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EMBEDDED SYSTEMS

CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
An Embedded system is a combination of computer hardware and software. As with any
electronic system, this system requires a hardware platform and that is built with a
microprocessor or microcontroller. The Embedded system hardware includes elements like user
interface, Input/output interfaces, display and memory, etc. Generally, an embedded system
comprises power supply, processor, memory, timers, serial communication ports and system
application specific circuits.

Fig .1 Basic Embedded System

Embedded system software is written in a high-level language, and then compiled to


achieve a specific function within a non-volatile memory in the hardware. Embedded system
software is designed to keep in view of three limits. They are availability of system memory and
processor speed. When the system runs endlessly, there is a need to limit the power dissipation
for events like run, stop and wake up.
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EMBEDDED SYSTEMS

CHAPTER 2
TYPES OF EMBEDDED SYSTEMS
Embedded systems can be classified into different types based on performance,
functional requirements and performance of the microcontroller.

Fig.2 Types of Embedded Systems

Embedded systems are classified into four categories based on their performance and
functional requirements:

Stand alone embedded systems

Real time embedded systems

Networked embedded systems

Mobile embedded systems

Embedded Systems are classified into three types based on the performance of
the microcontroller such as

Small scale embedded systems


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EMBEDDED SYSTEMS

Medium scale embedded systems

Sophisticated embedded systems

2.1 STAND ALONE EMBEDDED SYSTEMS


Stand alone embedded systems do not require a host system like a computer, it
works by itself. It takes the input from the input ports either analog or digital and processes,
calculates and converts the data and gives the resulting data through the connected deviceWhich either controls, drives and displays the connected devices. Examples for the stand
alone embedded systems are mp3 players, digital cameras, video game consoles, microwave
ovens and temperature measurement systems.

2.2 REAL TIME EMBEDDED SYSTEMS


A real time embedded system is defined as, a system which gives a required o/p in
a particular time. These types of embedded systems follow the time deadlines for completion
of a task. Real time embedded systems are classified into two types such as soft and hard real
time systems.

2.3 NETWORK EMBEDDED SYSTEMS


These types of embedded systems are related to a network to access the resources.
The connected network can be LAN, WAN or the internet. The connection can be any wired
or wireless. This type of embedded system is the fastest growing area in embedded system
applications. The embedded web server is a type of system wherein all embedded devices are
connected to a web server and accessed and controlled by a web browser.Example for the
LAN networked embedded system is a home security system wherein all sensors are
connected and run on the protocol TCP/IP

2.4 MOBILE EMBEDDED SYSTEMS


Mobile embedded systems are used in portable embedded devices like cell
phones, mobiles, digital cameras, mp3 players and personal digitalassistants, etc.The basic
limitation of these devices is the other resources and limitation of memory.

2.5 SMALL SCALE EMBEDDED SYSTEMS

EMBEDDED SYSTEMS

These types of embedded systems are designed with a single 8 or 16bit microcontroller that may even be activated by a battery. For developing embedded
software for small scale embedded systems, the main programming tools are an editor,
assembler, cross assembler and integrated development environment (IDE).

Fig.2.5
Small scale embedded
systems
2.6 MEDIUM SCALE
EMBEDDED
SYSTEMS

These types of embedded systems design with a single or 16 or 32 bit microcontroller,


RISCs or DSPs. These types of embedded systems have both hardware and software
complexities. For developing embedded software for medium scale embedded systems, the
main programming tools are C, C++, and JAVA, Visual C++, and RTOS, debugger, source
code engineering tool, simulator and IDE

Fig.2.6 Medium scale embedded systems

2.7 SOPHISTICATED EMBEDDED SYSTEMS


These types of embedded systems have enormous hardware and software complexities
that may need ASIPs, IPs, PLAs, scalable or configurable processors. They are used for
cutting-edge applications that need hardware and software Co-design and components which
have to assemble in the final system.

Fig.2.7 Sophisticated embedded systems

EMBEDDED SYSTEMS

CHAPTER 3
COMPONENTS OF EMBEDDED SYSTEM
3.1HARDWARE
Processor, Timers, Interrupt controller, I/O Devices, Memories, Ports, etc.

3.2APPLICATION SOFTWARE
This may perform concurrently the series of tasks or multiple tasks.

3.3REAL TIME OPERATING SYSTEM (RTOS)


RTOS defines the way the system work. Which supervise the application software. It sets
the rules during the execution of the application program. A small scale embedded system
may not need an RTOS

3.4 PROCESSOR
A Processor is the heart of the Embedded System.
For an embedded system designer knowledge of microprocessor and microcontroller is a must.
Two Essential Units Operations
Control Unit (CU)
Execution Unit (EU)

Fetch
Execute

EMBEDDED SYSTEMS

3.5 MICROPROCESSOR
A microprocessor is a single chip semi conductor device also which is a computer on chip, but
not a complete computer.
Its CPU contains an ALU, a program counter, a stack pointer, some working register, a clock
timing circuit and interrupt circuit on a single chip.
To make complete micro computer, one must add memory usually ROM and RAM, memory
decoder, an oscillator and a number of serial and parallel ports.

CHAPTER 4
MICROCONTROLLER
A microcontroller is a functional computer system-on-a-chip. It contains a
Processor, memory, and programmable input/output peripherals.
Microcontrollers include an integrated CPU, memory (a small amount of RAM,
Program memory, or both) and peripherals capable of input and output.

Fig.4 8051 Microcontrollers

4.1 VARIOUS MICROCONTROLLERS


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EMBEDDED SYSTEMS

INTEL
8031, 8032, 8051,8052,8751,8752

PIC
8-bit PIC16, PIC18,16-bit DSPIC33 / PIC24,PIC16C7x
Motorola
MC68HC11

4.2 MICROPROCESSOR Vs MICROCONTROLLER

MICROPROCESSOR

MICROCONTROLLER

The functional blocks are It includes functional blocks of


ALU, Registers, timers and Microprocessor and in addition
control units.
has Timer, parallel I/O, RAM,
EPROM, ADC&DAC.

Bit handling instruction is less, Many type of bit handling


one Or two type only.
Instructions.

Rapid movements of code and Rapid movements of code and


Data between external memory data within MC.
&MP.

It is used for designing general They are used for designing


Purpose digital computer
application specific dedicated
system.
system.

EMBEDDED SYSTEMS

Table.4.2 Difference between microprocessor and microcontroller


We have enormous number of Embedded devices.In today world many embedded
devices are connecting with internet which is termed as internet of things.Todo this we
need some concepts of networking,so that are explained below

EMBEDDED SYSTEMS

EMBEDDED SYSTEMS

CHAPTER 10
Application of Embedded system
GSM BASED NOTICE BOARD
Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM) is a set of ETSI standards
specifying the infrastructure for a digital cellular service. The standard is used in approx. 85
countries in the world including such locations as Europe, Japan and Australia1.

10.1 GSM CALL ROUTING


Mobile Subscriber Roaming
When a mobile subscriber roams into a new location area (new VLR), the VLR automatically
determines that it must update the HLR with the new location information, which it does using
an SS7 Location Update Request Message. The Location Update Message is routed to the HLR
through the SS7 network, based on the global title translation of the IMSI that is stored within
the SCCP Called Party Address portion of the message. The HLR responds with a message that
informs the VLR whether the subscriber should be provided service in the new location.

Mobile Subscriber ISDN Number (MSISDN) Call Routing


When a user dials a GSM mobile subscriber's MSISDN, the PSTN routes the call to the Home
MSC based on the dialed telephone number. The MSC must then query the HLR based on the
MSISDN, to attain routing information required to route the call to the subscribers' current
location.
The MSC stores global title translation tables that are used to determine the HLR associated with
the MSISDN. When only one HLR exists, the translation tables are trivial. When more than one
HLR is used however, the translations become extremely challenging; with one translation
record per subscriber (see the example below). Having determined the appropriate HLR address,
the MSC sends a Routing Information Request to it.
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EMBEDDED SYSTEMS

When the HLR receives the Routing Information Request, it maps the MSISDN to the IMSI, and
ascertains the subscribers' profile including the current VLR at which the subscriber is registered.
The HLR then queries the VLR for a Mobile Station Roaming Number (MSRN). The MSRN is
essentially an ISDN telephone number at which the mobile subscriber can currently be reached.
The MSRN is a temporary number that is valid only for the duration of a single call.
The HLR generates a response message, which includes the MSRN, and sends it back
across the SS7 network to the MSC. Finally, the MSC attempts to complete the call using the
MSRN provided

Fig,10.1 GSM routing

GSM (Global System for Mobile communication) is a digital mobile telephone system that is
widely used in many parts of the world. GSM uses a variation of Time Division Multiple Access
(TDMA) and is the most widely used of the three digital wireless telephone technologies
(TDMA, GSM, and CDMA). GSM digitizes and compresses data, then sends it down a channel
with two other streams of user data, each in its own time slot. GSM operates in the 900MHz,
1800MHz, or 1900 MHz frequency bands.

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EMBEDDED SYSTEMS

GSM has been the backbone of the phenomenal success in mobile telecoms over the last decade.
Now, at the dawn of the era of true broadband services, GSM continues to evolve to meet new
demands. One of GSM's great strengths is its international roaming capability, giving consumers
a seamless service. This has been a vital driver in growth, with around 300 million. In the
Americas, today's 7 million subscribers are set to grow rapidly, with market potential of 500
million in population, due to the introduction of GSM 800, which allows operators using the 800
MHz band to have access to GSM technology too.
GSM together with other technologies is part of an evolution of wireless mobile
telecommunication that includes High-Speed Circuit-Switched Data (HCSD), General Packet
Radio System (GPRS), Enhanced Data GSM Environment (EDGE), and Universal Mobile
Telecommunications Service

(UMTS).

The mobile communications has become one of the driving forces of the digital revolution.
Every day, millions of people are making phone calls by pressing a few buttons. Little is known
about how one person's voice reaches the other person's phone that is thousands of miles away.
Even less is known about the security measures and protection behind the system. The
complexity of the cell phone is increasing as people begin sending text messages and digital
pictures to their friends and family. The cell phone is slowly turning into a handheld computer.
All the features and advancements in cell phone technology require a backbone to support it. The
system has to provide security and the capability for growth to accommodate future
enhancements. General System for Mobile Communications, GSM, is one of the many solutions
out there. GSM has been dubbed the "Wireless Revolution" and it doesn't take much to realize
why GSM provides a secure and confidential method of communication
Digital containers offer an alternative way of securely delivering content to consumers. They can
offer many advantages, particularly for content delivery over mobile phone networks:
Scalability
Micro transactions/Micropayments compatibility
Content channel neutrality (heterogeneous networks, uncast/multicast/broadcast etc)
Possibility of DRM .

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EMBEDDED SYSTEMS

10.2 BLOCK DIAGRAM AND OPERATION

Fig.10.2 Block diagram

In this project there are three sections

Transmitter section

Receiver section

Output section

TRANSMITTER SECTION
In this section cell phone is used as transmitter. It transmits the message that we
type in the phone to SIM that we place in the GSM module in the receiving section.

RECEIVER SECTION
This section consists of GSM modem &Microcontroller. Modem contains the helical
antenna, it receives the transmitted signal from the transmitter section(Phone). It contains the
SIM bare placement to place the SIM .It contains RM processor which generates the required
signals to the modem. In this MAX232 is integrated on the modem.
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EMBEDDED SYSTEMS

Here, MAX232 converts the TTL levels (0v, 5v) into RS levels (+32v,-32v).The
necessary conversion of TTL to RS levels, while transmitting the TTL levels there should be loss
of data. So we convert the TTL to RS levels by using MAX232.RS levels indicates 0v as a
positive series and 5v as a negative series I.e., +3v to +32v as logic '0' and -3v to -32v as logic
'1'.these levels are transmitted by RS232 connector from modem to the Microcontroller.
Here, again MAX232 at Microcontroller converts this RS levels to TTL levels because
Microcontroller receives only TTL levels (0v, 5v) through RXD & TXD pins.

OUTPUT SECTION
Here, 16*2 LCD is used to display the required message that we want to show as output
and also buzzer is used to indicate that message is displayed.

PROJECT OVER VIEW

10.3 CIRCUIT DIAGRM

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EMBEDDED SYSTEMS
VC C
2

AC230V

1N 4001

TR AN SF O R M ER

2 2 0 0 u F /2 5 V

1N 4001

V IN

VO U T

C 1

3
C 2

7805

4 7 0 u F /1 6 V
1 0 3 S IP

1
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1

2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

VC C

VC C

VC C

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

R ?
8 .2 K

9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17

VC C

+
1 0 /1 6

/R XD
/TXD
/IN T0
/IN T1
/T0
/T1
/W R
/R D

T1 IN
R 1O U T

R 1 IN
T1O U T

1
1
2
2
+
-

+
+
-

9
10

20

G N D

13
14

/A
/A
/A
/A
/A
/A
/A
/A

D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D

1
0
2
3
4
5
6
7

P
P
P
P
P
P

2
2
2
2
2
2
P
P

.7 /A 1
.6 /A 1
.5 /A 1
.4 /A 1
.3 /A 1
.2 /A 1
2 .1 /A
2 .0 /A

5
4
3
2
1
0
9
8

3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3

9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2

31
30
29
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2

VC C

8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1

C ?
33pf

12 V

Q 20
BC 547

A T 8 9 C 5 2 /F P

Y ?
1 1 .0 5 9 2

LC D

+
Buz
-

9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2

R 2O U T
T 2 IN

0 .1
0 .0
0 .2
0 .3
0 .4
0 .5
0 .6
0 .7

E A /V P P
A L E /P R O G
PSEN

XTAL2

T2O U T
R 2 IN

C
C
C
C
V
V

ST
3 .0
3 .1
3 .2
3 .3
3 .4
3 .5
3 .6
3 .7

P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P

40

A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A

1R N ?
1 0 3 S IP

C ?
33pf

15

1 0 /1 6

1
3
4
5
2
6

VC C

19

R S 2 3 2 C o n n e c to r

VC C

11
12

R
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P

G N D

7
8

1 .0
1 .1
1 .2
1 .3
1 .4
1 .5
1 .6
1 .7

16

M A X232
1A
2A
3A

P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P

18

C ?
1 0 /1 6

XT AL1

U ?

16 X 2 LCD

G N D

T1

1 0 /1 6

1 0 /1 6
+

Fig.10.3 Circuit Diagram

The above circuit diagram consists of the following sections

Power supply
Microcontroller 8052
MAX232 IC
16*2 LCD
Buzzer

11.4 ADVANTAGES AND APPLICATIONS


ADVANTAGES
Small in size.
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EMBEDDED SYSTEMS

Easy to operate from a remote place.


Cost of manufacture is very less.
Flexibility of using in various applications.

APPLICATIONS
After some small modifications made, the same kit can find many applications.
Automation in industries ,house hold appliances etc
Also used in a remote areas where the facility of Cell network is provided.

CHAPTER 12
CONCLUSION
Many embedded systems have requirements that differ significantly both in details and in
scope from desktop computers. In particular, the demands of the specific application and the
interface with external equipment may dominate the system design. Also, long life-cycles and in
some cases extreme cost sensitivity require more attention to optimization based on these goals
rather than maximizing the computational throughput.
The business and cultural climates in many embedded system design situations are such
that traditional simulation-based computer design techniques may not be viable in their current
form. Such methodologies may not be cost-effective given constraints on categories of
expenditures, may not be seen as worthwhile by non-computer-trained professionals, or may
simply be solving the wrong problems.
Recent interest in hardware/software code sign is a step in the right direction, as it
permits tradeoffs between hardware and software that are critical for more cost-effective
embedded systems. However, to be successful future tools may well need to increase scope even
further to include life-cycle issues and business issues.

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