SURVEY CAMP

1.0

Introduction

Horizontal control is a form of a control survey that requires the establishment

of a series of stations that are linked together by angles and distance. The angles
and distance are measured by Total station. The used of horizontal control is very
fundamental and has become one of the most common /methods in civil engineering
work such as general purposes angle measurement, provision of control surveys,
contour and detail mapping and setting out and construction work.

2.0

Objective
To expose students in field work procedure of establishing horizontal control
network.
To determine the class of traverse, traverse area, and transfer the coordinate
data to other work.
To determine the disclosure and mistaken at the fieldwork and solve the
problem with consultation, references, and present work.

3.0

Theory

In survey, traverse is defined as the field operation of measuring the lengths

and directions of a series of straight lines connecting a series of points on the Earth.
Each of these straight lines is called a traverse line, and each point is called a
traverse station. Traverse stations are commonly marked with wooden peg, stake,
nail or iron pipe. Traverse line are measured using total station. Traversing need to
start from a reference datum (coordinate, bearing and distance are known). At each
traverse station, a horizontal angle is measured and used to determine the bearing
of the next traverse line. These measurements are used to compute the relative
horizontal position of each unknown traverse station. The main purposes of traverse
are:

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Property surveys to locate and establish boundaries

Supplementary horizontal control for topographic mapping surveys
Location and construction layout surveys for highways, railways and other
private or public work.
There is several type of traverse, which are open traverse, closed traverse

(polygon), and closed traverse (geometrically open). Closed traverse (polygon) is

conducted at the same start point whereas closed traverse (geometrically open) is
conducted at known point and end s at another known point.

Traverse survey is classified into four classes:

4.0

Standard traverse

First class traverse

Second class traverse

Third class traverse

Instrument
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

5.0

Total station
Prisms ( 2 set )
Tripod ( 3 set )
Hammer
Picket (4)
Measurement tape
Nails
Vast (5)

Procedures

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1. The prism was set up at point 94 and point A, while total station was set up at
point 93. The instrument was ensured centred and levelled.
2. The instrument was set to the required datum which was point 93, where the
bearing was given.
3. The bearing and distance reading of face left horizontal to backsight station
was recorded.
4. The instrument and sight foresight station was turned.
5. The bearing and distance reading of face left horizontal to foresight station
was recorded.
6. The instrument was transited from face left to face right.
7. The bearing of required datum was set to backsight station.
8. The bearing and distance reading of face left horizontal to backsight station
was recorded.
9. The instrument was turned to face foresight station.
10. The reading of face left horizontal was recorded to foresight station.
11. The mean bearing of foresight station was recorded.
12. The instrument was moved to the next station (foresight station).
13. The next traverse line bearing were respect or correspond to the previous
mean bearing.

6.0

Data Analysis

i.

Bearing disclosure:
Line 93-94 bearing reading
Line 93-94 true reading
Bearing disclosure

= 59o 23 50
= 59o 23 00
= 50 for 6 stations
50
= 6
= 8.33

ii.

Latitude:
Using formula D cos
Eg: D cos
= 32.825cos 317 o 08 30
= 24.062

iii.

Departure:
Using formula D sin
Eg: D sin
= 32.825sin 317 o 08 30
= -22.327
Correction (by using Bowditchsformula) of:
- Latitude

iv.

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Distance AB
x Latitude
Distance

32.825
x o . o 13
136.697

Eg:
-

= 0.003

Departure
Distance AB
x Departure
Distance

32.825
xo . o 16
= - 0.004
136.697

Eg:
v.

Linear disclosure:
Distance
1:
, where e = L2 + D2
e
136.697

1:

1
( )

( 0.0132+ 0.0162 ) 2

1: 6630.78
vi.

2 x Latitude:
Take the southernmost point and the value of the front should be the
positive value.
Southernmost point: point 93
2 x L1 = LA = 24.058
2 x L2 = 2 x L1 + LA + LB = 24.058 + 24.058+ 22.856 = 70.972

vii.

2 x Departure:
Take the westernmost point and the value of the front should be the
positive value.
Westernmost t point: point A
2 x D1 = DB = 10.281
2 x L2 = 2 x L1 + LA + LB = 10.281 +10.281 + 27.654 = 48.216

viii.

2 x Latitude x Departure:

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( 2 xLatitude ) x Departure = 24.058 x -22.323 = -537.047

ix.

2 x Departure x Latitude:

( 2 xDeparture ) x Latitude = 22.323 x 24.058 = 537.047

x.

Coordinate:
N/S coordinate = Coordinate +/- Latitude
= -15662.4871 + 24.0580
= -15638.4291
E/W coordinate = Coordinate +/- Departure
= -445383.9964 - 22.3230
= -45406.3194

xi.

Area:
By using 2 x latitude and departure formula

2 x latitudedeparture
2

1586.940
2

= 793.470 m2
By using coordinate method

By using coordinate method

=
[(15662.4871)(45406.3194)+(15638.4291)(45396.0384)+(15615.5731)(45368.3844
= 1587
Area

1587
2

= 793.50 m2

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7.0

Discussion
From the survey, there are few errors and precautions. First and foremost is

may come from bearing. This is occurred when clamping the instrument. Hard
clamping can affect the pointing of the instrument. The precaution should be taken
by applying light clamp to the vertical and horizontal locks. Failure to eliminate
parallax error and poor focusing also can affect accurate pointing. The error of
parallax can be avoided by adjusted the eyepiece screw for better line of stadia and
the focusing screw should be adjusted to focus the target. Besides, the observer
should always keep the target in the centre of the field of view. All the movement of
the total station should be kept as smooth as possible and all the movement around
the instrument should be kept to a minimum. Next is centring error. It is important to
ensure that the total station instrument and targets are centred correctly in the circle
over each survey station. For the distance error, when the data is recorded, all
distance should be recorded to three decimal places and to get the accurate reading,
the reading are taken for several time and take the average of the reading. Other
than that, the condition of the ground and working environment will affect the reading
taken. Thus, ensure that the stations are located in a better condition. The picket for
all station should be same with the ground level.
For this survey, we have done twice to get a better result. This is because, the
first time we done this experiment, the difference of bearing from 93 to 94 are greater
than 2 30 which is 4 00. Thus, the result is not acceptable. This might be because
of the weather and the picket for all the station. During the sunny day, the total
stations are difficult to get accurate target due to the refraction of the sunlight. Hence
the accurate reading cannot be taken. The pickets also are not in a good condition
because it is not same level with ground level. As the result, the instrument is set up
inaccurately. For the second time doing this survey, we have done it in the morning
and we also have fixed the picket to get a better result. Afterwards, we have got
better results with bearing closure 50 and it is smaller than allowable disclosure.

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8.0

Conclusion and Recommendation

Conclusion
As a conclusion, we can conclude that the objective of this project is
achieved. The linear misclosure is 1 : 6630.78 and this is acceptable because it is
greater than 1 : 4000. The class of this project is second class traverse. The area is
Recommendation

The picket should be placed same level with the ground level.

Before the survey is carried out, the observer should identify the direction of
northing point.

The survey should not carry out during the sunny day for a better result

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REFERENCES
1. Books
Module Geomatic Engineering (UTHM)
Module Geomatic Engineering (Polytechnics)
2. Tutor
All lectural
Our Friends
Our family
3. Web pages
www.google.com
www.uthm.edu.my
www.yahoo.com
www.article.com
4. Others
Polytechnics Module, Higher Education Ministery Of Malaysia by Wan Ngah
bin Mat, Politeknik Kota Bharu, Kelantan.
Module Geomatic Engineering published by Universiti Tun Hussein Onn
Malaysia (UTHM).
Abdul Hamid Mohamed, Fundamental Survey Engineering, Universiti
Teknologi Malaysia, Second Edition, 2002.

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APPENDIX

Location

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Instrument

Total

Tripod

Traverse Device

Prisms

Hammer

Tape

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Procedures

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