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INTRODUCTION
1.1 General introduction
The Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences of Bahria University , Islamabad
was organized four days field trip from 18th December to 22th December 2015 to Sargodah
and Chinote. The aim was to study and observe the structure of rocks and to carry out
understanding of the geology of area..
1.2 Introduction to Area
The study area comprises of Precambrian igneous and meta-sedimentary rocks of the
Indian shield. The Indian shield rocks form outcrops as low-lying barren scattered hills, isolated
by the intervening alluvial Punjab plain. They are: Kirana, Chiniot, Sangla hill and Shah kot. The
Kirana hills extend extends for approximately 100 km east to west and the western most hill is
only 70 km south of the salt range. The foremost rocks are grey-green hardened shale, slates,
reddish quartzite, thin diabase bands and layers of rhyolite and rhyolitic tuffs. The western hills
show NW-SE strike and are dominated by quartzites whereas the eastern hills have NE-SW
strike and show more argillaceous rocks. The Kirana volcanics constitute the oldest leftovers of
broad volcanoplutonic suites which mark important tectono-magmatic events in the late
proterozoic period in Pakistan. The volcanic suites belong to tholeiitic basalt-andesite-rhyolite
magma association. The volcanics are interbedded with intercalations of volcanogenic sediments
and tuffs. The overlying meta-sedimentary units are Tuguwali, phyllites and Asianwla quartzites
respectively.
city
is
administration
headquarter
of Chiniot
District,
in
the
state
of Punjab, Pakistan.City is located at the bank of river Chenab with the heads of small rocky
hills, it is known for its wooden furniture architecture which has a great attraction in all over the
world.The coordinates of chiniot city are 314312N 725844E. Chiniot is located 55km from
Sargodha and is easily accessible.
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o Observe the formation members, outcrops, and lithology and make cross-sections.
o Measure the dip strike and draw the sketches of the deformational structures
o Take samples and cross match to observe similarities and differences.
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CHAPTER 2
2 GENERAL GEOLOGY & STRATIGRAPHY
2.1 Topography of Kirana Hills
The Kirana Hills is a small mountain range in Pakistan's Punjab province. It spans
approximately 40 miles across the districts of Sargodha and Jhang. The highest peak in the
Kirana Hills is Koh-e-Kirana, which is about 980 feet high. The region is also known as "Black
Mountains" by locals because of the dark brown colors of the range.
2.2 Structural Zones of Kirana Group
It may be noted that the Jacobabad-Khairpur upward divides the Indus platform in two
segments. The lower segment is comprised of the Lower Indus trough. The upper segment, in
Punjab, is traverse by Sargodha-Shahpur ridge, splitting it in to northern Panjab (KhushabGujranwala) monocline and southern Panjab (Mianwali-Bahawalpur) monocline and Cholistan
shelf.
Precambrian basement rocks (Kirana Group) crop out in the form of small monadnocks in the
Sargodha-Shahkot region. These are the exposed summits of the buried Sargodha-Shahkot ridge
(as shown in Figure 1.3) and are largely composed of metasediments (phyllites, quartzites) and
metavolcanics. Some of these rocks have given an isochron age of 870
Crawford 1971).
40 Ma (Davies and
Group
Formation
Description
Sharaban formation
Machh Super
Group
Hadda formation
Calcareous quartzite
Asianwala Formation
Tuguwali Formation
Chak 112
Conglomerates
Volcanogenic slates
Hachi volcanics
2.3.1Hachi Group
Named after the type Locality at Hachi Hill lies between latitude 31 54' 09" N and
longitude 72 41' 59" E, north of Sikhanwali railway station, this formation consists of quartzite,
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slates, phyllites, tuffs and lava flows. At the type locality it is 404 m thick. The quartzite in the
formation are light to medium grey, medium grained and comprise rounded to sub-rounded
quartz grains with clay minerals .The tuffs are light grey, interlayered with lavas and metasediments. The lavas are largely rhyoloitic to dacitic with minor andesite and no pillow
structures.
2.3.2 Tuguwali Formation
This formation is named after the Tuguwali Village which lies between the latitude 31 56N
and longitude 72 42'E and the type section is south of Kirana Hill, located at the coordinates 31
58' 3''N and 72 42' 0''E .This formation is entirely composed of sedimentary rocks with phyllites
and slates dominating its upper part, slates in its middle part and cross bedded quartzite, phyllites
and slates in its lower part .The formation is about 1189 m thick. The lower contact of this
formation with the underlying Hachi formation is obscure. Its upper contact with the Asianwala
formation is gradational.
Hachi Group
Named after the type Locality at Hachi Hill lies between latitude 31 54' 09" N and
longitude 72 41' 59" E, north of Sikhanwali railway station, this formation consists of quartzite,
slates, phyllites, tuffs and lava flows. At the type locality it is 404 m thick. The quartzite in the
formation are light to medium grey, medium grained and comprise rounded to sub-rounded
quartz grains with clay minerals .The tuffs are light grey, interlayered with lavas and metasediments. The lavas are largely rhyoloitic to dacitic with minor andesite and no pillow
structures.
2.3.2 Tuguwali Formation
This formation is named after the Tuguwali Village which lies between the latitude 31 56N
and longitude 72 42'E and the type section is south of Kirana Hill, located at the coordinates 31
58' 3''N and 72 42' 0''E .This formation is entirely composed of sedimentary rocks with phyllites
and slates dominating its upper part, slates in its middle part and cross bedded quartzite, phyllites
and slates in its lower part .The formation is about 1189 m thick. The lower contact of this
formation with the underlying Hachi formation is obscure. Its upper contact with the Asianwala
formation is gradational
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11
CHAPTER 3
TECTONIC SETTINGS
3.1 Tectonics of the area
The Kirana Hills in Pakistan are exposed in the Punjab plains and represent remnants of the
Precambrian igneous activity within the Kirana-Malani basin of NE Gondwana. They are mainly
comprised of mafic and felsic rocks which belong to tholeiiticbasalt-rhyolite magma association
with meta-sediments. Mafic rocks are mainly comprised of theoleiitic basalts, basaltic andesites
and felsic rocks are rhyolites and minor dacites Rhyolites and dacites.
The Rhyolite volcanism occurred during the separation of Radinia supercontinent as a result
of tectonic events with KiranaMalanibasin.TheKirana Hills volcanic is Neoproterozoic in age,
representing the isolated outcrops of volcanic and sedimentary rocks scattered in the Punjab
plain areas from Chiniot to Sargodha. The volcanics are the remnants of the widespread
Precambrian igneous activity within the Kirana-Malani basin of NE Gondwana. The Kirana Hills
are very important economic sources of aggregates in the Punjab province indicates that a variety
of rocks are exposed in the area that includes volcanics and meta-sedimentary rock groups.
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CHAPTER 4
FIELD OBSERVATIONS
This section contains all the observations that were conducted on the field. The
observations are mentioned in a sequence with which field was conducted.
4.1 DAY FIRST
On 18th December 2015 we arrived at our first stop, we strolled further to our destination
where our teacher let us know about the zone which was Killa Pahari. The reason for day1 was to
get acquainted with the volcanic rocks and to have the capacity to distinguish them.
4.1.2 Station 1
Area: Chak 100 Pindi Rasool
Latitude: 31O 58 24.1 N
Longitude: 72O 38 12.76 E
4.1.3 Stop 1
On stop one we had observed the covered sediments of igneous and metamorphic rocks.
We had observed a sheared dolerite dike that was intruded in quartzite. Dolerite had an ophitic
texture that was formed when plagioclase feldspar intruded in the pyroxene and if there was a
partial intrusion than it would have subophitic texture. Dolerite had mafic minerals in greater
amount and it is a hypabyssal rock, grey in color when fresh, having medium size grains, it also
contains plagioclase as phenocryst. Texture was aphenitic, conjugate joints was also observed. .
Quartz veins were present in dolerite. Dolerite and basalt were separated by a contact. Bearing of
dolerite was NS and it was found to be younger on the basis of cross cutting relationship.The
apparent length of dike was 205 feet and width was 9.5 feet.
Strike : N10OE
Dip: 80ONW
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14
Quartzite was present in that area that is meta sedimentary rock and had been formed by the
partial metamorphism of sandstone. Presence of quartzite was confirmed with the help of the
presence of chert in it. Quartzite also had sand size particles in it. Banded quartzite and schist
pebbles in lense form.
4.1.4 Stop 2
At second stop same doloritic dyke was available yet after erosion. There were faults and
folds that were visible on the outcrop. Convolution banding and joints were also present in
it.Sequence of synclines and anticlines was also visible there. Dragging effect was observed on
the anticline. This zone was deformed zone normally in these area normal faulting was common
but due to dragging effects thrust faulting was common due to inverse tectonics The outcrop
showed inversed tectonics. Quartzite is now intruded by Rhyolite. On stop two we observed
rhyolite having glassy texture, fresh color grey and weathered rusted color, joints were also
present from which gases were expelled, Anastamosal structure were present form during stress.
In between the fold breccias was present which was because of shearing.Dendrite like texture of
manganese was visible in rhyolite.Feldspar as phenocryst of pinkish color were also visible in
rhyolite.
Strike: N 65 W
Dip : 60 SW
15
16
17
18
4.1.7 Stop 2
On stop two we observed shattered rocks which consist of copper and chalcopyrite,
conjugate bandings were also present .There is an alteration between sand stone, siltstone
and clay or mudstone, called turbidities. It is also called Bouma sequence. Bedding is also
present there. Iron in red color is present there which is due to metamorphism or heat.
Station 1
O
Latitude: 31 54 37.7 N
O
Longitude: 72 41 35.88 E
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4.1.8 Stop 3
4.1.9 Station 1
Latitude : N31o567
Longitude : E72o474
Strike: N80E
Dip direction : 80SE
Here we observed asianwala formation. Lithology is quartzite, turbidites were also
present, here we observed intraformational conglomerates, ripple marks, convolute
laminations were also present. This zone was highly sheared. Sedimentary dike was also
present having width 7 inches and length 13 feet. At this station we also also viewed
contact between Hadda and Sharabban formation.
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Station 1
Area Chak 110 O Sharaban Village
Latitude: 31O 56 26.3 N
Longitude: 72O 46 38.11 E
4.1.10 Stop 2
Here we observed intraformational conglomeratic body at the location Chak 102 .The area
belongs to Sharaban Group which consists of 2 units.
1
2
Hadda quartzite
Sharaban formation
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4.1.11Stop 3
We had observed convolution banding i.e. sedimentary structure and was present
due to physical weathering or due to water action.The convolution banding was discovered
by Dr.Tahseenullah Khan two years ago but the native thought that Allah and Muhammad
(PBUH) is written on rocks.
4.1.12 Station 4
Longitude: 72o4651
Latitude: 31o5622
4.1.13 Stop 4
On this stop we observed illusions, ripple marks , high grade metamorphism was also observed.
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4.1.14 Stop 5
Here we observed basalts. Due to metamorphism of sandstone, quartzite was formed and
quartzite present in the area was dark grey in color and had calcite in it that was greenish white
in color. This calcite was confirmed by performing the acid test. We had observed some well
developed shiny crystals present in calcite called dog tooth spar, these were the ore minerals.
In quartzite, gemstone jasper was present which is red variety of quartz and cannot be
scratched with hammer. Jasper is sometimes called chert and is cryptocrystalline silica. Metallic
minerals were also present and had shine in them.quartz vein was also present it and ore
mineralization occurred due to hydrothermal fluid. Crumpled material present due to shearing.
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4.1.15 Stop 6 :
We had reached a place where adit was present. Hematite was present at the top of adit having a
brown streak and black color. Rhyolite intruded into quartzite, rhyolite provided the heat source
to hematite mineralization, and therefore hematite is found in fractures and joints. When
quartzite was scratched, calcite was visibly present beneath it. At the right side of adit, schist and
rhyolite were present and quartzite was present on the left side of adit.
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4.1.16Station 7
Latitude : 31o5610N
Longitude : 72o4619E
4.1.17 Stop 7
On this stop we observed textural variations white lenses were present which contain
feldspar and quartz, it has gneissic texture, quartz form after crystallization and has augen shape
due to shearing , igneous texture are phenocryst and porphyroblast, it also comprises veins of
metallic minerals and has anastamos shearing structure
25
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4.2.3 Stop 2
There we observed we rhyolite, fresh color light green to grey and weathered brown to rusty ,
this zone was highly sheared zone
4.2.4 Stop 3
There we observed basaltic rocks, fresh color was dark green and weathered color dark grey
Strike : N30W
Dip direction N30E
Dip angle: 30
4.2.5 Stop 4
The specimen was made out of quartzite as particles were obvious. Concoidal faults were
additionally introduce.
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4.2.6 Stop 5
The specimen was made out of rhyolite. The calcite or quartz veins were likewise exhibit. The
magnetite were additionally introduce inside calcite veins. Pyrite was likewise sedimented.
Strike : N20W
Dip direction : NE
Dip angle : 25
4.2.7 Station 2
After offering Friday prayer we moved toward new station of hachi volcanic group
4.2.8 Stop 1
When moving forward the very large dike was seen of micro granite (coarse grained) which is
inturded in the basaltic rock. Micro granite have main composition of alki fledpar. Biotite may
also found in this dike,zenolith were present in the dike which is the indication that dike is
younger than the basalt That dike was younger than the parent rock they was also pinchout is
shown in figure, the length of the dike is almost 935 feet and width is 7 meter
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Figure 18 shows Xenoliths intrude from parent rock to micro granite dike
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4.2.10 Stop : 2
Here we observe rhyolite present between basalt, fresh color greenish tolight grey, weathered
color light brown
4.2.11Stop : 3
We observed sheared rocks, lithology was dolorite having igneous texture. Also observed meta
volcanic rocks having apegenitic texture.
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economical minerals like iron,copper, and gold .Rhyolite has sugary texture and has phenocryst.
31
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CONCLUSION
Field excursion concludes that area has pre Cambrian age rocks composed of metasedimentary and igneous rocks. Meta-sedimentary rocks are quartzite, slates and phyllites while
basalt, rhyolite and dolerites represent igneous origin. Area is extensively sheared, magmatic
intrusions can be observed by presence of dykes, fractures and joints while hematite, calcite and
quartz veins represent the hydrothermal mineralization. Academically area is pretty good for
understanding hard rocks, hydrothermal activities and paleo-environments and economically area
has potential of metallic minerals and building materials.
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REFERENCES
Ahmad, S. A., Mateen, A., Khan, Z.K. and Chaudhary, M. N., 2000. Geology and geochemistry
of NeoproterozoicKiranaVolcanics, Sargodha District, Punjab, Pakistan. Geol. Bull. Punjab Univ.
35, pp., 59 71.
Stratigraphy of Pakistan, Ibrahim Shah, 2009.
Alam, G.S (1987). Geology of Kirana Hills, District Sargodha, Punjab, Pakistan.Geol. Bull.
Surv. Pak. Inf. Release 201,36p.
Heron, A.M. (1913), The Kirana and other hills in the Jech and Rechna Doabs. Recs. Geol. Surv.
India 43, pp. 229-236.
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CHAPTER 1....................................................................................................................................1
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................1
1.1 General introduction..............................................................................................................1
1.2 Introduction to Area...............................................................................................................1
1.3 Previous Literature.................................................................................................................2
1.4 Location and Accessibility.....................................................................................................2
1.5 Objectives of the Field Trip...................................................................................................4
1.6 Equipment used:...................................................................................................................4
1.7 Methodology..........................................................................................................................4
CHAPTER 2....................................................................................................................................5
2 GENERAL GEOLOGY & STRATIGRAPHY.............................................................................5
2.1 Topography of Kirana Hills...................................................................................................5
2.2 Structural Zones of Kirana Group.........................................................................................5
2.3Formations Of THE Study Area.............................................................................................6
2.3.1Hachi Group.........................................................................................................................7
2.3.2 Tuguwali Formation............................................................................................................7
2.3.2 Tuguwali Formation............................................................................................................7
2.3.6 Sharaban Formation............................................................................................................9
CHAPTER 3..................................................................................................................................12
TECTONIC SETTINGS................................................................................................................12
3.1 Tectonics of the area............................................................................................................12
CHAPTER 4..................................................................................................................................13
FIELD OBSERVATIONS..............................................................................................................13
4.1 DAY FIRST........................................................................................................................13
4.1.2 Station 1...........................................................................................................................13
4.1.3 Stop 1................................................................................................................................13
4.1.4 Stop 2...............................................................................................................................15
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REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................34
Figure 1 Satellite Image of Sargodah..............................................................................................3
Figure 2 Satellite Image of Chinot...................................................................................................3
Figure 3 Geological resource map of Kirana Area........................................................................11
Figure 4 Dolerite dike intruding into Quarzite..............................................................................14
Figure 5 Quartz veins present in dolorite......................................................................................14
Figure 6 Cross section shows reverse Fault...................................................................................16
Figure 7 Dandiritic texture of manganese in Rhyolite...................................................................16
Figure 8 Sedimentry cover on Quarzite.........................................................................................18
Figure 9 Thrust fault present in Asi awala Formation..................................................................18
Figure 10 shows chalcopyrite inclusion.......................................................................................19
Figure 11 sedimentry Dike in Quarzite..........................................................................................20
Figure 12 shows contact between Sharaban Formation and Hadda Quarzite...............................21
Figure 13 shows convolute Bedding..............................................................................................22
Figure 14 shows Gemstone Jesper in Quarzite..............................................................................23
Figure 15 shows Adit and hematite mineralization in form of vein.............................................24
Figure 16 shows Massive mineralization in Sharaban Formation.................................................25
Figure 17 shows Tuffacious slates,dolerite,rhyolite, basalt......................................................27
Figure 18 shows Xenoliths intrude from parent rock to micro granite dike.................................29
Figure 19 Very sharp contact between Basalt and micro granite...................................................29
Figure 20 shows iron mineralization.............................................................................................32
Y
Table 0.1 shows various Formations of the Study Area..................................................................6
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