I

GRASSHOPPER

08 ID Foral ABBS Parametric Design

GrasshopperRhinoscriptParaCloudCatiaDigital Project
Grasshopper

Grasshopper_Primer NCF
Shaper3d
AlgorithmicModelling Grasshopper
0.5.0099 0.6.0059 AlgorithmicModelling

Grasshopper

Op-tin

creativecommons --

http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/2.5/cn/legalcode

i@alwayswdc.com

II
GRASSHOPPER

LEGOMindstorms NXT

AAEmergent Technologies and Design

Grasshopper

Mohamad Khabazi

2009 Mohamad Khabazi

m.khabazi@gmail.com
www.khabazi.com/flux

III

_ ................................................................................................................................. 1

_ ......................................................................................................................................... 5
2_1_ ................................................................................................................................... 6
2_2_ Grasshopper.........................................................................................................7
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2_3_................................................................................................................................... 18

_ ........................................................................................................... 19
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IV

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5_1_1D.......................................................................................................... 81
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6_1_...................................................................................................... 97
6_2_.......................................................................................................................... 99
6_3_........................................................................................................ 102
6_4_....................................................................................................... 106

_NURBS ............................................................................................................. 112

7_1_NURBS .................................................................................................. 113
7_2_ NURBS ....................................................................................................................... 124
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(Generative Algorithm)3D
(parametric design)

(Blobs)

Swarms
Cellular Automata

1.1 Mohamad khabaziAAMichael Weinstock

2008

Hensel, Menges, 2008

Associative

(Hensel, Menges, 2008)

1.2 A-BGrasshopper
Mohamad KhabaziMichael Hensel Achim Menges2008

Grasshopper

_
2_1_
GrasshopperGrasshoppe
Grasshopper Primer(Andy
Payne of Lift Architects),Grasshopper

Grasshopper

http://grasshopper.rhino3d.com/

GrasshopperGrasshopper

2_2_ Grasshopper

.2.1. Grasshopper

2_2_1_,
WINDOWSGrasshopper

Grasshopper
, http://grasshopper.rhino3d.com/2008/05/interfaceexplained_26.html

2_2_2_
Grasshopper 9
Params, Logic, Scalar, Vector, Curve, SurfaceMesh, Intersect XForm

ParametersRhino

component<>
<Point>

<Point>

context popup menu

<Pt>

Rhino

GrasshopperGrasshopperPARAM
Rhino
set one ... / set
multiple Rhino
Grasshopper
Grasshopper

2.2. Params > Geometry

Rhino3
GrasshopperParams >Geometry > Point<Point>
set one point 2.3

10

2.3. GrasshopperRhino

2.4. GrasshopperRhinoxA/B/C
RhinoGrasshopper

11

, CurvePrimitive<line>
<point A> <line>A<point B>B
Rhino

2.5. <point B><line><point><line>

LINEpointA,pointBBC
LINE

2.6. <line>

12

2.7. RhinoGrasshopperX

/
Grasshopper

2.8.

13

2A to
point B and C.LINE1LINEB C LINEB
SHIFTGrasshopper
2.12shift
(+)Ctrl
(-)

2.9. shift

2.10.

1(
)
context menu > Runtime warning/error
Rhino
Grasshopper

RhinoPreview
Rhino

Grasshopper

14

Preview

2_2_3_
Grasshopper
<line>

72<point>set
multiple pointsGrasshopper2LINE
2.11

2.11.

15

POINT?
710 LINE
context menu
Shortest list
Longest list
Cross reference

2.12

2.12. A shortest list Blongest listC cross

reference

16

http://grasshopper.rhino3d.com/2008/06/descriptionofdatastreammatching.html

2_2_4_

2context menu ()HELP

2.13.

17

2_2_5_

2.14.<line>

2_2_6_

2.15.

18

2_3_

Grasshopper
http://grasshopper.rhino3d.com/2008/06/some-examples-of-grasshopper.html

McNeel Wiki
http://en.wiki.mcneel.com/default.aspx/McNeel/ArchitectureCommunity.html
http://en.wiki.mcneel.com/default.aspx/McNeel/ExplicitHistoryExamples.html
()

Grasshopper
http://www.liftarchitects.com/journal/2009/1/22/the-grasshopper-primer.html

20

_
3D

X
100100100
X

3_1_

<Number slider> Params > Special > Number slider

EDIT
Params > Primitive > <Integer>

21

<series>(Logic > Sets > Series)

0, 1, 2, 3, , 100
0, 2, 4, 6, , 100
10, 20, 30, 40, , 1000000

(Logic > Sets > Range).

1, 2, 3, , 10
1, 2.5, 5, , 10

1, 5, 10

interval<domain>(Scalar>Domain>Domain)

Params > Primitive > Interval/interval2 Scalar > Interval

interval

22

3_2_

GH

- Params > Geometry > pointPOINTGH

RHINOgrasshopper

- (point XYZ)vector > point > point xyz)xyz

- <grid hexagonal> and <grid rectangular>

- endpoints, midpoints,
- planes (origins) and vectors (tips)vice versa.
chapter_2<series>, <range> and
<number slider>

3.1. <point xyz> xyz

3.2. <series> and <point xyz><number sliders>N

<number sliders>cross reference

23

3.3. 501<pt>Longest list

RHINO6(0,1)(range)

3_3_

<PT><point><point xyz>Random
XYZ

<random><number slider>10<jitter>
(Logic > Sets > Jitter)YZ
longest list

3.401
<random><random>
<random> 3.5

3.4.

24

3.5. <interval>(Scalar > Interval > Interval)

Fig.3.4<random>
0

logic
<Fibonacci>

N(0)=0, N(1)=1, N(2)=1, N(3)=2, N(4)=3, N(5)=5, , N(i)=N(i-2)+N(i-1)

: 0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55, 89,

<Fibonacci>(Logic > Sets > Fibonacci)

PT

3.6. <Fibonacci><number slider>

.

25

3_4_
GH
(Scalar > Expressions).
F
Expression Editor .Expression editor

X=Sin(t) and Y=Cos(t)t(02pi)<range>

012 0 2pi

3.7. <Sin> and <Cos>lar > Trig (F(x)=x * 2Pi)

3.8.(x>F(x)=x/100, y>F(x)=x/10)F(X)
<number slider>1<series>

26

3.9.<range>022Pi04Pi
(X=t * Sin(t), Y=t * Cos(t))<pt> .

<range><pt>2<pt>

X of pt > F(x)=X * Sin (x*2*Pi)

3.10<range>042pi0
8piLogic > Lists<Reverse list>8pi0

<pt>: X=t * Sin(t), Y=t * Cos(t) t=0 to 8Pi

<pt>: X=t * sin(t), Y=t * Cos(t) t=8Pi to 0 (<reverse list>)

Y of pt > F(x)=X * Cos(x*2*Pi)

27

3.11.

X= Sin(u)*(-2+v*sin(u/2))
Y= Cos(u)*(-2+v*sin(u/2))
Z= v*Cos(u/2)
u=0 to 8Pi
v=-2 to 2

3.12.
Enneper surfaceRhino
Math function

28

3_5_

yesnotrue
falsetrue false

3.13.10<function>
<function>X>Y<panel> <panel>

3.14 A <Modulus>(Scalar > Operators > Modulus)2

<function>0<panel>

29

3.14 B <Gate And>(Logic > Boolean > Gate And)<function>

<panel>true

Logic>Boolean

3.15. <Boolean> param>Primitive> Boolean , <Boolean Toggle>

param>Primitive> Boolean>Toggle

30

3_6_

Grasshopper2<cull><cull Nth>
N<cull pattern>
true,flase

(False/False/True/True) <cull>

<point>
<distance>(Vector > Point > Distance)
<F2>y<number slider>
x(<F2>component defined as f=x>y).,<F2>

<Cull pattern>P

<Cull pattern>
falseture
<number slider><line>

3.16. <Cull pattern>

31

3.17.

<point>( topography)

<Decompose>(Vector > Point> Decompose)z

<F2> X <number slider> <Cull
pattern> true z
(<F2>component defined as f=x>y)

Fig.3.18. 4.7550!

32

:
<Cull Nth>
3.19

3.19.

<series><pt>

<Shift list> Logic > List > Shift list1

<shift list>

1
<number slider>

3.20. 1

33

<Cull Nth>

<number slider><Cull Nth>

Fig.3.21. <Cull Nth>A B C

<line>

34

3.22. e <Line>

<number slider>

35

3_7_2D
grasshopper

3.23

3.23.

36

3.24.

3.25

3.25.

<series>(x)
(N)4<pt xyz> <number slider>f1
xyy=-x/3,y=x,y=x/3,y=x+(x/3)

37

3.26.4<series><number slider>y
(longest list)

3.27. zigzag

<merge 02>(Logic > Streams >

Merge 02)

zigzag<cull pattern>
<cull pattern>True/FalseFalse/True
pt(3.20)

38

3.28.

224<poly
line>
<merge>
<Sort>

x
<decompose>xx<Sort>
k<Sort><poly line>
(3.29)

Fig.3.29. X<sort>key
<sort><cull pattern>

39

3.30.

40

3.31

3.31.

3.32. 0 2PiSin/Cos<number slider>

X Y

41

3.34. .

<Cull pattern>
<poly line>
<range>
<series>n<range>
n+1<series>nn+1
<sort>

3.33.<number slider>

42

3.35.

3.36. Although the result of the merging

for <series>
<polyline>

43

3.38.

3.37.

44

3.39.

45

3.40.

47

.4.1.

48

4_1_
Vector/

.4.2. A:, B:

Planes
Construction planes

GrasshopperXYZXYXZ
YZ

49

4_2_

.4.3. <Grid Rectangular>

<number slider>Z
<XY plane>(Vector > Constants > XY plane)
XYZ<Z unit>
(Vector > Constants > Z unit) Z
<number slider><Z unit>XY
<XY plane>Z

<Grid rectangular>(Vector >

Point > Grid rectangular)
XY

50

4.4<number slider><Z unit><XY plane>ZZ

<Z><Grid rectangular>

<grid rectangular>

<grid>M<line>

<line SDL>S
DL

.4.5. <vector 2pt> (Vector > Vector > vector 2pt)

51

4.6. <line SDL><number slider>

.4.7. <end points>(Curve > Analysis > End points)

<circle> (Curve > Primitive > Circle) <extrude point>

52

4.8

.4.8.

Grasshopper

< Circle >

( Curve > Primitive > Circle )< number slider >
< divide curve >( Curve > Division > Divide Curve )
< number slider >< Divide Curve >

53

.4.9.

< number
slider >< divide curve >< number
slider ><random>NN<unit Z>Z
<random>ZN

.4.10.Z<random>S<number slider>

<move>(Xform > Euclidian >

Move)<move>
Rhino<move>
<line>

54

.4.11.

.4.12.

.4.11.
<jitter>

55

.4.13.

<pipe>( Surface > Freeform >

pipe )<line>(Shift)<pipe>base curve
<number slider>

.4.14.

GrasshopperViewRemote Control PanelRhino

slider

56

.4.15.(View)

.4.16.

57

4_3_

V
41
Z414

.4.17. <Circle>()20<move>Z<Z unit>

41<series>()0441

58

<scale>( Xform >Affine > Scale)<scale>

<move>
<scale>

.4.18.<center>

4131

4.19(41
)

<Center> (Curve > Analysis > Center)

<scale>

59

.4.19.301997-2004
http://www.fosterandpartners.com

4.20
<interval>(Scalar > Interval > Interval)
11<number slider>
<interval><number slider><number slider>
<number slider>

interval<domain>(Scalar>Domain>Domain)

60

.4.20.<interval>

<Split list>(Logic >

List >Split lis )floors<series>

<List length>(Logic > List > List length )

8
6
<list length>(x-3)6

<range>NN+1
<function>(X-4)
<range>

<range>

61

.4.21.

.4.22<merge 8><number slider>6

()
<merge 8>41<scale>

<merge8><Merge Multiple>(Logic>Tree>Merge Multiple)Input

ManagerInput8

.4.22.<merge 8><range>6()

62

.4.23.

.4.24.

63

loft

<polygon>(Curve > Primitive > Polygon)<end points>

()<polygon>
<number slider><polygon>3
<scale><rescaled_floors>

5
5<rotate>(Xform >
Euclidian > Rotate )<polygon><center>
50541
<series><rotate>
<function>Radian=Degree*Pi/180(
RAD(x))

.4.25.

64

.4.26.5

<loft>

180m
<point>(0,0,180)<polygon>(shift)
<polygon>42
<series>42

<point><End><loft><panel>
<End><Reverse><point>

.4.27.<loft>

65

<loft><rotate>
<number slider> 0 Pi <range>
Z

.4.28.

.4.29.<mirror>Xform > Euclidian > Mirror<YZ plane>(Vector >

Constants > YZ plane)

66

<loft>
<circle>
<loft>

.4.30.a.

.4.30.b.

67

.4.31.

68

4_4_Attractors

.4.32.

Attractors
Point Attractors

69

<attractor_1>
<attractor_1>
<polygon> <attractor_1> <polygon> <polygon> <
attractors_1>

.4.33.<point_grid><polygon>< attractors_1>

<attractor_1><Pt-grid><polygon>
attractorpolygons<distance>
<attractor_1><pt_grid>
<divide>(Scalar > Operators > Division )<number slider>
<attractor_1>

.4.34.<Distance><attractor_1><attrctor_1><circle>
make
cluster from selection(ArrangeCtrl+G)
EditGroup SelectionCtrl+G

70

<div><polygon>Radius(P)
<attractor_1>

(attractor)

.4.35.<minimum>(Scalar>Util>Minimum)<div>
<number slider>
attractor

<attractor_1>Rhino
<attractor_1>

.4.36.<attractor_1>attractor

71

.4.37. <Min>Z

attractorsRhino
Grasshopper<point><circle>

<attractor_2>
<pt_grid>

.4.38.<attractor_2>

attractor
attractor
<min>

72

4.39.attractor<min>
<polygon>2attractor

.4.40.attractors

attractorsattractor
<min>
attractors<cull>
attractorsa>b

73

Curve attractors
attractors

attractors

.4.41.<point><curve>(Params>Geometry>Curve)
Attractors<interval>0<number slider>
<interval><random><jitter><point>
<interval><domain>number

74

4.42.

<Rnd_pt_grid>
<Rnd_pt_grid> <Curve CP> (Curve >Analysis>Curve CP)
<Rnd_pt_grid>

.4.43.attractors<Rnd_Pt_Grid>
attractors<vector 2Pt>
B

75

.4.44.<Rnd_Pt_Grid><move>attractors
attractor curves
<Curve CP>
<Function 2>(D)X<number
slider>YX/Log(Y)Log

<multiply>(Vector>Vector>Multiply)<vector 2P>
<move><Rnd_Pt_Grid>

76

.4.45.<number slider>attractors

77

.4.46.<rectangle><move>
<attractor><rectangle>
5X25Y
attractor

.4.47.

78

.4.48.

79

.4.49.

81

NURBS

0123

5_1_1D
Xx=0
x=2.35X2.35
X

X
Grasshopper
0.5.1

3O=(0,0,0)X,YZ
3-(x,y)(x)

82

.5.1. t

3
p=(X,Y,Z)p=t

.5.2

.5.2.

83

5_2_2D
XY
p=(X,Y)

UVp=(U,V)
(X,Y,Z)UV
.5.3

.5.4

.5.4.p=(X,Y,Z)P=(U,V)

.5.3.UV

84

5_3_

Grasshopper

Grasshopper

0
.5.5

.5.5.0

85

5_4_

5_4_1_
<evaluate><evaluate curve>(Curve >
Analysis > Evaluate curve)

.5.6.<number slider><curve>

.5.7.<series><evaluate>
<series><Evaluate>

86

.5.8.<curve>D
<curve>(Param>Geometry>Curve)Reparameterize
01<number slider>01<curve>

Curves>Analysis/Division

5_4_2_

(U,V)
<evaluate surface>(Surface>Analysis>Analysis)
<point>evaluate<Evaluate surface>
UVZ<point>XYUV

87

.5.10.<point><surface><evaluate>
<surface>evaluate<number slider>

.5.11.<Divide surface>
<surface frame>SurfaceUtil

.5.9. <number slider>U,V<point><Evaluate>

<surface> <surface>
ReparameterizeU,V01<number slider>U,V
<evaluated>X,Y,ZU,V,-

88

5_5_

Penalisation

.5.12.<surface><range>01<number slider>UV
30<evaluate><divide surface><point>

89

.5.13.<evaluate>Normalplane
<box><number slider>

Y
XZ
5.13

.5.14.

.5.15.<rotate> geometry rotation angle <box> geometry

rotation angle
<evaluate><surface><XZ
plane><rotate>

90

.5.16.

91

UV

U,V

.5.17.

92

.5.18.<srf_top><srt_bottom>GrasshopperReparameterize
<range>01<number slider><point>
U,V<evaluate>

.5.19.<line>

93

.5.20.<dispatch>(Logic >Streams>Dispatch)<dispatch>
AB
<fuction> x>y,x=<number
slider>,y=<distance> <number slider>
<dispatch>A<dispatch>A

.5.21.

94

.5.22.<end points>
<circle>
<project>(Curve>Util>Project)

.5.23..5.20<extrude
point>(Surface>Freeform>Extrude point)<project>
<curve>Reparameterized<evaluate>
0.60.4

95

.5.24.

.5.25.

97

_
6_1_

6.1

grasshopper

3d
Grasshopper

98

<Box Morph>Xform<Surface Morph>Morph

<Box Morph>grasshopper
6.2grasshopper<Geometry>

6.2

6.3<Box morph>(XForm > Morph > Box morph)

<Bounding box>(Surface > Primitive > Bounding box)<Box>

99

6.4

6.5y<series>

6_2_

100

6.6

6.7

6.8grasshoppergrasshopper
<box morph>

101

6.9<surface box> (XForm > Morph > Surface box)

<box morph>
u,v

6.10<divide interval2> <surface box>u,v

<number slider>

u,v

102

6.11

6_3_

103

<Base_Srf> a <divide interval2>

, <bounding box> <scale>
<Base_Srf>

6.13 <divide interval2> <Isotrim>

(Surface > Util > Isotrim)
<BRep Area> (Surface > Analysis > BRep area)

<surface box>

6.12. <Base_Srf> a <divide interval2>

, <bounding box> <scale>
<Base_Srf>

104

6.14<surface box>
<base_srf>, <divide interval2>

6.15<component>, <scale><surface box> <morph box>

105

6.16

106

6_4_

Grasshopper

6.17

6.18

6.19

107

6.20<surface><divide interval2>u,v
<surface box><isotrim>
<BRep area><curve>
<end points><vector 2pt>

6.21

<surface CP>
UV<evaluate>

108

109

6.22<angle>(Vector > Vector > Angle)

<function><max_angle>(x>y)

6.23 <dispatch>

110

6.24<morph box><dispatched>
<C_close><C_open>

6.25

111

6.26

_NURBS

113

NURBS

_NURBS
loftpipe

GrasshopperRhino

Grasshopper

7_1_NURBS
Docklands

7.1 (: www.maps.live.com, Microsoft Virtual Earth)

114

NURBS

Westferry

Canary Wharf

7.2

Swiss Re

RhinoGrasshopper

115

NURBS

7.3Rhino

7.4 curveGrasshopper<divide curve>

<N div>

7.3

NURBS

7.5 <line><N div>

7.6 <line><extrude>(Surface > Freeform > Extrude)Z

116

NURBS

7.7<curve>

<sweep2><crv p n><sweep2>

<curve1><curve2><curve p 1>

7.8

117

NURBS

7.9 line
extrudeextrudeshift

7.10

118

119

NURBS

7.11

NURBS

7.12 <geometry>Grasshopper
<geometry>Set Multiple Geometries

7.13 <Trim with BReps> (Curve > Util > Trim with BReps)
BRep
<extrude>RhinoGrasshopper
<extrude>

120

121

NURBS

difference

7.15 <Solid difference> (Intersect > Boolean > Solid difference)

<Flip>
(Surface >Util > Flip) <Solid difference>

7.14

122

NURBS

7.16

NURBS

123

7.17 a/b

124

NURBS

7_2_ NURBS

NURBS
NURBS
Bezier
B-spline

function

7_2_1_

7.20AB

7.20

125

NURBS

7.21 A

finite element analysis or specific

applicationslike dynamic relaxation, and particle systems

Grasshoppermeshes

collapse

126

NURBS

7_3_

7.22 <series><N-pt><distance-pt>

127

NURBS

7.23 AB

(X^2)XZZ
YY

7.24 Z<decompose>(x^2)<number slider>

<multiply><unit
Y>

128

NURBS

7.26

7.26

7.25

129

NURBS

<N pt><duplicate>

7.28 <multiply>

7.27 01<range>01
0110<range>
<N pt>21<range>
<panel>01<reverse>
<panel>010

130

NURBS

7.29 <mesh> (Mesh > Primitive > Mesh)

131

NURBS

7.30

<mash>

7.31

[0
165][1275]

132

NURBS

nn+1
nc
n+c5c=51n+c
6nn+1n+c+1
n+c+1n
+1+c -1n+c)65

n[n, n+1, n+1+c, n+c]c

7.32

133

NURBS

7.33 <series><series><N pt><N pt>

< x * (x1)><columns*(rows1)>
<cull><N pt>

7.34 8

NURBS

7.35 <Mesh quad>(Mesh > Primitive > Mesh quad)Grasshopper

quad

7.36 (x)(<cull> list)(y)(<N_pt>)(x+1), ((x+1)+y) (

+), ((x+1+y)1)(1)

134

135

NURBS

7.37

7.38

7_4_

Grasshopper

136

NURBS

7.39
distance

7.40 <Gradient>(Params > Special >Gradient)

<distance><Gradient>(t)<mesh>

lower limitupper limitL0

L1

137

NURBS

7.41 <sort>, (=0)(= <list

length>1)()gradient

7.42 gradient

138

NURBS

7.43

7.44.a/b

139

NURBS

7_5_

Modifying Geometry

7.45 <mesh plane><mesh components>

Znumber slider
meshcull pattern

7.46

Modifying Topology

NURBS

140

7.47 a/b

142

GH

143

8_1_
GH

3D

Menges
Henselmorpho-ecologies

8.1

144

8.2

8.3

145

GH

8.4 curv
rangegraph mapperparams>special>graph mapper, graph mapper
graph mapperparabola graph

component help menu

146

8.5.evaluategraph mapper

shift (dispatch)
shift (function)f(x)=(x+y)/2evaluate

8.6.vector
<evaluate>
(8.7)ZXY
Z
evaluateTangentunit ZXProd
Graph MapperZ

147

8.7vector cross produtABCA

B

8.8.mergeY

148

8.9.Mirror CurveXForm > Morph > Mirror Curve

8.10. extude

8.11.GH36

149

GH

GH

diatance

<evaluate>

8.12
L

150

<minus>
()

8.13.panelstream contents
.txtMicrosoft Excel

151

8.14. ExcelData- Get---External Data--- From Text

excel

8.15.

152

8.16.

Excel

23

8.17.decomposX,Y,Z

153

format

HAM, Achim Menges
!!!! 1

154

8.18.a/b/c.

155

8_2_

doublecurve objects
Blob

GH

8.19 GHGeometryGH

156

8.20.Bounding Box
Explode(Surface > Analysis > BRep components)(index 0 and 1)

8.21.

8.22.

157

8.23.BRep | Plane(Intersect >

Mathematical > BRep | Plane)GeometryBrep

8.24.

158

8.25. GH

<rient>(XForm > Euclidian > Orient)

<Orient>

8.26.GH<surface Frame>(Surface > Util > Surface frames)

<divide surface>

GH

159

Frames

8.27<orient>
<surface frame>U1
2columns<split>
X<orient>

8.28.

160

8.29.
<offset><line>

(Bridle joints)

8.30X
<number slider> (surface length number
slider)

161

8.31 2 <CCX>
(Intersect > Physical > Curve | Curve)<CCX>

8.32 <CCX>
<evaluate><orient>ed

8.33 <line SDL><unit

Y>

8.34.X<sheet_thickness>

162

8.35.

<trim with BRep>Brep

BrepBrep

8.36 <join curves>Curve > Util > Join curves

<join curve>

163

164

Left joint slot

Right joint slot

8.37

8.38

165

8.39 orientating

Initial planes

Moved planes

8.40 corner planesXY0.5<sum>

<text tag 3D><integer>
12.012

166

8.41
2

associative
orient
offset

8.42
333

8.42. ,

167

8.43

EXCEL

168

8.44.a/b.

169

.8.45.;

171

172

9.1.

173

9.2.

174

Pottman, Helmut and Asperl, Andreas and Hofer, Michael and Kilian, Axel, 2007: Architectural
Geometry, .
Hensel, Michael and Menges, Achim, 2008: Morpho-Ecologies, Architectural Association. Rutten,
David, 2007: Rhino Script 101, David RuttenRobert McNeel and
Association.
Flake, Gary William, 1998: The computational beauty of nature, computer explorations of fractals,
chaos, complex systems, and adaptation, MIT.
Grasshopper: http://grasshopper.rhino3d.com/ Grasshopper
Robert McNeel Associates wiki:
http://en.wiki.mcneel.com/default.aspx/McNeel/ExplicitHistoryExamples.html
Kilian, Axel and Dritsas, Stylianos: Design Tooling - Sketching by Computation,
http://www.designexplorer.net/designtooling/inetpub/wwwroot/components/sketching/index.html
Wolfram Mathworld: http://mathworld.wolfram.com/
Stylianos Dritsas, http://jeneratiff.com/

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