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CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
An Embedded system is a combination of computer hardware and software. As with any
electronic system, this system requires a hardware platform and that is built with a
microprocessor or microcontroller. The Embedded system hardware includes elements like user
interface, Input/output interfaces, display and memory, etc. Generally, an embedded system
comprises power supply, processor, memory, timers, serial communication ports and system
application specific circuits.
EMBEDDED SYSTEMS
CHAPTER 2
TYPES OF EMBEDDED SYSTEMS
Embedded systems can be classified into different types based on performance,
functional requirements and performance of the microcontroller.
Embedded systems are classified into four categories based on their performance and
functional requirements:
Embedded Systems are classified into three types based on the performance of
the microcontroller such as
EMBEDDED SYSTEMS
EMBEDDED SYSTEMS
These types of embedded systems are designed with a single 8 or 16bit microcontroller that may even be activated by a battery. For developing embedded
software for small scale embedded systems, the main programming tools are an editor,
assembler, cross assembler and integrated development environment (IDE).
Fig.2.5
Small scale embedded
systems
2.6 MEDIUM SCALE
EMBEDDED
SYSTEMS
EMBEDDED SYSTEMS
CHAPTER 3
COMPONENTS OF EMBEDDED SYSTEM
3.1HARDWARE
Processor, Timers, Interrupt controller, I/O Devices, Memories, Ports, etc.
3.2APPLICATION SOFTWARE
This may perform concurrently the series of tasks or multiple tasks.
3.4 PROCESSOR
A Processor is the heart of the Embedded System.
For an embedded system designer knowledge of microprocessor and microcontroller is a must.
Two Essential Units Operations
Control Unit (CU)
Execution Unit (EU)
Fetch
Execute
EMBEDDED SYSTEMS
3.5 MICROPROCESSOR
A microprocessor is a single chip semi conductor device also which is a computer on chip, but
not a complete computer.
Its CPU contains an ALU, a program counter, a stack pointer, some working register, a clock
timing circuit and interrupt circuit on a single chip.
To make complete micro computer, one must add memory usually ROM and RAM, memory
decoder, an oscillator and a number of serial and parallel ports.
CHAPTER 4
MICROCONTROLLER
A microcontroller is a functional computer system-on-a-chip. It contains a
Processor, memory, and programmable input/output peripherals.
Microcontrollers include an integrated CPU, memory (a small amount of RAM,
Program memory, or both) and peripherals capable of input and output.
EMBEDDED SYSTEMS
INTEL
8031, 8032, 8051,8052,8751,8752
PIC
8-bit PIC16, PIC18,16-bit DSPIC33 / PIC24,PIC16C7x
Motorola
MC68HC11
MICROPROCESSOR
MICROCONTROLLER
EMBEDDED SYSTEMS
EMBEDDED SYSTEMS
EMBEDDED SYSTEMS
CHAPTER 10
Application of Embedded system
GSM BASED NOTICE BOARD
Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM) is a set of ETSI standards
specifying the infrastructure for a digital cellular service. The standard is used in approx. 85
countries in the world including such locations as Europe, Japan and Australia1.
EMBEDDED SYSTEMS
When the HLR receives the Routing Information Request, it maps the MSISDN to the IMSI, and
ascertains the subscribers' profile including the current VLR at which the subscriber is registered.
The HLR then queries the VLR for a Mobile Station Roaming Number (MSRN). The MSRN is
essentially an ISDN telephone number at which the mobile subscriber can currently be reached.
The MSRN is a temporary number that is valid only for the duration of a single call.
The HLR generates a response message, which includes the MSRN, and sends it back
across the SS7 network to the MSC. Finally, the MSC attempts to complete the call using the
MSRN provided
GSM (Global System for Mobile communication) is a digital mobile telephone system that is
widely used in many parts of the world. GSM uses a variation of Time Division Multiple Access
(TDMA) and is the most widely used of the three digital wireless telephone technologies
(TDMA, GSM, and CDMA). GSM digitizes and compresses data, then sends it down a channel
with two other streams of user data, each in its own time slot. GSM operates in the 900MHz,
1800MHz, or 1900 MHz frequency bands.
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EMBEDDED SYSTEMS
GSM has been the backbone of the phenomenal success in mobile telecoms over the last decade.
Now, at the dawn of the era of true broadband services, GSM continues to evolve to meet new
demands. One of GSM's great strengths is its international roaming capability, giving consumers
a seamless service. This has been a vital driver in growth, with around 300 million. In the
Americas, today's 7 million subscribers are set to grow rapidly, with market potential of 500
million in population, due to the introduction of GSM 800, which allows operators using the 800
MHz band to have access to GSM technology too.
GSM together with other technologies is part of an evolution of wireless mobile
telecommunication that includes High-Speed Circuit-Switched Data (HCSD), General Packet
Radio System (GPRS), Enhanced Data GSM Environment (EDGE), and Universal Mobile
Telecommunications Service
(UMTS).
The mobile communications has become one of the driving forces of the digital revolution.
Every day, millions of people are making phone calls by pressing a few buttons. Little is known
about how one person's voice reaches the other person's phone that is thousands of miles away.
Even less is known about the security measures and protection behind the system. The
complexity of the cell phone is increasing as people begin sending text messages and digital
pictures to their friends and family. The cell phone is slowly turning into a handheld computer.
All the features and advancements in cell phone technology require a backbone to support it. The
system has to provide security and the capability for growth to accommodate future
enhancements. General System for Mobile Communications, GSM, is one of the many solutions
out there. GSM has been dubbed the "Wireless Revolution" and it doesn't take much to realize
why GSM provides a secure and confidential method of communication
Digital containers offer an alternative way of securely delivering content to consumers. They can
offer many advantages, particularly for content delivery over mobile phone networks:
Scalability
Micro transactions/Micropayments compatibility
Content channel neutrality (heterogeneous networks, uncast/multicast/broadcast etc)
Possibility of DRM .
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EMBEDDED SYSTEMS
Transmitter section
Receiver section
Output section
TRANSMITTER SECTION
In this section cell phone is used as transmitter. It transmits the message that we
type in the phone to SIM that we place in the GSM module in the receiving section.
RECEIVER SECTION
This section consists of GSM modem &Microcontroller. Modem contains the helical
antenna, it receives the transmitted signal from the transmitter section(Phone). It contains the
SIM bare placement to place the SIM .It contains RM processor which generates the required
signals to the modem. In this MAX232 is integrated on the modem.
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EMBEDDED SYSTEMS
Here, MAX232 converts the TTL levels (0v, 5v) into RS levels (+32v,-32v).The
necessary conversion of TTL to RS levels, while transmitting the TTL levels there should be loss
of data. So we convert the TTL to RS levels by using MAX232.RS levels indicates 0v as a
positive series and 5v as a negative series I.e., +3v to +32v as logic '0' and -3v to -32v as logic
'1'.these levels are transmitted by RS232 connector from modem to the Microcontroller.
Here, again MAX232 at Microcontroller converts this RS levels to TTL levels because
Microcontroller receives only TTL levels (0v, 5v) through RXD & TXD pins.
OUTPUT SECTION
Here, 16*2 LCD is used to display the required message that we want to show as output
and also buzzer is used to indicate that message is displayed.
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EMBEDDED SYSTEMS
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Microcontroller 8052
MAX232 IC
16*2 LCD
Buzzer
EMBEDDED SYSTEMS
APPLICATIONS
After some small modifications made, the same kit can find many applications.
Automation in industries ,house hold appliances etc
Also used in a remote areas where the facility of Cell network is provided.
CHAPTER 12
CONCLUSION
Many embedded systems have requirements that differ significantly both in details and in
scope from desktop computers. In particular, the demands of the specific application and the
interface with external equipment may dominate the system design. Also, long life-cycles and in
some cases extreme cost sensitivity require more attention to optimization based on these goals
rather than maximizing the computational throughput.
The business and cultural climates in many embedded system design situations are such
that traditional simulation-based computer design techniques may not be viable in their current
form. Such methodologies may not be cost-effective given constraints on categories of
expenditures, may not be seen as worthwhile by non-computer-trained professionals, or may
simply be solving the wrong problems.
Recent interest in hardware/software code sign is a step in the right direction, as it
permits tradeoffs between hardware and software that are critical for more cost-effective
embedded systems. However, to be successful future tools may well need to increase scope even
further to include life-cycle issues and business issues.
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