AN OVERVIEW OF WOMEN

ENTREPRENEURSHIP

AN OVERVIEW OF WOMEN ENTREPRENEURSHIP

INTRODUCTION
There is no chance for the welfare of the world unless the condition of women is
improved.
Swami Vivekananda
In Hindu scriptures, woman is described as the epithet
of Shakti which means source of power. By the using of the Shakti a woman can
do anything. In the 21st century the business women in the form of women
entrepreneurs are highest rising entrepreneurial populations in the India. In this
present era, the well- read women do not want to bind their lives in the four walls
of the houses. A woman is full of life as she plays many roles in her life. A woman
is a pilot of a family and in turn nation. They can demand for equal respect from
others. However there is a long way for Indian women to achieve equal rights and
position because our Indian Society traditions are deep rooted and our society is
still now male dominated one. In spite of all societal barriers, Indian women try to
achieve their target. They manage to endure in this cut throat competition with
their hard work
Entrepreneurship is necessary to initiate the process of
economic development of both developed and developing countries. It is also
instrumental in sustaining the process of economic development. Every country
tries to achieve economic development for prosperity and better life to people. So,
contribution of both men and women is essential in economic activities for healthy
nation building. But in India, women have to face many constraints in carrying out
economic activities or undertaking any entrepreneurial work. Women have to face
various socio-economic and other problems as entrepreneurs as they are not treated
at par with men due to social and cultural traditions. In recent years, it is observed
that there has been increasing trend in number of women enterprises in India as the
result of changing scenario of the present world. Both men and women are
participating in large number in the present world of business. Today, more and
more women are undertaking various economic activities. They are playing very
important role in socio-economic development of all countries. Because of their
participation, global economy is being changed at present. All over the world, it is
estimated that approximately one third of the business organizations are owned by
women. In India, the position in this regard is near about the same.

Women Entrepreneurship means not only an act of

business ownership, it also boosts the economy for everyone, and the empowered
women can smash scarcity - not only for, but for their families, societies, and
countries too. As per Government of India An enterprise owned and controlled by
a women having a minimum financial interest of 51 per cent of the capital and
giving at least 51 per cent of the employment generated by the enterprise to
women. Women are an emerging economic force. A global shift is underway:
women are reconfiguring strategies, expanding networks, and devising cohesive
agendas and collective action to strengthen their access and impact in securing
social, cultural, economic, and political rights on a global scale. Women-owned
Businesses are one of the fastest growing entrepreneurial populations in the world.
They make significant contributions to innovation, employment and wealth
creation in all economies. Statistics indicate that women entrepreneurs create and
run business across all of the broad industrial sectors of extraction, transformation,
business services and consumer-oriented products. However, women entrepreneurs
make significant contributions to economies in terms of jobs, innovation and gross
national product.
The hypothesis that entrepreneurship is linked to economic
growth finds its most immediate foundation in simple intuition, common sense and
pure economic observation: activities to convert ideas into economic opportunities
lie at the very heart of entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurship is a source of innovation
and change, and as such spurs improvements in productivity and economic
competitiveness. Entrepreneurship is closely associated with knowledge and
flexibility, two factors that have gained new significance as a source of
competitiveness in an increasingly globalized world economy. The shift in industry
structure towards less concentration and more decentralization that OECD
countries experienced between the mid-1970s and the early 1990s is only one
indicator of this development. With technological change and the intensified global
competition brought about by globalization and economic liberalization, the
assumption that fostering entrepreneurship means fostering a country's
competitiveness today appears more valid than ever.

Women entrepreneurship has been recognized as an

important source of economic growth. Women entrepreneurs create new jobs for
themselves and others also provide society with different solution to management,
organizations & business problems. However, they still represent a minority of all
entrepreneurs. Women entrepreneurs often face gender based barriers to starting
and growing their business, like discriminatory property, matrimonial and
3

inheritance laws and or cultural practices; lack of access to formal finance

mechanisms; limited mobility and access to information and networks etc.

Women entrepreneurship can make a particularly strong

contribution to the economic well being of the family and communities, poverty
reduction and women empowerment, thus contributing to the millennium
development goals (MDGs). Thus governments across the world as well as various
developmental organizations are actively undertaking promotion of women
entrepreneurs through various schemes, incentives and promotional measures.
Women entrepreneurs in the 4 southern states and Maharashtra account for over
5% of all women led small scale industrial units in India.
Women Entrepreneurship in India: The myth that
women being economically non-productive; can be challenged through a support
system, which encourages women entrepreneurs. At this critical juncture when the
job market is down these aspiring women entrepreneurs can be encouraged to set
up the enterprises so that, they can absorb people in their workforce. Establishment
of the small-scale enterprises through the initiatives of the women depends upon a
number of factors. In this connection one needs to gain ideas on the existing
women entrepreneurs. The experiences of the existing women entrepreneurs can
facilitate the upcoming women entrepreneurs to overcome the hurdles. There
should be efforts from all sectors to encourage the economic participation of
women. Along with adequate training, institutional and financial support as a
composite package needs to be encouraged. The role of the women needs to be
broadened which is beyond the household responsibility. There are certainly a large
number of unexplored areas where women can be placed as entrepreneurs. In
India, the need is now keenly felt that women should also work outside the home
for getting better living standards for all. It is in this context that, the question of
women entrepreneurs has taken new significance especially when unemployment
has become a matter of great concern for all. Government of India has introduced
the policy measures to promote the status and the level of female entrepreneurs in
the country. There has been increasing turned in number of women owned
enterprises in India, but despite government efforts, substantial growth could not
be achieved. Very few entrepreneurs could approach the government assistance
which is the indication that there is a need to revitalize the whole system. Even
after 65 years on independence women in India are struggling for entrepreneurial
freedom. That is why women as entrepreneurial resource have not been widely
recognized in India. And hence in todays scenario of developing nation like India,
4

the growth of women entrepreneurship is very crucial for not only economic but
also social development of the country. It is very essential to know what the
reasons for women to opt for entrepreneurship and what are the major motivators
for their growth and at the same time what are the various constraints /problems
women are facing in this journey of entrepreneurship.
Women Entrepreneurship In India In The 21 st Century: The
combined effect of increased awareness, better education and a change in societal
mind set the roles that women today play has improved and changed. This is the
century of telecom, IT and Financial institutions. Women expertise in all these
industries is beginning to emerge and women are emerging as a force to reckon
with. Women have come out of their role which was laid back and which related
with their father, brother or husband. With the spread of education and awareness,
women have shifted from the kitchen, handicrafts and traditional cottage industries
to non-traditional higher level of activities. Service sector has opened up vast
opportunities for women entrepreneurship developments. However women
entrepreneurs are subjected to certain limitation that impede their functioning. The
limitation include inter-alia poor self-image of women; discriminating treatment;
faulty socialization; lack of social acceptance; unjust social, economic and cultural
system; susceptible to negative attitude; and low dignity of labour. However,
Government of India has given a broader definition of the term women
entrepreneur. It defined women entrepreneur as an enterprise owned and
controlled by women having a minimum financial interest of 51% of the capital
and giving at least 51% of the employment generated in the enterprise to women.
MEANING AND DEFINITIONS OF ENTREPRENEURSHIP
There is no agreement among authors regarding the definitions of
Entrepreneurship. Different authors tried to define it in different manners. This
doesnt mean however that there are no common elements among authors. Some of
the definitions are given below.
According to Ponstadt (1998)
Entrepreneurship is the dynamic process of creating incremental
wealth. This wealth is created by individuals who assume the major
risks in terms of equity, time and/or career commitments of providing
values for some product or service. The product or service may/may
not be new or unique but value must be infused by the entrepreneur by
securing and allocating the necessary skills and resources (p.9)
5

In addition Hisrich (2005 :)

Entrepreneurship is the process of creating something new with value
by devoting the necessary time and effort, assuming the
accompanying financial, psychic, and social risks, and receiving the
resulting rewards of monetary and personal satisfaction and
independence (p.2)
From the definitions given above, it is possible to conclude that in almost all of the
definitions of entrepreneurship, there is agreement that we are talking about a kind
of behavior that includes: (1) initiative taking, (2) the organizing and reorganizing
of social and economic mechanisms to turn resources and situations to practical
account, (3) the acceptance of risk or failure.
THE BENEFITS OF ENTREPRENEURSHIP
It is abundantly clear that entrepreneurship is important for economic growth,
productivity, innovation and employment, and many countries have made
entrepreneurship explicit policy priority. Entrepreneurial activities have been
recognized as an important element in organizational and economic development,
performance and wealth creation. According to World Bank (2007), Fox (2001)
and Hisrich (2005) entrepreneurship has the following benefits.
Entrepreneurs are their own bosses. They make the decisions. They choose
whom to do business with and what work they will do. They decide what
hours to work, as well as what to pay and whether to take vacations.
Entrepreneurship offers a greater possibility of achieving significant
financial rewards than working for someone else.
It provides the ability to be involved in the total operation of the business,
from concept to design and creation, from sales to business operations and
customer response.
It offers the prestige of being the person in charge.
It gives an individual the opportunity to build equity, which can be kept,
sold, or passed on to the next generation.
Entrepreneurship creates an opportunity for a person to make a contribution.
Most new entrepreneurs help the local economy. A fewthrough their
innovationscontribute to society as a whole.
It is a catalyst for economic change and growth .Entrepreneurship increase
percapita output and income .By doing so it involves initiating and
constituting change in the structure of business and society. As a result
6

entrepreneurship contribute a lot in increasing countries output and

productivity
Entrepreneurship encourages innovation and creativity. It develops new
products or service for the market to fulfill human needs. It also stimulates
investment interest in the new ventures being created.
FACTORS AFFECTING ENTREPRENEURSHIP
Even though entrepreneurship has its own advantages, it is not free of problems.
For this there are a number of factors. Samiti (2006), Tan (2000) classified the
basic factors that affect entrepreneurs in to two broad categories economic and
social. The economic factors include competition in the market; lack of access to
the market, lack of access to raw material, lack of capital or finance, lack of
marketing knowledge; lack of production/ storage space;
Poor infrastructure; inadequate power supply and lack of business training The
social factors include lack of social acceptability; having limited contacts outside
prejudice and class bias; society looks down upon; attitude of other employees; and
relations with the work force Besides this, Gemechis (2007), Hisrich (2005), ILO
(2009) added Social and cultural attitude towards youth entrepreneurship;
entrepreneurship education; administrative and regulatory framework; and business
assistance and support; barriers to access technology are crucial factors that affect
entrepreneurial success
ROLE OF WOMEN ENTREPRENEURS IN THE ECONOMIC
DEVELOPMENT
Economic development of a country is usually determined by the growth of per
capita income. However, other than per capita income, in the essence of modern
economic growth, we also know that, on average, it might be measured with other
fundamental changes that occur. Such changes are, among other things, the way
people live, as they are more likely to move to cities and work in factories, no
longer in farms. That happens as the household industries tend to decline and
replaced by larger enterprises. Other indicators that we might see are the tendency
of the families to reduce the number of children, so the birth rate begins to fall.
Development could be seen also from the point of view of employment progress,
capital, business volume and consumption. In other words, economic development
can be seen in the structural change of the society, and implies more than just
economic growth. Gillis, Perkins, Roemer and Snodgrass (Economics of
Development, 1996) stated that a key element in economic development is that the
people of the country must be major participants in the process that brought about
these changes in structure... Participation in the process of development implies
7

participation of those benefits. If growth only benefits a tiny, wealthy minority,

whether domestic or foreign, it is not development.
ROLE OF WOMENS CONTRIBUTION IN ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
In light of the explanation about economic development, Naisbitt' and Aburdenes
stated that the progress of womens role in several sectors, including business,
could be seen in some phenomenon mentioned hereunder:
In line with the improvement of womens education, women are no longer
the minority in fields that were dominated by men in the past.
The field of information technology creates many opportunities for the
development of womens talents in this specific field.
The increase in the number of women who lead their own business,
especially the ones in small and medium scale enterprises.
Womens leadership is able to gain high loyalty due to the fact that they are
the ones that are able to conduct clean, ethical, transparent and honest
management.
POLICIES FOR DEVELOPMENT OF WOMEN ENTREPRENEURS:
Nagendra Kumar Jha from Patna University stated the following strategies for
development of women entrepreneurs in his research article presented in 9th AIMS
International Conference on Management held on January 1-4, 2012;
Vocational training to be extended to women community that enables them
to understand the production process and production management.
State Finance Corporations and Financing Institutions should permit by
statute to extend purely trade related finance to women entrepreneurs.
The financial institutions should provide more working capital assistance
both for small scale ventures and large scale ventures.
Making provision of micro credit system and enterprise credit system to the
women entrepreneurs at local level.

 Industrial estates could also provide marketing outlets for the display and
sale of products made by women.
A Women Entrepreneurs Guidance Cell may be set up to handle the various
problems of women entrepreneurs all over the state.
More governmental schemes to motivate women entrepreneurs to engage in
small scale and large scale business ventures.
Involvement of Non-governmental Organizations in women entrepreneurial
training programs and counseling is necessary.
Training on professional competence and leadership skill to be extended to
women entrepreneurs.
Adequate training program on management skills to be provided to women
community.
Better educational facilities and schemes should be extended to women folk
from government part.
FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS ASSISTING WOMEN ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN INDIA

The Indian government has introduced several programmes to promote women

entrepreneurship in India. The TREAD programme was operated through Small
Industries Development Bank of India (SIDBI). SIDBI has initiated various
schemes for the growth of women entrepreneurs through Mahila Udyam Nidhi
(MUN), Mahila Vikash for Nidhi (MVN), Micro Credit Scheme (MSC), Women
Entrepreneurial Development Programme (EDP), and Marketing Development
Fund (MDF) for women entrepreneurs. In the context of the opening up of the
economy and the need for up gradation of technology, the Consortium of Women
Entrepreneurs of India (CWEI) is a common platform to help the very women
entrepreneurs in finding innovative techniques of production and marketing and
finance.
For the past several years, financial institutions have been playing a
pivotal role in giving financial assistance and consultancy services to women
entrepreneurs. These institutions include: I) National Small Industries Corporation
(NSIC), ii) All-India Development Banks (AIDBs), viz. IDBI, IFCI, ICICI , IIBI,
IDFC and SIDBI, iii) Specialized Financial Institutions (SFIs), viz. Exam Bank
and NABARD, iv) Investment Institutions, viz. LIC, GIC, NIC, NIA, OIC, UII and
9

UTI, v) Regional/ State-Level Institutions, viz. NEDFI, SIDCs and SFCs, vi)
Commercial Banks, vii) Co-operative Banks, etc.
Prime-Minister Rozgar Yojana (PMRY), National Rural
Employment Programme and (NREP), Rural Landless Employment Guarantee
Programme (RLEGP) are some of the important schemes floated by the
Government which encourage women to enter into work entrepreneurial activities.
With growing awareness about business and due to growth of educational level, in
professional education, industrialization, urbanization and democratic values
awareness, the tradition bound Indian society has undergone a change and women
entrepreneurs have shifted their entrepreneurial activities to engineering,
electronics and energy. They made personal choices, stood up for their convictions
and had the courage and strength to enter into new ventures. As a result of these
efforts, numbers of women entrepreneurs have increased over the years.
ORGANIZATIONS PROMOTING WOMEN ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN INDIA

National Resource Centre for Women (NRCW)

An autonomous body set up under the National Commission for Women Act,
1990 to orient and sensitized policy planners towards womens issues,
facilitating leadership training and creating a national database in the field of
womens development.
Womens India Trust (WIT)
WIT is a charitable organization established in 1968 to develop skills of
women and to earn a regular income by providing training and employment
opportunities to the needy and unskilled women of all communities in and
around Mumbai.
Women Development Corporation (WDC)
WDCs were set up in 1986 to create sustained income generating activities
for women to provide better employment avenues for women so as to make
them economically independent and self- reliant.
Development of Women and Children in Urban Area (DWCUA)
DWCUA was introduced in 1997 to organize the urban poor among women
in socio-economic self-employment activity groups with the dual objective
of providing self-employment opportunities and social strength to them.
Association of Women Entrepreneurs of Karnataka (AWAKE) AWAKE
was constituted by a team of women entrepreneurs in Bangalore with a view
to helping other women in different ways to prepare project report, to
secure finance, to choose and use a product, to deal with
Working Womens Forum (WWF)
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WWF was founded in Chennai for the development of poor working women
to rescue petty traders from the clutches of middlemen and to make them
confident entrepreneurs in their own right. The beneficiaries are fisher
women, lace makers, beedi making women, landless women, labourers and
agarbathi workers.
Association of Women Entrepreneurs of Small Scale Industries
(AWESSI)
It was founded in Ambattur in Chennai in 1984 to promote, protect and
encourage women entrepreneurs and their interests in South India to seek
work and co-operate with the Central and State Government services and
other Government agencies and to promote measures for the furtherance and
protection of small-scale industries.
Womens Occupational Training Directorate
It organizes regular skill training courses at basic, advanced and post
advanced levels. There are 10 Regional Vocational Training Institutes
(RVTIs) in different parts of the country, besides a National Vocational
Training Institute (NVTI) at NOIDA.
Self- Employed Womens Association (SEWA)
SEWA is a trade union registered in 1972. It is an organization of poor selfemployed women workers. SEWAs main goals are to organize women
workers to obtain full employment and self- reliance.
Women Entrepreneurship of Maharashtra (WIMA)
It was set up in 1985 with its head office in Pune to provide a forum for
members and to help them sell their products. It also provides training to its
members. It has established industrial estates in New Mumbai and Hadassah.
Self- Help Group (SHG)
An association of women, constituted mainly for the purpose of uplifting the
women belonging to the Below Poverty Line (BPL) categories to the Above
Poverty Line (APL) category. The major activities of the group are income
generation programs, informal banking, credit, unions, health, nutritional
programs, etc.
The National Resource Centre for Women (NRCW)
An autonomous body set up to orient and sensitized policy planners towards
womens issues, facilitating leadership training and creating a national data base
in the field of womens development.
Women Development Cells (WDC)
In order to streamline gender development in banking and to have focused
attention on coverage of women by banks, NABARD has been supporting
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setting up of Women Development Cells (WDCs) in Regional Rural Banks

and Cooperative Banks
MEASURES TO REMOVE
ENTREPRENEURSHIP

THE

OBSTACLES

OF

WOMEN

The elimination of obstacles for women entrepreneurship requires a major change

in traditional attitudes and mindsets of people in society rather than being limited
to only creation of opportunities for women. Hence, it is imperative to design
programs that will address to attitudinal changes, training, supportive services. The
basic requirement in development of women entrepreneurship is to make aware the
women regarding her existence, her unique identity and her contribution towards
the economic growth and development of country. The basic instinct of
entrepreneurship should be tried to be reaped into the minds of the women from
their childhood. This could be achieved by carefully designing the curriculum that
will impart the basic knowledge along with its practical implication regarding
management (financial, legal etc.) of an enterprise. Adopting a structured skill
training package can pave the way for development of women entrepreneurship.
Such programs can train, motivate and assist the upcoming women
entrepreneurship in achieving their ultimate goals. Various schemes like the World
Bank sponsored programs can be undertaken for such purposes. The course design
should focus on imparting input on profitability, marketability and practical
management lessons. Besides, there should be consideration in helping the women
entrepreneurs in balancing their family life and work life. As a special concern,
computer illiterate women can be trained on Information Technology to take the
advantage of new technology and automation.
The established and successful women entrepreneurs can act as
advisors for the upcoming women entrepreneurs. The initiatives taken from these
well established entrepreneurs for having interaction with such upcoming women
entrepreneurs can be proved to be beneficial in terms of boosting their morale and
confidence. It may result in more active involvement of women entrepreneurs in
their enterprises. Infrastructure set up plays a vital role for any enterprise.
Government can set some priorities for women entrepreneurs for allocation of
industrial plots, sheds and other amenities. However, precautionary measures
should be undertaken to avoid the misuse of such facility by the men in the name
of the women. Even in todays era of modernization the women entrepreneurs
depend on males of their family for marketing activities. This is simply because
they lack the skill and confidence for undertaking such activities. Women
development corporations should come forward to help the women entrepreneurs
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in arranging frequent exhibitions and setting up marketing outlets to provide space

for the display of products or advertisement about services made by women.
HOW TO ENHANCE
ENTREPRENEURS

THE

OPPORTUNITIES

FOR

WOMEN

Removing the barriers, such as discriminatory property and inheritance laws,

cultural practices, lack of access to formal financial institutions, and time
constraints due to family and household responsibilities, will create greater
opportunities for sustainable enterprises run by women. This in turn will contribute
to womens economic empowerment and gender equality as well as helping to
generate sustainable growth and jobs. While removing barriers is essential,
investment is equally vital. Investing in women is one of the most effective means
of increasing equality and promoting inclusive and sustainable economic growth.
Investments in women-specific programs can have significant knock-on effects for
development, since women generally spend more of their income on the health,
education and well-being of their families and communities than men do. While
targeted measures can bridge the gap for women, it is also essential to remove
discriminatory aspects of economic and social policies and programs that may
impede womens full participation in the economy and society.
SUGGESTIONS FOR OVERALL DEVELOPMENT OF WOMEN
ENTREPRENEURSHIP
1) The problem of lack of finance is faced by many women and majority of them
borrow money from their relatives. Government shall play active role in
providing loan to needy women entrepreneurs through nationalized and
cooperative banks. Bank loan procedure shall be less complicated and less time
consuming. All the required documentation should be in regional language. So
that, even, illiterate women will feel that it is appropriate and trusted source of
getting finance.
2) In India, women are still considered to be inferior to men. Women entrepreneurs
play dual role and hence face role conflicts and difficulty in balancing work life.
Reserve attitude of the society needs to be changed. Husband and other family
members should share household activities.
3) For managing stress, enhancing leadership qualities, workforce management etc.
women need to be trained, as many of them are not having any professional /
managerial education. Institutes like MCED and MITCON can identify their
training needs and design Women Oriented training programs.
4) Fundamental changes are needed on school and college education level. At this
level Women entrepreneurship Cells should be establish so as to identified pr the
13

potential in girl child to be an entrepreneur and opportunity should be provided

accordingly.
5) Women entrepreneurs should form Women Entrepreneurs Association where
they can meet at central place, so as to discuss their need, problems, experiences
and achievements.
6) Rather than working individually women can involve in Group
Entrepreneurship or self Help Group so as to overcome many problems.
7) For women entrepreneurship to work as a tool to eradicate poverty at grassroots
level, housewives as potential source of entrepreneurship should be targeted by
government
CONCLUSION
Business ownership has great importance for future economic prosperity. It
provides women with the independence they require and with economic and social
success they need. Worldwide, women are enhancing, directing, and changing the
face of how business is done today. Female business owners must be recognized
for who they are, what they do, and how significantly they impact the worlds
global economy. Empowering women entrepreneurs is essential for achieving the
goals of sustainable development and promoting women-entrepreneurship is
certainly a sure path to rapid economic growth and development. Increased support
should be provided by the Government to help women entrepreneurs in order to
overcome the challenges faced by them. Although the increasing significance of
women entrepreneurs, they are understudied. The result is that we know
comparatively little about women entrepreneurs even though they contribute
positively to gross national product, jobs, innovations and societal welfare globally.
There is an individual and social need to improve womens working conditions
with measures that enable them to reconcile work and family life. When this is
achieved, their activities as women entrepreneurs, in the individual and corporate
dimensions, will lead to more personal success and add greater value to society.
According to the study it has been observed that Women are very good
entrepreneurs, and prefer to choose the same as they can maintain work life
balance. Even though we have many successful Women Entrepreneurs in our
country, but as we have a male dominated culture there are many challenges which
women entrepreneurs face from family & Society.

14

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