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MataramSultanate
FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

TheSultanateofMataram/mtrm/wasthelast
majorindependentJavanesekingdomonJavabeforethe
islandwascolonisedbytheDutch.Itwasthedominant
politicalforceradiatingfromtheinteriorCentralJava
fromthelate16thcenturyuntilthebeginningofthe18th
century.[1]

NagariMataram
SultanateofMataram

15871755

Mataramreacheditspeakofpowerduringthereignof
SultanAgungHanyokrokusumo(r.16131645),and
begantodeclineafterhisdeathin1645.Bythemid18th
century,Mataramlostbothpowerandterritorytothe
DutchEastIndiaCompany(Dutch:VereenigdeOost
IndischeCompagnieVOC).Ithadbecomeavassalstate
ofthecompanyby1749.

Flag

Contents
1 Etymology
2 Historiography

ThemaximumextentofMataramSultanateduringthe
reignofSultanAgungHanyokrokusumo(16131645)

Capital

KotaGede(1587
1613)
Karta(16131645)
Plered(1646
1680)
Kartosuro(1680
1755)

Languages

Javanese

Religion

Islam,Kejawen

Government
Sultan
15871601
16771681

Monarchy

3 Formationandgrowth
3.1 Establishmentofthekingdom
3.2 TheriseofMataram
4 Goldenage
4.1 Surabayacampaignandeastern
conquests
4.2 Bataviacampaignandwestern
conquests
4.3 Crackingdownrebellionsandeastern
campaign
5 Decline

History
DeathofSultan
Prabuwijayaofthe
KingdomofPajang
Trunajayarebellion

Senopati
PakubuwonoI

1587
28November1755

5.1 Strugglesforpower
5.2 AmangkuratIIandthebeginningof
foreigninvolvement
5.3 Warsofsuccession
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5.4 Courtintriguesin17231741
5.5 ChineseWar17411743
6 DivisionofMataram
7 Culture
8 Javanesekingship
9 ListofSultansofMataram
10 Legacy
11 Seealso
12 References
12.1 General
12.2 Notes

Etymology
ThenameMataramitselfwasnevertheofficialnameofanypolity,asJavaneseoftensimplyreferto
theirkingdomasBhumiJawaorTanahJawi(landofJava).Mataramreferstothehistoricalareasof
plainssouthofMountMerapiaroundpresentdayMuntilan,Sleman,Yogyakarta,toPrambanan.More
precisely,itrefertoKotaGedearea,thecapitaloftheSultanateintheoutskirtofsouthernYogyakarta.
ThereisacommonpracticeinJavatorefertheirkingdombythelocationofitscapital,thusMataramis
theircapital.Historically,thereweretwokingdomsthathaveexistedinthisregionandbotharecalled
Mataram.Thelaterkingdomhowever,isoftencalledasMataramIslamor"MataramSultanate"to
distinguishitfromtheHinduBuddhist9thcenturyKingdomofMataram.

Historiography
ThekeysourcestouncoverthehistoryofMataramSultanatearelocalJavanesehistoricalaccounts
calledBabad,andDutchaccountsofDutchEastIndiaCompany(VOC).Theproblemwithtraditional
JavaneseBabad,areoftenundated,obscureandincorporatesnonhistoric,mythologicalandfantastic
elements.MostofthisJavanesehistoricalaccountareusedasthetooltolegitimisetheauthorityofthe
ruler.TheexampleofamythicalelementisthesacredbondsbetweenPanembahanSenapatiwith
mythicalRatuKidul,therulerofJava'sSouthernSeasashisspiritualconsort,asclaimedintheBabad
TanahJawi.[2]
ThedatesforeventsbeforetheSiegeofBataviainthereignofSultanAgung,thirdkingofMataram,are
difficulttodetermine.ThereareseveralannalsusedbyH.J.deGraafinhishistoriessuchasBabad
SangkalaandBabadMomanawhichcontainlistofeventsanddatesinJavanesecalendar(A.J.,Anno
Javanicus),butbesidesdeGraafsquestionablepracticeofsimplyadding78toJavaneseyearstoobtain
correspondingChristianyears,theagreementbetweenJavanesesourcesthemselvesislessthanperfect.
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TheJavanesesourcesareveryselectiveinputtingdatestoevents.Eventssuchastheriseandfallof
kratons,thedeathofimportantprinces,greatwars,etc.aretheonlykindofeventsdeemedimportant
enoughtobedated,byusingapoeticformulachronogramcalledcandrasengkala,whichcanbe
expressedverballyandpictorially,therestbeingsimplydescribedinnarrativesuccessionwithoutdates.
Againthesecandrasengkalasdonotalwaysmatchtheannals.
Therefore,itissuggestedtofollowthefollowingruleofthumb:thedatesfromdeGraafandRicklefsfor
theperiodbeforetheSiegeofBataviacanbeacceptedasbestguess.FortheperiodaftertheSiegeof
Batavia(162829)untilthefirstWarofSuccession(1704),theyearsofeventsinwhichforeigners
participatedcanbeacceptedascertain,butagainarenotalwaysconsistentwithJavaneseversionof
thestory.Theeventsintheperiod17041755canbedatedwithgreatercertaintysinceinthisperiodthe
DutchinterfereddeeplyinMataramaffairsbuteventsbehindkratonwallsareingeneraldifficulttobe
datedprecisely.

Formationandgrowth
Establishmentofthekingdom
DetailsinJavanesesourcesabouttheearlyyearsofthekingdomare
limited,andthelineisunclearbetweenthehistoricalrecordandmyths
sincethereareindicationsoftheeffortsoflaterrulers,especiallyAgung,
toestablishalonglineoflegitimatedescentbyinventingpredecessors.
However,bythetimemorereliablerecordsbegininthemid17th
centurythekingdomwassolargeandpowerfulthatmosthistorians
concurithadalreadybeenestablishedforseveralgenerations.
AccordingtoJavaneserecords,thekingsofMataramweredescended
fromoneKiAgengSela(SelaisavillagenearthepresentdayDemak).
Inthe1570s,oneofKiAgengSela'sdescendants,KyaiGedhe
PamanahanwasawardedtorulethelandofMatarambyKingofPajang,
SultanHadiwijaya,astherewardforhisserviceondefeatingArya
Panangsang,Hadiwijaya'senemy.[3]Pajangwaslocatednearthecurrent
siteofSurakarta,andMataramwasoriginallyavassalofPajang.[1]
PamanahanwasoftenreferredtoasKyaiGedheMataram.

KotaGede,theformer
capitalofMataram
Sultanate,foundedin1582
bySutawijaya(Panembahan
Senapati).

Meanwhile,inPajang,thereweremajorpowerstrugglestookplaceafter
thedeathofSultanHadiwijayain1582Hadiwijaya'sheir,Prince
Benowo,wasoustedbyAryaPangiriofDemak,andbeingremovedto
Jipang.Pamanahan'sson,SutawijayaorPanembahanSenapatiIngalaga,replacedhisfatheraround
1584,andhebegantoreleasedMataramfromPajang'scontrol.UnderSutawijaya,Mataramgrew
substantiallythroughmilitarycampaignsagainstMataram'soverlordofPajangandPajang'sformer
overlord,Demak.ThenewPajangSultan,AryaPangiri,wasanunpopularruler,andBenowoquickly
ralliedsupporttoregainhisthroneandrecruitedSutawijaya'ssupportagainstPajang.Subsequently
Pajangwasattackedfromtwodirections,byPrinceBenowofromJipangandbySutawijayafrom
Mataram,andfinallywasdefeated.[3]AfterthedefeatofPajang,PrinceBenowodarenottostood
againstSenapatiandagreedtoboweddowntohimandsubmittedPajangunderMataram'srule.This
eventin1586,markedtheendofPajangkingdomandtheriseofitsformervassal,theMataram
Sultanate.

TheriseofMataram
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Senapatiassumedroyalstatusbywearingthetitle"Panembahan"(literally"onewhois
worshipped/sembah").Herevealedtheexpansivenatureofhisreignandbeganthefatefulcampaignto
theEastalongthecourseofSoloRiverthatwouldbringendlessconflicts.In1586,thewealthyportcity
ofSurabayaroseagainstPanembahanSenapati.[3]SenapatihoweverwasunabletopenetrateSurabayan
defence.HethenconqueredMadiunin15901instead,andturnedeastfromMadiuntoconquerKediri
in1591andPonorogo.[4]PerhapsduringthesametimehealsoconqueredJipang(presentday
Bojonegoro)andJagaraga(northofpresentdayMagetan).HereachedeastasfarasPasuruan,whomay
haveusedhisthreattoreducepressurefromthethenpowerfulSurabaya.AfterhiscampaigninCentral
andEastJava,PanembahanSenapatiturnedhisattentiontotheWest,asheforcedCirebonandGaluhin
WestJavatoacknowledgeMataram'soverlordshipin1595.[4]HisefforttoconquerBanteninWestJava
in1597witnessedbyDutchsailorsfailed,perhapsduetolackofwatertransport.Later,Demak
andPatirevoltedandtheirforcesalmostreachtheMataramcapital,beforeSenapati'scavalrymanageto
destroythem.[4]PanembahanSenapatidiedin1601andentombedinKotaGede,hesucceedon
establishingafirmfoundationofanewstate.Hissuccessor,MasJolangorlaterknownasPanembahan
SedaingKrapyak(Hanyakrawati),wouldfacefurtherrebellion.[4]
ThereignofPanembahanHanyakrawati(circa16011613),thesonofSenapati,wasdominatedby
furtherwarfare,especiallyagainstpowerfulSurabaya,alreadyamajorcentreofpowerinEastJava.He
facedrebellionfromhisrelativeswhowereinstalledinthenewlyconqueredDemak(16014),
Ponorogo(16078)andKediri(1608).In1612Surabaya,again,roseagainstMataram,astheresponse
HanyakrawaticonqueredMojokerto,destroyedGresikandburnedvillagesaroundSurabaya.Surabaya
however,wasstillindomitable.[4]
ThefirstcontactbetweenMataramandtheDutchEastIndiaCompany(VOC)occurredunder
PanembahanHanyakrawati.Dutchactivitiesatthetimewerelimitedtotradingfromlimitedcoastal
settlements,sotheirinteractionswiththeinlandMataramkingdomwerelimited,althoughtheydidform
anallianceagainstSurabayain1613.PanembahanHanyakrawatidiedaccidentallythatyearwhenhe
wasinKrapyakforest,huntingfordeer.HewasgivenposthumoustitlePanembahanSedaingKrapyak
(HisMajestywhoDiedinKrapyak)

Goldenage
PanembahanHanyakrawatiwassucceededbyhisson,AdipatiMartapura.AdipatiMartapurahowever,
haspoorhealthandquicklyreplacedbyhisbrother,RadenMasRangsangin1613,whoassumedthe
titlePanembahaningAlaga,andlaterin1641tookthetitleofSultanAgungHanyokrokusumo("Great
Sultan").[4]MataramSultanateunderthereignofSultanAgungispopularlyrememberedastheapogee
ofMataram'sruleonJava,andthegoldenageofnativeJavanesepowerpriortoEuropeancolonisation
infollowingcentury.

Surabayacampaignandeasternconquests
PanembahaningAlagawasanablemilitarygeneralandalsoawarlikeambitiousleader,andheaspired
touniteJavaunderMataram'sbanner.[5]Heresponsibleforthegreatexpansionandlastinghistorical
legacyofMataramduetotheextensivemilitaryconquestsofhislongreignfrom1613to1646.[6]Under
SultanAgung,MataramwasabletoexpanditsterritorytoincludemostofJavaaftercapturingseveral
portcitiesofnorthernJava.[1]Surabayawithitsstrongfortificationandsurroundedbyswamps,wasstill
themostformidableenemyofMataram.In1614,SurabayaforgedanalliancewithKediri,Tubanand
Pasuruan,andlaunchedinvasionagainstMataram.Inthefollowingyear,SultanAgungmanagedto
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repelalliedSurabayaforcesinWirasaba(presentdayMojoagung,nearMojokerto).[6]Healsoconquered
Malang,southofSurabaya.In1616,SurabayatriedtoattackMatarambutthisarmywascrushedby
SultanAgung'sforcesinSiwalan,Pajang(nearSolo).ThecoastalcityofLasem,nearRembang,was
conqueredin1616andPasuruan,southeastofSurabaya,wastakenin1617.Tuban,oneoftheoldestand
largestportcitiesonthecoastofJava,wastakenin1619.
SurabayawasMataram'smostdifficultenemy.Senapatihadnotstrongenoughtoattackthispowerful
cityandHanyakrawatiattackedittonoavail.SultanAgungtriedtoweakenedSurabayabylaunchinga
navalcampaignacrossJavaSeaandcapturingSukadana,Surabaya'sallyinsouthwestKalimantanin
1622,andtheislandofMadura,anotherallyofSurabaya,wastakenin1624afterafiercebattle.[6]Soon
Madura'sfortificationsinSumenepandPamekasanfell,AgunginstalledAdipatiofSampangasthe
AdipatiofMadura,stylisedasPrinceCakraningratI.[6]
Afterfiveyearsofwar,AgungfinallyconqueredSurabayain1625.Thecitywastakennotthrough
outrightmilitaryinvasion,butinsteadthroughasiegeAgunginstalledatightblockadefromtheland
andsea,starvingSurabayaintosubmission.[6]WithSurabayabroughtintotheempire,theMataram
kingdomencompassedallofcentralandeasternJava,alsoMaduraandSukadanaonsouthwest
Borneo,[5]exceptforthewestandeastendoftheislandanditsmountainoussouth(exceptfor
Mataramofcourse).SultanAgungconsolidatedhispoliticalunitybyforgingmarriageallianceofhis
AdipatitothePrincessesofMataram.AgunghimselftookthehandofCirebonPrincessashisconsort,
inanefforttosealedCirebonasMataram'sloyalally.[5]By1625,MataramwasundisputedrulerofJava.
Suchamightyfeatofarms,however,didnotdeterMataram'sformeroverlordsfromrebellion.Pajang
rebelledin1617,andPatirebelledin1627.AfterthecaptureofSurabayain1625,expansionstopped
whiletheempirewasbusiedbyrebellions.

Bataviacampaignandwesternconquests
Inthewest,BantenandtheDutchsettlementinBataviaremain
outsideAgung'scontrol.InhisefforttouniteJava,heclaimed
MataramasthesuccessorstateofDemakandclaimedBantenas
Mataram'svassalaswell,sinceBantenwasonceDemak'svassal.
BantenrefusedMataram'sclaimandremainasanindependence
state,andtoreachBanten,DutchBataviaisonMataram'sway.
TheforeignruleoftheDutchinBataviaonJava'ssoilisseenas
adisgraceforSultanAgung'shegemony.[5]Heattemptedtoseize
BataviabylaunchedtwoattacksagainsttheDutchEastIndia
Company,onein1628andtheotherin1629.[1]
SiegeofBataviabySultanAgungin

ThefirstcampaignagainstBataviain1628wasfaileddueto
1628
poorlogisticssupportsforhistroops.Learningfromthefirst
mistakes,SultanAgungestablishedJavanesefarmingsettlements
onWestJavanorthcoast,buildingchainsofricebarnstosupporthistroops,andJavaneseshipsfilled
withriceandlogisticswassenttosailJavaSea,alsotosupportsthemilitarylogistics.Dutchshipsand
spieshowever,managetolocateMataram'slogisticsshipsandricebarns,andburntthemdown.[5]As
theresult,largenumbersofMataramtroopswerestarvedandleftwithpoorlogistics,andSultanAgung
secondinvasiontoBataviawasalsoendedinfailure.

Crackingdownrebellionsandeasterncampaign
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In1630,MataramcrushedarebellioninTembayat(southeastofKlaten)andin163136,Mataramhad
tosuppressrebellionofSumedangandUkurinWestJava.RicklefsanddeGraafarguedthatthese
rebellionsinthelaterpartofSultanAgungsreignwasmainlyduetohisinabilitytocaptureBataviain
162829,whichshatteredhisreputationofinvincibilityandinspiredMataramsvassaltorebel.This
argumentseemsuntenableduetotworeason:first,rebellionsagainstSultanAgungalreadybeganasfar
backas1617andoccurredinPatievenduringhispeakofinvincibilityaftertakingSurabayain1625.
Thesecond,andmoreimportantly,themilitaryfailuretocaptureBataviawasnotseenaspolitical
failurebyJavanesepointofview.AfterthefailedBataviacampaign,Gresiktriedtoregainpowerin
EastJavaandledarevoltthatquicklycrackeddowncompletelyin1635.[7]
Thesultanalsolauncheda"holywar"againstthestillHinduBlambanganintheextremeeasternJava.[1]
AtthattimeBlambangankingdomwassupportedbyKingdomofGelgelinBalithattreateditasa
bufferagainsttheIslamicexpansionofMuslimMataram.Blambangansurrenderedin1639,butquickly
regainedtheirindependenceandrejoinedBalisoonaftertheMataramtroopswithdrew.[7]
In1641,JavaneseenvoyssentbyAgungtoArabiahasarrivedhomeafterobtainingpermissiontowear
thetitle"Sultan"fromMecca.MeccaalsosentnumbersofulamatoAgung'scourt.HisIslamicname
andtitlegainedfromMeccais"SultanAbdulMuhammadMaulanaMatarami".[8]
In1645SultanAgungbeganbuildingImogiri,hisburialplace,aboutfifteenkilometressouthof
Yogyakarta.ImogiriremainstherestingplaceofmostoftheroyaltyofYogyakartaandSurakartatothis
day.Agungdiedinthespringof1646,leavingbehindanempirethatcoveredmostofJavaandstretched
toitsneighbouringislands.

Decline
Strugglesforpower
Upontakingthethrone,Agung'ssonSusuhunanAmangkuratItriedtobringlongtermstabilityto
Mataram'srealm,bymurderinglocalleadersthatwereinsufficientlydeferentialtohim,includingthe
stillpowerfulnoblefromSurabaya,PangeranPekik,hisfatherinlaw,andexecutedPanembahan
Adiningkusuma(posthumous:PanembahanGirilaya),kingofCirebon,hissoninlaw.Healsohad
closingportsanddestroyingshipsinJavanesecoastalcitiestopreventthemfromgettingtoopowerful
fromtheirwealth.ThisactiondevastatedJavanesecoastaleconomyandhascrippledJavanesemaritime
prowessthathasbeennurturedsinceSinghasariandMajapahitera,thusmakingMatarammainlyasan
agriculturalinlandkingdomforcenturiestocome.Becauseofthisdeeds,AmangkuratIwasnotoriousas
aruthlessking.[9]Despitehispoliticalruthlessness,unlikehisfather,AmangkuratIwasnotan
accomplishedmilitaryleaderanddarenottopursueconfrontationagainsttheDutch,asin1646he
signedpeaceagreementwiththem.[9]Tofurtherhisglory,thenewkingabandonedKarta,Sultan
Agungscapital,andmovedtoagranderredbrickpalaceinPlered(formerlythepalacewasbuiltof
wood).
Bythemid1670sdissatisfactionwiththekingwasturningintoopenrevolt,beginningfromthe
recalcitrantEasternJavaandcreepinginward.TheCrownPrince(futureAmangkuratII)feltthathislife
wasnotsafeinthecourtafterhetookhisfathersconcubinewiththehelpofhismaternalgrandfather,
PangeranPekikofSurabaya,makingAmangkuratIsuspiciousofaconspiracyamongSurabayan
factionstograbpowerinthecapitalbyusingPekiksgrandsonspowerfulpositionastheCrownPrince.
HeconspiredwithPanembahanRamafromKajoran,westofMagelang,whoproposedastratagemin
whichtheCrownPrincefinancedRamassoninlaw,Trunajaya,tobeginarebellionintheEastJava.
RadenTrunajaya,aprincefromArosbaya,Madura,leadarevoltsupportedbyitinerantfightersfrom
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farawayMakassarledbyKraengGalesong.[9]TheTrunajayarebellionmovedswiftlyandstrong,and
capturedtheking'scourtatPleredinMataraminmid1677.Thekingescapedtothenorthcoastwithhis
eldestson,thefuturekingAmangkuratII,leavinghisyoungersonPangeranPugerinMataram.
Apparentlymoreinterestedinprofitandrevengethaninrunningastrugglingempire,therebel
TrunajayalootedthecourtandwithdrewtohisstrongholdinKediri,EastJava,leavingPrincePugerin
controlofaweakcourt.Seizingthisopportunity,PugerassumedthethroneintheruinsofPleredwith
thetitleSusuhananingAlaga.

AmangkuratIIandthebeginningofforeigninvolvement
OnhiswaytoBataviatoaskforDutch'shelp,
AmangkuratIdiedinthevillageofTegalarumnear
Tegaljustafterhisexpulsion,makingAmangkuratII
kingin1677.[9]Hetoowasnearlyhelpless,having
fledwithoutanarmynortreasurytobuildone.Inan
attempttoregainhiskingdom,hemadesubstantial
concessionstotheDutchEastIndiaCompany
(VOC),whothenwenttowartoreinstatehim.He
promisedtogiveVOCtheporttownofSemarangif
theylendhimsometroops.[9]FortheDutch,astable
Mataramempirethatwasdeeplyindebtedtothem
wouldhelpensurecontinuedtradeonfavourable
terms.Theywerewillingtolendtheirmilitarymight
tokeepthekingdomtogether.

SultanAmangkuratIIofMataram(upperright)
watchingwarlordUntungSurapatifightingCaptain
TackoftheDutchEastIndiaCompany(VOC).ca
1684AD.

ThemultinationalDutchforces,consistingoflightarmedtroopsfromMakasarandAmbon,inaddition
toheavilyequippedEuropeansoldiers,firstdefeatedTrunajayainKediriinNovember1678and
Trunajayahimselfwascapturedin1679nearNgantangwestofMalang,thenin1681,theallianceof
VOCandAmangkuratIIforcedSusuhunaningAlaga(Puger)torelinquishthethroneinfavourofhis
elderbrotherAmangkuratII.In1680,AmangkuratIIascendsasthekingofMatarambyreceivinghis
crownfromtheDutch.AsthecompensationforDutchsupports,otherthanSemarang,Mataramhasto
handoverBogor,KarawangandPriangantoVOC.[9]Cirebontoowasforcedtoshiftallegiancefrom
MataramtotheDutch,andbecomesDutch'sprotectoratestate.SincethefallenPleredwasconsidered
inauspicious,AmangkuratIImovethecapitaltoKartasurainthelandofPajang(northernpartofthe
stretchoflandbetweenMountMerapiandMountLawu,thesouthernpartbeingMataram).TheDutch
alsoerectedafortinKartasurainanefforttocontrolaswellasprotectthenewcapital.[9]
Byprovidinghelpinregaininghisthrone,theDutchbroughtAmangkuratIIundertheirtightcontrol.
AmangkuratIIwasapparentlyunhappywiththesituation,especiallytheincreasingDutchcontrolofthe
coast,buthewashelplessinthefaceofacripplingfinancialdebtandthethreatofDutchmilitarypower.
ThekingengagedinaseriesofintriguestotrytoweakentheDutchpositionwithoutconfrontingthem
headonforexample,bytryingtocooperatewithotherkingdomssuchasCirebonandJohorandthe
courtshelteredpeoplewantedbytheDutchforattackingcolonialofficesordisruptingshippingsuchas
UntungSurapati.In1685,BataviasentCaptainTack,theofficerwhocapturedTrunojoyo,tocapture
SurapatiandnegotiatefurtherdetailsintotheagreementbetweenVOCandAmangkuratIIbuttheking
arrangedaruseinwhichhepretendedtohelpTack.TackwaskilledwhenpursuingSurapatiin
Kartasura,thencapitalofMataram(presentdayKartasuranearSolo),butBataviadecidedtodonothing
sincethesituationinBataviaitselfwasfarfromstable,suchastheinsurrectionofCaptainJonker,native

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commanderofAmbonesesettlementinBatavia,in1689.Mainlyduetothisincident,bytheendofhis
reign,AmangkuratIIwasdeeplydistrustedbytheDutch,butBataviaweresimilarlyuninterestedin
provokinganothercostlywaronJava.

Warsofsuccession
AmangkuratIIdiedin1703andwasbrieflysucceededbyhisson,AmangkuratIII.[9]However,thistime
theDutchbelievedtheyhadfoundamorereliableclient,andhencesupportedhisunclePangeranPuger,
formerlySusuhunaningAlaga,whohadpreviouslybeendefeatedbyVOCandAmangkuratII.Before
theDutch,heaccusedAmangkuratIIIofplanninganuprisinginEastJava.UnlikePangeranPuger,
AmangkuratIIIinheritedbloodconnectionwithSurabayanruler,JangranaII,fromAmangkuratIIand
thislentcredibilitytotheallegationthathecooperatedwiththenowpowerfulUntungSurapatiin
Pasuruan.PanembahanCakraningratIIofMadura,VOCsmosttrustedally,persuadedtheDutchto
supportPangeranPuger.ThoughCakraningratIIharbouredpersonalhatredtowardsPuger,thismoveis
understandablesincealliancebetweenAmangkuratIIIandhisSurabayarelativesandSurapatiinBangil
wouldbeagreatthreattoMadurasposition,eventhoughJangranaIIsfatherwasCakraningratIIs
soninlaw.
PangeranPugertookthetitleofPakubuwanaIuponhisaccessioninJune1704.Theconflictbetween
AmangkuratIIIandPakubuwanaI,thelatteralliedwiththeDutch,usuallytermedFirstJavaneseWarof
Succession,draggedonforfiveyearsbeforetheDutchmanagedtoinstallPakubuwana.InAugust1705,
PakubuwonoIsretainersandVOCforcescapturedKartasurawithoutresistancefromAmangkuratIII,
whoseforcescowardlyturnedbackwhentheenemyreachedUngaran.SurapatisforcesinBangil,near
Pasuruan,wascrushedbytheallianceofVOC,KartasuraandMadurain1706.JangranaII,whotended
tosidewithAmangkuratIIIanddidnotventureanyassistancetothecaptureofBangil,wascalledto
presenthimselfbeforePakubuwanaIandmurderedtherebyVOCsrequestinthesameyear.
AmangkuratIIIranawaytoMalangwithSurapatisdescendantsandhisremnantforcesbutMalangwas
thenanomanslandwhoofferednogloryfitforaking.Therefore,thoughalliedoperationstothe
easterninteriorofJavain170608didnotgainmuchsuccessinmilitaryterms,thefallenking
surrenderedin1708afterbeingluredwiththepromisesofhousehold(lungguh)andland,buthewas
banishedtoCeylonalongwithhiswivesandchildren.ThisistheendofSurabayanfactioninMataram,
andasweshallseelaterthissituationwouldignitethepoliticaltimebombplantedbySultanAgung
withhiscaptureofSurabayain1625.
WiththeinstallationofPakubuwana,theDutchsubstantiallyincreasedtheircontrolovertheinteriorof
CentralJava.PakubuwanaIwasmorethanwillingtoagreetoanythingtheVOCaskedofhim.In1705
heagreedtocedetheregionsofCirebonandeasternpartofMadura(underCakraningratII),inwhich
Mataramhadnorealcontrolanyway,totheVOC.TheVOCwasgivenSemarangasnewheadquarters,
therighttobuildfortressesanywhereinJava,agarrisoninthekratoninKartasura,monopolyover
opiumandtextiles,andtherighttobuyasmuchriceastheywanted.Mataramwouldpayanannual
tributeof1300metrictonsofrice.Anydebtmadebefore1705wascancelled.In1709,PakubuwanaI
madeanotheragreementwiththeVOCinwhichMataramwouldpayannualtributeofwood,indigoand
coffee(plantedsince1696byVOCsrequest)inadditiontorice.Thesetributes,morethananything
else,madePakubuwanaIthefirstgenuinepuppetoftheDutch.Onpaper,thesetermsseemedvery
advantageoustotheDutch,sincetheVOCitselfwasinfinancialdifficultiesduringtheperiodof1683
1710.Buttheabilityofthekingtofulfilthetermsofagreementdependedlargelyonthestabilityof
Java,forwhichVOChasmadeaguarantee.ItturnedoutlaterthattheVOCsmilitarymightwas
incapableofsuchahugetask.

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ThelastyearsofPakubuwana'sreign,from1717to1719,weredominatedbyrebellioninEastJava
againstthekingdomanditsforeignpatrons.ThemurderofJangranaIIin1706incitedhisthreebrothers,
regentsofSurabaya,JangranaIII,JayapuspitaandSurengrana,toraisearebellionwiththehelpof
Balinesemercenariesin1717.PakubuwanaIstributestotheVOCsecuredhimapowerwhichwas
fearedbyhissubjectsinCentralJava,butthisisforthefirsttimesince1646thatMataramwasruledby
akingwithoutanyeasternconnection.Surabayahadnoreasontosubmitanymoreandthirstfor
vengeancemadethebrotherregentsopenlycontestMataramspowerinEasternJava.CakraningkratIII
whoruledMaduraafteroustingtheVOCsloyalallyCakraningratII,hadeveryreasontosidewithhis
cousinsthistime.TheVOCmanagedtocaptureSurabayaafterabloodywarin1718andMadurawas
pacifiedwhenCakraningratIIIwaskilledinafightonboardoftheVOCsshipinSurabayainthesame
yearthoughtheBalinesemercenariesplunderedeasternMaduraandwasrepulsedbyVOCinthesame
year.However,similartothesituationafterTrunajayasuprisingin1675,theinteriorregenciesinEast
Java(Ponorogo,Madiun,Magetan,Jogorogo)joinedtherebellionenmasse.PakubuwanaIsenthisson,
PangeranDipanagara(nottobeconfusedwithanotherprincewiththesametitlewhofoughttheDutch
in18251830)tosuppresstherebellionintheeasterninteriorbutinsteadDipanagarajoinedtherebel
andassumedthemessianictitleofPanembahanHerucakra.
In1719PakubuwanaIdiedandhissonAmangkuratIVtookthethronein1719,buthisbrothers,
PangeranBlitarandPurbayacontestedthesuccession.TheyattackedthekratoninJune1719.When
theywererepulsedbythecannonsinVOCsfort,theyretreatedsouthtothelandofMataram.Another
royalbrother,PangeranAryaMataram,rantoJaparaandproclaimhimselfking,thusbegantheSecond
WarofSuccession.Beforetheyearended,AryaMataramsurrenderedandwasstrangledinJaparaby
kingsorderandBlitarandPurbayawasdislodgedfromtheirstrongholdinMataraminNovember.In
1720,thesetwoprincesranawaytothestillrebelliousinteriorofEastJava.LuckilyforVOCandthe
youngking,therebelliousregentsofSurabaya,JangranaIIIandJayapuspitadiedin171820and
PangeranBlitardiedin1721.InMayandJune1723,theremnantsoftherebelsandtheirleaders
surrendered,includingSurengranaofSurabaya,PangeranPurbayaandDipanagara,allofwhomwere
banishedtoCeylon,exceptPurbaya,whowastakentoBataviatoserveasbackuptoreplace
AmangkuratIVincaseofanydisruptionintherelationshipbetweenthekingandVOCsincePurbaya
wasseentohaveequal"legitimacy"byVOC.ItisobviousfromthesetwoWarsofSuccessionthateven
thoughVOCwasvirtuallyinvincibleinthefield,meremilitaryprowesswasnotsufficienttopacify
Java.

Courtintriguesin17231741
After1723,thesituationseemedtostabilise,muchtothedelightoftheDutch.Javanesenobilityhad
learnedthattheallianceofVOCsmilitarywithanyJavanesefactionmadethemnearlyinvincible.It
seemedthatVOCsplantoreaptheprofitfromastableJavaunderakingdomwhichwasdeeply
indebtedtoVOCwouldsoonberealised.In1726,AmangkuratIVfelltoanillnessthatresembled
poisoning.HissonassumedthethroneasPakubuwanaII,thistimewithoutanyseriousresistancefrom
anybody.Thehistoryfortheperiodof1723until1741wasdominatedbyaseriesofintrigueswhich
furthershowedthefragilenatureofJavanesepolitics,heldtogetherbyDutchseffort.Inthisrelatively
peacefulsituation,thekingcouldnotgatherthesupportofhis"subjects"andinsteadwasswayedby
shorttermendssidingwiththisfactionforamomentandthentoanother.Thekingneverseemedtolack
challengestohis"legitimacy".
ThedescendantsofAmangkuratIII,whowereallowedtoreturnfromCeylon,andtheroyalbrothers,
especiallyPangeranNgabehiLoringPasarandthebanishedPangeranAryaMangkunegara,triedtogain
thesupportoftheDutchbyspreadinggossipsofrebellionagainstthekingandthepatih(vizier),
Danureja.Atthesametime,thepatihtriedtostrengthenhispositionbyinstallinghisrelativesand

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clientsintheregencies,sometimeswithoutkingsconsent,attheexpenseofothernoblesinterests,
includingthepowerfulqueensdowager,RatuAmangkurat(AmangkuratIVswife)andRatu
Pakubuwana(PakubuwanaIswife),muchtotheconfusionoftheDutch.
ThekingtriedtobreakthedominanceofthisDanurejabyaskingthehelpoftheDutchtobanishhim,
butDanurejassuccessor,Natakusuma,wasinfluencedheavilybytheQueensbrother,AryaPurbaya,
sonoftherebelPangeranPurbaya,whowasalsoNatakusumasbrotherinlaw.AryaPurbayaserratic
behaviourincourt,hisallegedhomosexualitywhichwasabhorredbythepiouskingandrumoursofhis
planningarebellionagainsttheheathen(theDutch)causedunrestinKartasuraandhatredfromthe
nobles.Afterhissister,theQueen,diedofmiscarriagein1738,thekingaskedtheDutchtobanishhim,
towhichtheDutchcompliedgladly.Despitethesefactionstrruggles,thesituationingeneraldidnot
showanysignsofdevelopingintofullscalewar.EasternJavawasquiet:thoughCakraningratIV
refusedtopayhomagetothecourtwithvariousexcuses,MadurawasheldunderfirmcontrolbyVOC
andSurabayadidnotstir.Butdarkcloudswereforming.Thistime,theexplosioncamefromthewest:
Bataviaitself.

ChineseWar17411743
Inthemeantime,theDutchwerecontendingwithother
problems.Theexcessiveuseoflandforsugarcaneplantationin
theinteriorofWestJavareducedtheflowofwaterinCiliwung
River(whichflowsthroughthecityofBatavia)andmadethe
citycanalsanidealbreedinggroundformosquitoes,resultingin
aseriesofmalariaoutbreaksin17331795.Thiswasaggravated
bythefallofsugarpriceinEuropeanmarket,bringing
bankruptcytosugarfactoriesintheareasaroundBatavia(the
Ommelanden),whichweremostlyoperatedbyChineselabour.
TheunrestpromptedVOCauthoritiestoreducethenumberof
unlicensedChinesesettlers,whohadbeensmuggledintoBatavia
byChinesesugarfactoryowners.Theselabourerswereloaded
ontoshipsoutofBataviabuttherumourthatthesepeoplewere
thrownintotheseaassoonastheshipwasbeyondthehorizon
Chineseprisonerswereexecutedby
causedpanicamongtheremainingChinese.On7October1740,
theDutchinBataviaon10October
severalChinesemobsattackedEuropeansoutsidethecityand
1740.
incitedtheDutchtoorderamassacretwodayslater.TheChinese
settlementinBataviawaslootedforseveraldays,inwhich
10,000Chinesewerekilled.TheChineseranawayandcapturedBekasi,whichwasdislodgedbyVOC
inJune1741.
In1741,ChineserebelswerepresentinCentralJava,particularlyaroundTanjung(Welahan),Pati,
Grobogan,andKaliwungu.InMay1741JuwanawascapturedbytheChinese.TheJavaneseatfirst
sidedwiththeDutchandreinforcedDemakon10June1741.Twodayslater,adetachmentofJavanese
forcestogetherwithVOCforcesofEuropean,BalineseandBugineseinSemarangtodefendTugu,west
ofSemarang.TheChineserebelluredthemintotheirmainforcesspositioninMountBergotathrough
narrowroadandambushedthem.Thealliedforcesweredispersedandranasfastastheycouldbackto
Semarang.TheChinesepursuedthembutwererepulsedbyDutchcannonsinthefortress.Semarang
wasseizedbypanic.ByJuly1741,theChineseoccupiedKaligawe,southofSemarang,Rembang,and
besiegedJepara.ThisisthemostdangeroustimeforVOC.MilitarysuperioritywouldenableVOCto
holdSemarangwithoutanysupportfromMataramforces,butitwouldmeannothingsinceaturbulent
interiorwoulddisrupttradeandthereforeprofit,VOCsmainobjective.OneVOChighofficial,
AbrahamRoos,suggestedthatVOCassumedroyalfunctioninJavabydenyingPakubuwanaIIs
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legitimacyandaskingtheregentstotakeanoathofloyaltytoVOCssovereignty.Thiswasturned
downbytheCouncilofIndies(RaadvanIndie)inBatavia,sinceevenifVOCmanagedtoconquerthe
coast,itwouldnotbestrongenoughtoconquerthemountainousinteriorofJava,whichdonotprovide
muchlevelplainrequiredbyWesternmethodofwarfare.Therefore,theDutchEastIndiaCompany
mustsupportitssuperiorbutinadequatemilitarybypickingtherightallies.Onesuchallyhadpresented
itself,thatisCakraningkratIVofMadurawhocouldbereliedontogoldtheeasterncoastagainstthe
Chinese,buttheinteriorofEasternandCentralJavawasbeyondthereachofthisquarrelsomeprince.
Therefore,VOChadnochoicebuttosidewithPakubuwanaII.
VOCsdiresituationaftertheBattleofTuguinJuly1741didnotescapethekingsattention,butlike
AmangkuratIIheavoidedanyopenbreachwithVOCsincehisownkratonwasnotlackingoffactions
againsthim.HeorderedPatihNatakusumatodoallthedirtywork,suchasorderingtheArchRegent
(Adipati)ofJipang(Bojonegoro),oneTumenggungMataun,tojointheChinese.InSeptember1741,the
kingorderedPatihNatakusumaandseveralregentstohelptheChinesebesiegeSemarangandlet
NatakusumaattackVOCgarrisoninKartasura,whowerestarvedintosubmissioninAugust.However,
reinforcementfromVOCspostsinOuterIslandswerearrivingsinceAugustandtheywereallwisely
concentratedtorepeltheChinesearoundSemarang.InthebeginningofNovember,theDutchattacked
Kaligawe,TorbayaaroundSemarang,andrepulsedtheallianceofJavaneseandChineseforceswho
werestationedinfourseparatefortressanddidnotcoordinatewitheachother.AttheendofNovember,
CakraningratIVhadcontrolledthestretchofeastcoastfromTubantoSedayuandtheDutchrelieved
TegalofChineserebels.ThiscausedPakubuwanaIItochangesidesandopennegotiationswiththe
Dutch.
Inthenextyear1742,theallianceofJavaneseandChineseletSemarangaloneandcapturedKudusand
PatiinFebruary.InMarch,PakubuwanaIIsentamessengertonegotiatewiththeDutchinSemarang
andofferedthemabsolutecontroloverallnortherncoastsofJavaandtheprivilegetoappointpatih.
VOCpromptlysentvanHohendorffwithasmallforcetoobservethesituationinKartasura.Things
begantogetworseforPakubuwanaII.InApril,therebelssetupRadenMasGarendi,adescendantof
AmangkuratIII,askingwiththetitleofSunanKuning.
InMay,theDutchagreedtosupportPakubuwanaIIafterconsideringthatafterall,theregenciesin
easterninteriorwerestillloyaltothisweakkingbuttheJavanoChineserebelalliancehadoccupiedthe
onlyroadfromSemarangtoKartasuraandcapturedSalatiga.TheprincesinMataramtriedtoattackthe
JavanoChinesealliancebuttheywererepulsed.On30June1742,therebelscapturedKartasuraandvan
HohendorffhadtorunawayfromaholeinkratonwallwiththehelplessPakubuwanaIIonhisback.
TheDutch,however,ignoredKartasurasfateinrebelhandsandconcentrateditsforcesunderCaptain
GerritmotherandNathanielSteinmetstorepulsetherebelsaroundDemak,Welahan,Jepara,Kudusand
Rembang.ByOctober1742,thenortherncoastofCentralJavawascleanedoftherebels,whoseemedto
disperseintothetraditionalrebelhideoutinMalangtotheeastandtheDutchforcesreturnedto
SemaranginNovember.CakraningratIV,whowishedtofreetheeasterncoastofJavafromMataram
influence,couldnotdetertheDutchfromsupportingPakubuwanaIIbuthemanagedtocaptureand
plunderKartasurainNovember1742.InDecember1742,VOCnegotiatedwithCakraningratand
managedtopersuadehimtorelieveKartasuraofMadureseandBalinesetroopsunderhispay.The
treasures,however,remainedinCakraningratshand.
ThereinstatementofPakubuwanaIIinKartasuraon14December1742markedtheendoftheChinese
war.Itshowedwhowasincontrolofthesituation.Accordingly,SunanKuningsurrenderedinOctober
1743,followedbyotherrebelleaders.Inthemid18thcentury,Mataramlostmuchoftheirlands,by
1743MataramonlyconsistsofareasaroundSurakarta,Yogyakarta,KeduandBagelen.[10]Cakraningrat
IVwasdefinitelynotpleasedwiththissituationandhebegantomakealliancewithSurabaya,the

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descendantsofUntungSurapati,andhiredmoreBalinesemercenaries.Hestoppedpayingtributeto
VOCin1744,andafterafailedattempttonegotiate,theDutchattackedMadurain1745andousted
Cakraningrat,whowasbanishedtotheCapein1746.

DivisionofMataram
ThefallofKartasuramadethepalace
inauspiciousforthekingandPakubuwanaIIbuilt
anewkratoninSurakartaorSoloandmoved
therein1746.However,PakubuwanaIIwasfar
fromsecureinthisthrone.RadenMasSaid,or
PangeranSambernyawa(meaning"Soul
Reaper"),sonofbanishedAryaMangkunegara,
wholaterwouldestablishtheprincelyhouseof
MangkunagarainSolo,andseveralotherprinces
oftheroyalbloodstillmaintainedrebellion.
PakubuwanaIIdeclaredthatanyonewhocan
suppresstherebellioninSukawati,areasaround
presentdaySragen,wouldberewardedwith
3000households.PangeranMangkubumi,
PakuwanaIIsbrother,whowouldlaterestablish
theroyalhouseofYogyakartatookthechallenge
anddefeatedMasSaidin1746.Butwhenhe
claimedhisprize,hisoldenemy,patih
ThedividedMataramin1830,aftertheJavaWar.
Pringgalaya,advisedthekingagainstit.Inthe
middleofthisproblem,VOCsGovernor
General,vanImhoff,paidavisittothekraton,thefirstonetodosoduringthewholehistoryofthe
relationbetweenMataramandVOC,toconfirmthedefactoDutchpossessionofcoastalandseveral
interiorregions.PakubuwanaIIhesitantlyacceptedthecessioninlieuof20,000realperyear.
MangkubumiwasdissatisfiedwithhisbrothersdecisiontoyieldtovanImhoffsinsistence,whichwas
madewithoutconsultingtheothermembersofroyalfamilyandgreatnobles.vanImhoffhadneither
experiencenortactfulnesstounderstandthedelicatesituationinMataramandherebukedMangkubumi
astooambitiousbeforethewholecourtwhenMangkubumiclaimedthe3000households.This
shamefultreatmentfromaforeignerwhohadwrestedthemostprosperouslandsofMataramfromhis
weakbrotherledhimtoraisehisfollowersintorebellioninMay1746,thistimewiththehelpofMas
Said.
InthemidstofMangkubumirebellionin1749,PakubuwanaIIfellillandcalledvanHohendorff,his
trustedfriendwhosavedhislifeduringthefallofKartasurain1742.HeaskedHohendorfftoassume
controloverthekingdom.Hohendorffwasnaturallysurprisedandrefused,thinkingthathewouldbe
madekingofMataram,butwhenthekinginsistedonit,heaskedhissickfriendtoconfirmitinwriting.
On11December1749,PakubuwanaIIsignedanagreementinwhichthe"sovereignty"ofMataramwas
giventoVOC.
On15December1749,HohendorffannouncedtheaccessionofPakubuwanaIIssonasthenewkingof
MataramwiththetitlePakubuwanaIII.However,threedaysearlier,Mangkubumiinhisstrongholdin
YogyakartaalsoannouncedhisaccessionwiththetitleMangkubumi,withMasSaidashispatih.This
rebelliongotstrongerdaybydayandevenin1753theCrownPrinceofSurakartajoinedtherebels.
VOCdecidedthatitdidhavenotthemilitarycapabilitytosuppressthisrebellion,thoughin1752,Mas
SaidbrokeawayfromHamengkubuwana.By1754,allpartiesweretiredofwarandreadytonegotiate.
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ThekingdomofMataramwasdividedin1755underanagreementsignedinGiyantibetweentheDutch
undertheGovernorGeneralNicolaasHartinghandrebelliousprinceMangkubumi.Thetreatydivided
nominalcontrolovercentralJavabetweenYogyakartaSultanate,underMangkubumi,andSurakarta,
underPakubuwana.[10]MasSaid,however,provedtobestrongerthanthecombinedforcesofSolo,
YogyaandVOC.In1756,heevenalmostcapturedYogyakarta,butherealisedthathecouldnotdefeat
thethreepowersallbyhimself.InFebruary1757hesurrenderedtoPakubuwanaIIIandwasgiven4000
households,alltakenfromPakubuwanaIIIsownlungguh,andaparceloflandnearSolo,thepresent
dayMangkunegaranPalace,andthetitleof"PangeranAryaAdipatiMangkunegara".Thissettlement
provedsuccessfulinthatpoliticalstrugglewasagainconfinedtopalaceorinterpalaceintriguesand
peacewasmaintaineduntil1812.

Culture
DespitebeinganIslamicSultanate,Mataramhadneveradopted
Islamicculture,systemsandinstitutionsthoroughly.Itspolitical
systemwasmorelikeasyncretismofearlierJavaneseHindu
civilisationmergedwithIslamicelements.Themajorformation
tookplaceduringSultanAgung'sreignasheadaptedIslamtothe
HinduJavanesetraditionandintroducedanewcalendarin1633
basedonIslamicandJavanesepractice.TheartsduringSultan
Agung'sreignwereamixtureofIslamicandHinduJavanese
elements.[1]ThemainstreambeliefsystemwastheKejawen
Serimpidance,manyoftraditional
tradition,whiletheIslamicbeliefswasheldbyahandfulofkiyai
Javanesecourtlyartformsanddances
orulamareligiouseliteclusteringaroundKaumanareanear
foundtodayinKeratons,were
court'smosque.TheJavanesecourtceremonies,cultureand
developedduringMataramera.
ritualsofMataramstillbearsHinduBuddhistelements.Javanese
culturalelements,suchasgamelan,batik,kris,wayangkulitand
Javanesedancewereformulated,codifiedandtookitspresentformduringthisperiod,andinheritedby
itssuccessors,thecourtsofSurakartaandYogyakarta,andtheprincedomofMangkunegaranand
Pakualaman.

Javanesekingship
JavanesekingshipvariesfromWesternkingship,whichisessentiallybasedontheideaoflegitimacy
fromthepeople(Democracy),orfromGod(divineauthority),orboth.TheJavaneselanguagedoesnot
includewordswiththesemeanings.TheconceptoftheJavanesekingdomisamandala,oracentreof
theworld,inthesenseofbothacentrallocationandacentralbeing,focusedonthepersonoftheking
(variouslycalledSriBupati,SriNarendra,SangAji,Prabu).Thekingisregardedasasemidivine
being,aunionofdivineandhumanaspects(binathara,thepassiveformofbathara,god).Javanese
kingshipisamatterofroyaldivinepresence,notaspecificterritoryorpopulation.Peoplemaycome
andgowithoutinterruptingtheidentityofakingdomwhichliesinthesuccessionofsemidivinekings.
Power,includingroyalpowerisnotqualitativelydifferentfromthepowerofdukunsorshamans,butit
ismuchstronger.Javanesekingshipisnotbasedonthelegitimacyofasingleindividual,sinceanyone
cancontestpowerbytapaorasceticism,andmanydidcontestthekingsofMataram.

ListofSultansofMataram
Mataramwasdividedin1755,andthesucceedingrulersofthenewsultanatesarenotgenerally
consideredasSultansofMataram.
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1.PanembahanSenopati(PanembahanSenopatiingAlagaSayidinPanatagamaKhalifatullahTanah
Jawa):15871601
2.RadenMasJolang(SriSusuhunanAdiPrabuHanyakrawatiSenapatiingNgalagaMataram):
16011613
3.RadenMasJatmika/SultanAgung(SultanAgungSenapatiingNgalagaAbdurrahman):1613
1645)
4.RadenMasSayidin/AmangkuratI(KanjengSusuhunanPrabuAmangkuratAgung):16461677
5.AmangkuratII:16771703
6.AmangkuratIII:17031704
7.PangeranPuger/PakubuwonoI:17041719
8.AmangkuratIV:17191726
9.PakubuwonoII:17261749

Legacy
MataramSultanatewasthelastmajornativepolityinJavapriorthekingdombrokeintoofcourtsof
SurakartaandYogyakarta,andtheprincedomofMangkunegaranandPakualaman,andpriortheisland
wascompletelyruledbytheDutch.ForsomeCentralJavanese,especiallythosehailedfromYogyakarta
andSurakartacity,theMataramSultanate,especiallySultanAgung'sera,wasrememberedwithprideas
agloriouspast,asMatarambecometheregionalhegemonafterMajapahit,almostcompletelyunified
Javaisland,andalmostsucceedtodrivetheDutchoutofJava.However,forthoseofformerMataram's
rivalsorvassalsEastJavaneseSurabayan,MadureseandBlambangan,alsoPrianganandCirebonof
WestJava,MatarameraisrememberedastheeraofCentralJavaneseoverlordshipoverthem,marked
withauthoritarianismandarbitrarinessoffeudalJavaneseregime.Inthefuturethiswouldledto
interregionalMaduraCentralJavaanimosity.[11]Alsotosomedegree,PrianganMataramanrivalry.
WithinMataramanrealm,thedisintegrationofMataramSultanateintoseveralcompetingkeratons,also
wouldledtoSurakartaYogyakartarivalry.
Inartandculture,theMataramSultanatehasleftaneverlastingmarkinJavaneseculture,asmanyof
Javaneseculturalelements,suchasgamelan,batik,kris,wayangkulitandJavanesedancewere
formulated,codifiedandtookitspresentformduringthisperiod,inheritedandpreserveddiligentlyby
itssuccessorkeratons.DuringtheheightofMataramSultanateinthefirsthalfofthe17thcentury,
Javanesecultureexpanded,muchofWesternandEastJavaregionarebeingJavanized.Mataram's
campaignonEasternJavaneseprincipalitiessuchasSurabayaandPasuruanexpandedMataraman
influencesonJava.MataramexpansionincludesSundaneseprincipalitiesofPrianganhighlandsfrom
GaluhCiamis,Sumedang,BandungandCianjur.ItwasduringthisperiodthatSundanesepeoplewere
exposedandassimilatedfurtherintoJavaneseKejawenculture.WayangGolekareSundanesetakingon
JavaneseWayangKulitculture,similarsharedculturesuchasgamelanandbatikalsoflourished.Itis
probablyduringthistimesthatSundaneselanguagebegantoadoptthestratifieddegreeoftermand
vocabularytodenotepoliteness,asreflectedinJavaneselanguage.Inaddition,Javanesescriptsalso
usedtowriteSundaneseascacarakan.
Inpoliticalaspect,theincessantwarofsuccession,treason,rebellionandcourtintrigueofJavanese
Mataramkeratonduringthelastperiodofitshistory,hasmadeMatarambeingrememberedinquite
unflatteringway.CombinedwithJavanesebehaviour,suchasobsessionwitheleganceandrefinements
(Javanese:alus),subtleness,politeness,courtesy,indirectness,emotionalrestraintandconsciousnessto
one'ssocialstature,hasmadeMatarampoliticsquitecomplicated,intricateanddeceitful.Astheresult
thenegativeaspectsofJavanisationofcontemporaryIndonesianpolitics,suchasdishonesty,deceptive,
treacherousness,rigidityofsocialhierarchy,authoritarianismandarbitrariness,accompaniedby
fondnessofstatusdisplayandarrogance,isoftenattributedtoandcalledas"Mataramization".[12]A
typicalnegativedescriptionofpriyayibehavinglikethememberofJavaneseupperclass.
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Seealso
ListofSunniMuslimdynasties
ListofmonarchsofJava

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Remmelink,WillemG.J.2002.PerangCinadanRuntuhnyaNegaraJawa17251743.
Yogyakarta:PenerbitJendela.
Ricklefs,M.C.2002.YogyakartadiBawahSultanMangkubumi17491792:SejarahPembagian
Jawa.Yogyakarta:PenerbitMatabangsa.
Ricklefs,M.C.2001.AhistoryofmodernIndonesiasincec.1200.Stanford:StanfordUniversity
Press.ISBN0804744807.
Ricklefs.M.C.2001.SejarahIndonesiaModern12002004.PT.SerambiIlmuSemesta.Cetakan
I:April2005.

Notes
1."Mataram,Historicalkingdom,Indonesia".EncyclopaediaBritannica.Retrieved1January2015.
2.BabadTanahJawibyDr.J.J.RasISBN9067652180(34:10036:1)
3.Soekmono.PengantarSejarahKebudayaanIndonesia3.Kanisius.p.55.
4.Soekmono.PengantarSejarahKebudayaanIndonesia3.Kanisius.p.56.
5.Soekmono.PengantarSejarahKebudayaanIndonesia3.Kanisius.p.61.
6.Soekmono.PengantarSejarahKebudayaanIndonesia3.Kanisius.p.60.
7.Soekmono.PengantarSejarahKebudayaanIndonesia3.Kanisius.p.62.
8.Soekmono.PengantarSejarahKebudayaanIndonesia3.Kanisius.p.63.
9.Soekmono.PengantarSejarahKebudayaanIndonesia3.Kanisius.p.68.
10.Soekmono.PengantarSejarahKebudayaanIndonesia3.Kanisius.p.69.
11.ricklefs.AHistoryofModernIndonesiaSinceC.1200.p.100.
12.Mulder,Niels(2005).Chapter3.Javanization,InsideIndonesianSociety:CulturalChangeinJava.
http://books.google.co.id(Kanisius).p.53.Retrieved7November2013.Externallinkin|website=(help)
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