Seminar on

Advanced Effluent Treatment Process

Presented By :

Paras R. Bharucha

Guided By : Mr. Vishal Thakre

Importance Of Water

Water is one of the most important resources

primary cause for the origin of life on earth planet.
Life is not possible on this planet without water.
Water is an essential production factor in agriculture, both for crops and for livestock.
Industries that produce metals, wood, paper, chemicals, gasoline, oils, and most other
food products all use water in some part of their production process.

Need of ETP
Water is basic necessity of life used for many purposes one of which is industrial
use.
Industries generally take water from rivers or lakes but they have to pay heavy taxes
for that.
So its necessary for them to recycle that to reduce cost and also conserve it.
Main function of ETP is to clean industry effluent and recycle it for further use.
Many manufacturing industries produce their products with using water. With their
products industries produce wastewater, otherwise known as effluent , which can be
removed with the help of an Effluent Treatment Plant (ETP).
Manufacturers face strict regulations on discharge and waste. Effluent from
industries must meet the National Effluent Discharge Quality Standards (NEDQS)
set by the Government.

Design of ETP

The design and size of the ETP will depending on the quantity and quality of the industries
discharge effluent.
The amount of land available for that plant.
Amount of money available for construction ,operation and maintenance.
The area needed for an ETP depends mostly on the quality of wastewater to be treated, flow
rate, the type of biological treatment to be used and the orientation of different treatment units.
If we reduce the required land area then will require extra pumps and piping, and stronger
tank walls, so construction costs may be higher for tall structures
National Standards for waste water Effluent from industries must meet the national effluent
discharge quality standards set by the Government.
Consequently any ETP must be designed and operated in such a way that it treats the
wastewater to these standards.
The regulations state that these quality standards must be ensured from the moment of going
into trial production for industrial units.
They also state that the Department of Environment can undertake spot checks at any time and
the pollution levels must not exceed these quality standards.
The quality standards may be enforced in a more stringent manner if considered necessary in
view of the environmental conditions of a particular situation.
The waste discharge quality standards differ according to the point of disposal.
Source:

 Flow chart for ETP

Jaidev Singh, M.Sc. Chemistry, M.M.Modi College, Patiala, 2012 - Effluent Treatment Plant: Design, Operation and Analysis of Waste Water.

Treatment Methods & Procedure of Effluent Treatment

Process

In ETP an Effluent can be treated in a number of different ways depending on the

level of treatment required. These levels are known as preliminary, primary,
secondary and tertiary (or advanced).
The mechanisms for treatment can be divided into three broad categories: physical,
chemical and biological, which all include a number of different processes . Many of
these processes will be used together in a single treatment plant.

John Coppen, Bachelor of Engineering (Civil), University of Southern Queensland

Preliminary Treatment level

Common physical unit operations are screening, sedimentation, clarification.

In screening process a screen with openings of uniform size is used to remove
large solids such as plastics, cloth etc.. Maximum 10mm shall be used.
Sedimentation process is a physical water treatment process using gravity to
remove suspended solids from water.
Filtration is a physical operation which is used for separation of solids from fluids.

Primary Treatment Level

Removal of floating and settle-able materials such as suspended solids and

organic matter by physical and chemical methods.
Chemical unit processes:- Chemical unit processes are always used with
physical operations and may also be used with biological treatment processes.
Chemical processes use the addition of chemicals to the wastewater to bring
about changes in its quality. They include pH control, coagulation, chemical
precipitation and oxidation.
pH Control:- It is necessary to adjust the pH in the treatment process to make
the wastewater pH neutral. Various chemicals are used for pH control. For
acidic wastes (low pH) sodium hydroxide, sodium carbonate, calcium
carbonate or calcium hydroxide, may be added among other things. For alkali
wastes (high pH) sulphuric acid or hydrochloric acid may be added.
John Coppen, Bachelor of Engineering (Civil), University of Southern Queensland

 Micro filtration

Filtration by particle size.

Removes e.g. colloidal silica, oil emulsion.
Used for wastewater treatment.
Membrane size 0.1 m - 10 m.
This is a dynamic mechanical filtering process performed by means of
membranes, which allow selective separation, purification and concentration of
organic substances of high molecular weight.
The advantages are the low pressures required to obtain the selective separation
(0.2 - 0.5 bar) and therefore the low quantities of energy needed for the process.

Nano filtration
Used for partial desalination.
Removes e.g. sucrose, egg albumin.
Used for blood osmosis, blood filtration, water purification.
Membrane size 10 - 0.001 m.

Reverse osmosis
A filtration process used for complete desalination.
Used for blood osmosis, blood filtration, water purification.
Membrane size 10 - 0.001 m
John Coppen, Bachelor of Engineering (Civil), University of Southern Queensland

 Ultra filtration
Selectively filters only molecules of a specified size and weight.
Removes e.g. various viruses.
Used for sterilization, clarification, wastewater treatment.
Membrane size 1 - 0.01 m.
This is a dynamic filtering process with a predominance of physical
(mechanical) phenomena in which chemical phenomena are also involved. The
membranes used, polymeric or mineral, allow dissolved salts to pass while they
reject high molecular weights selectively. The selectivity depends on the
membrane structure and is defined as the cut-off of molecular weight, which the
membrane can separate with an efficiency of 90 % .
Commercial membranes applied in ultra filtering can separate substances with a
molecular weight between 1.000 and 10.000. Ultra filtering systems generally
work in a pressure range between 1.5 and 7 bar.
The single pass ultra filtering process is the simplest and most commonly used
process for water treatment because it allows the recovery of high percentages of
permeate (approximately 90 - 95 %).
John Coppen, Bachelor of Engineering (Civil), University of Southern Queensland

 Electro dialysis
This is a process in which electrically charged membranes are used to separate ions from
water solutions by the effect of a difference of electric potential.
The electro dialysis group may contain, depending on the type of application, up to 400
cationic and anionic membranes, which visually are very similar to a filter press.
This process may be convenient for very high concentrations (between 0.5 and 1 gram per
litre).
In the treatment of industrial outflows it is still a little developed technology: its first
applications are in fact in metal finishing for the recovery of metals.
Increasing the pore size of the membrane has a marked effect on the performance of the
membrane and the quality of the filtered effluent, or permeate.
Microfiltration membranes will essentially reject particulate matter, whilst reverse osmosis
membranes are capable of rejecting macromolecular fractions, such as dissolved salts.
The ultrafiltration or microfiltration membranes have pore sizes such that allow water and
most solute species to pass through the membrane whilst other larger species, such as
solids and microorganisms, are retained.
One of the main features of MBR technology is the ability of the
membrane to remove pathogenic organisms, providing disinfection of
the effluent.
This is particularly important when considering reuse options. The
membrane offers a physical barrier John
to Coppen,
the Bachelor
organisms
that is unaffected
of Engineering (Civil), University of Southern Queensland

 Secondary Treatment Level:Biological and chemical processes are involved in this level.

Biological unit process

Biological treatment is an important and integral part of any wastewater treatment
plant that treats wastewater from either municipality or industry having soluble
organic impurities or a mix of the two types of wastewater sources.
The objective of biological treatment of industrial wastewater is to remove, or reduce
the concentration of, organic and inorganic compounds.
Biological treatment plants must be carefully managed as they use live
microorganisms to digest the pollutants.

Aerobic and Anaerobic Processes

Aerobic, as the title suggests, means in the presence of air (oxygen); while
anaerobic means in the absence of air (oxygen).
Aerobic treatment processes take place in the presence of air and utilize those
microorganisms (also called aerobes), which use molecular/free oxygen to convert
them in to carbon dioxide, water and biomass.
The anaerobic treatment processes take place in the absence of air by those
microorganisms which do not require air to assimilate organic impurities.
John Coppen, Bachelor of Engineering (Civil), University of Southern Queensland

 Flow chart for Activated sludge process

Tertiary / Advanced Treatment

Tertiary treatment is the final cleaning process that improves wastewater quality before
it is reused, recycled or discharged to the environment.
The treatment removes remaining inorganic compounds, and substances, such as the
nitrogen and phosphorus.
Bacteria, viruses and parasites, which are harmful to public health, are also removed at
this stage.
Alum is used to help remove additional phosphorus particles and group the remaining
solids together for easy removal in the filters.
The chlorine contact tank disinfects the tertiary treated wastewater.Chlorine removes
microorganisms in treated wastewater including bacteria, viruses and parasites.
Any remaining chlorine is removed by adding sodium bisulphate just before it's
discharged.
John Coppen, Bachelor of Engineering (Civil), University of Southern Queensland

Thank You