressure formed around the nozzle.
3) The higher atmospheric pressure inside the insecticide container pushes
the insecticide liquid up through the metal tube.
4) The liquid is the expelled by the air flow as a spray.