Professional Documents
Culture Documents
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POCKET GUIDE TO
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Peter Frith, MD
Repatriation General Hospital, Adelaide
South Australia, Australia
Alvar G. Agusti, MD
Universitat de Barcelona
Barcelona, Spain
David Halpin, MD
Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital
Devon, UK
Jean Bourbeau, MD
McGill University Health Centre
Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Bartolome R. Celli, MD
Brigham and Womens Hospital
Boston, Massachusetts, US
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Rongchang Chen, MD
Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease
Guangzhou, PRC
Masaharu Nishimura, MD
Hokkaido Univ School of Medicine
Sapporo, Japan
Claus Vogelmeier, MD
University of Gieen and Marburg
Marburg, Germany
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Gerard Criner, MD
Temple University School of Medicine
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, US
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Representatives from many countries serve as a network for the dissemination and
implementation of programs for diagnosis, management, and prevention of COPD. The
GOLD Board of Directors is grateful to the many GOLD National Leaders who participated in
discussions of concepts that appear in GOLD reports.
2016 Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease, Inc.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
KEY POINTS
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DIAGNOSIS OF COPD
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%JBHOPTJTPG$01%
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9
9
10
ASSESSMENT OF COPD
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-JNJUBUJPOJO$01%
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THERAPEUTIC OPTIONS
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$01%.FEJDBUJPOT
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MANAGEMENT OF EXACERBATIONS
t 5BCMF*OEJDBUJPOTGPS)PTQJUBM"TTFTTNFOU
or Admission
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INTRODUCTION
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This Pocket Guide has been developed from the (MPCBM 4USBUFHZ GPS UIF
%JBHOPTJT
.BOBHFNFOU
BOE1SFWFOUJPOPG$01% (Updated 2016). Technical
discussions of COPD and COPD management, evidence levels, and specific
citations from the scientific literature are included in that source document.
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KEY POINTS
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t All COPD patients with breathlessness when walking at their own pace
on level ground appear to benefit from rehabilitation and maintenance
of physical activity.
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t COPD often coexists with other diseases (comorbidities) that may have
a significant impact on prognosis.
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WHAT IS CHRONIC
OBSTRUCTIVE
PULMONARY DISEASE (COPD)?
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This definition does not use the terms chronic bronchitis and emphysema*
and excludes asthma (reversible airflow limitation).
Symptoms of COPD include:
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t Chronic cough
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*Chronic bronchitis, defined as the presence of cough and sputum production for at least 3
months in each of 2 consecutive years, is not necessarily associated with airflow limitation.
Emphysema, defined as destruction of the alveoli, is a pathological term that is sometimes
(incorrectly) used clinically and describes only one of several structural abnormalities present
in patients with COPD but can also be found in subjects with normal lung function.
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t Indoor air pollution from biomass fuel used for cooking and heating
in poorly vented dwellings, a risk factor that particularly affects
women in developing countries
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In addition, any factor that affects lung growth during gestation and
childhood (low birth weight, respiratory infections, etc.) has the potential to
increase an individuals risk of developing COPD.
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DIAGNOSIS OF COPD
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Chronic cough:
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COPD
Onset in mid-life.
Symptoms slowly progressive.
History of tobacco smoking or exposure to other types of smoke.
Asthma
Congestive Heart
Failure
Bronchiectasis
Tuberculosis
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Obliterative
Bronchiolitis
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Diagnosis
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CVUBSFOPU
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BQFSTPOXIPIBTOFWFSTNPLFENBZEFWFMPQ$01%
FTQFDJBMMZJOUIFEFWFMPQJOHXPSMEXIFSFPUIFSSJTLGBDUPSTNBZCFNPSFJNQPSUBOU
than cigarette smoking); asthma may develop in adult and even in elderly patients.
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ASSESSMENT OF COPD
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Symptoms
Degree of airflow limitation (using spirometry)
Risk of exacerbations
Comorbidities
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The goals of COPD assessment are to determine the severity of the disease, its
impact on patients health status, and the risk of future events (exacerbations,
hospital admissions, death) in order to guide therapy. Assess the following
aspects of the disease separately:
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GOLD 2:
Moderate
GOLD 3:
Severe
Very Severe
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GOLD 4:
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GOLD 1:
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t Symptoms:
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t Airflow Limitation:
OR
Less Symptoms
More Symptoms
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t Exacerbations:
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Low Risk: 1 per year and no hospitalization for exacerbation: patient is (A) or (B)
High Risk: 2 per year or 1 with hospitalization: patient is (C) or (D)
(C)
(A)
(B)
CAT < 10
CAT 10
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1 (not leading
to hospital
admission)
Symptoms
mMRC 0-1
mMRC 2
Breathlessness
Patient
Characteristic
Spirometric
Classification
Exacerbations
per year
CAT
mMRC
Low Risk
Less Symptoms
GOLD 1-2
< 10
0-1
Low Risk
More Symptoms
GOLD 1-2
10
High Risk
Less Symptoms
GOLD 3-4
< 10
0-1
High Risk
More Symptoms
GOLD 3-4
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10
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2
or
1 leading
to hospital
admission
(Exacrbation History)
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Risk
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THERAPEUTIC OPTIONS
Smoking cessation has the greatest capacity to influence the natural history of
COPD. Health care providers should encourage all patients who smoke to quit.
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Physical Activity: All COPD patients benefit from regular physical activity and
should repeatedly be encouraged to remain active.
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Inhaled Corticosteroids: In COPD patients with FEV1 < 60% predicted, regular
treatment with inhaled corticosteroids improves symptoms, lung function, and
quality of life, and reduces the frequency of exacerbations. Inhaled corticosteroid
therapy is associated with an increased risk of pneumonia. Withdrawal
from treatment with inhaled corticosteroids may lead to exacerbations in
some patients. Long-term monotherapy with inhaled corticosteroids is not
recommended.
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Methylxanthines. Methylxanthines are less effective and less well tolerated than
inhaled long-acting bronchodilators and are not recommended if those drugs
are available and affordable. There is evidence for a modest bronchodilator
effect and some symptomatic benefit of these medications compared with
placebo in stable COPD. Addition of theophylline to salmeterol produces a
greater increase in FEV1 and relief of breathlessness than salmeterol alone.
Low-dose theophylline reduces exacerbations but does not improve postbronchodilator lung function.
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Vaccines: Influenza vaccines can reduce serious illness and death in COPD
patients. Vaccines containing killed or live, inactivated viruses are recommended,
and should be given once each year. Pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine is
recommended for COPD patients 65 years and older, and has been shown to
reduce community-acquired pneumonia in those under age 65 with FEV1
< 40% predicted.
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Oral
Vials for
Duration of
Injection
Action (hours)
(mg)
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Inhaler
(mcg)
Drug
100-200 (MDI)
45-90 (MDI)
100, 200
(MDI & DPI)
400, 500 (DPI)
1
0.21, 0.42
0.05% (Syrup)
5 mg (Pill),
0.024%(Syrup)
2.5, 5 mg (Pill)
0.01
0.0075
Salbutamol (albuterol)
Terbutaline
Long-acting
Formoterol
Arformoterol
Indacaterol
Olodaterol
Salmeterol
Tulobuterol
4-6
6-8
0.1, 0.5
OR
75-300 (DPI)
5mcg (SMI)
25-50 (MDI & DPI)
Ipratropium bromide
Oxitropium bromide
20, 40 (MDI)
100 (MDI)
0.25-0.5
1.5
Long-acting
322 (DPI)
44 (DPI)
18 (DPI), 5 (SMI)
62.5 (DPI)
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1.25/0.5
6-8
6-8
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Fenoterol/Ipratropium
Salbutamol/Ipratropium
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Methylxanthines
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Variable, up to 24
Variable, up to 24
0.2-0.4
0.20. 0.25, 0.5
Beclomethasone
Budesonide
Fluticasone
200-600 mg (Pill)
100-600 mg (Pill)
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Aminophylline
Theophylline (SR)
Inhaled corticosteroids
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Formoterol/aclidinium
Indacaterol/glycopyrronium
Oledotarol/tiotropium
Vilanterol/umeclidinium
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12
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6-8
7-9
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Aclidinium bromide
Glycopyrronium bromide
Tiotropium
Umeclidinium
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2 mg (transdermal)
Anticholinergics
Short-acting
4-6
4-6
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Fenoterol
Levalbuterol
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Beta2-agonists
Short-acting
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6/100 (MDI)
4.5/160 (MDI)
9/320 (DPI)
Formoterol/mometasone
10/200, 10/400 (MDI)
Salmeterol/Fluticasone
50/100, 250, 500 (DPI)
Vilanterol/Fluticasone furoate
25/100 (DPI)
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Formoterol/budesonide
Systemic corticosteroids
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Prednisone
Methyl-prednisolone
5-60 mg (Pill)
4, 8, 16 mg (Pill)
Phosphodiesterase-4 inhibitors
Roflumilast
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Mucolytic Agents: Patients with viscous sputum may benefit from mucolytics
(e.g. carbocysteine), but overall benefits are very small.
Antitussives: Use is not recommended.
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OTHER TREATMENTS
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t PaO2 at or below 7.3 kPa (55 mmHg) or SaO2 at or below 88%, with
or without hypercapnia confirmed twice over a three-week period; or
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t PaO2 between 7.3 kPa (55 mmHg) and 8.0 kPa (60 mmHg), or SaO2
of 88%, if there is evidence of pulmonary hypertension, peripheral
edema suggesting congestive cardiac failure, or polycythemia
(hematocrit > 55%).
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Palliative Care, End-of-life Care, and Hospice Care: The disease trajectory in
COPD is usually marked by a gradual decline in health status and increasing
symptoms, punctuated by acute exacerbations that are associated with an
increased risk of dying. Progressive respiratory failure, cardiovascular diseases,
malignancies and other diseases are the primary cause of death in patients with
COPD hospitalized for an exacerbation. Thus palliative care, end-of-life care,
and hospice care are important components of the management of patients
with advanced COPD.
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REDUCE SYMPTOMS
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t Relieve symptoms
t Improve exercise tolerance
t Improve health status
and
t Prevent disease progression
t Prevent and treat exacerbations
t Reduce mortality
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These goals should be reached with minimal side effects from treatment,
a particular challenge in COPD patients because they commonly have
comorbidities that also need to be carefully identified and treated.
NON-PHARMACOLOGIC TREATMENT
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Essential
Recommended
Depending on
Local Guidelines
Smoking
cessation
(can include
pharmacologic
treatment)
Physical activity
Flu vaccination
Pneumococcal
vaccination
Smoking
cessation
(can include
pharmacologic
treatment)
Pulmonary
rehabilitation
Physical activity
Flu vaccination
Pneumococcal
vaccination
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Patient Group
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B, C, D
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PHARMACOLOGIC TREATMENT
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Bronchodilators Recommendations:
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Glossary:
4"TIPSUBDUJOH
-"MPOHBDUJOH
*$4JOIBMFEDPSUJDPTUFSPJE
1%&QIPTQIPEJFTUFSBTF
QSOXIFOOFDFTTBSZ
**Medications in this
column can be used alone
PSJODPNCJOBUJPOXJUI
other options in the First
and Alternative Choice
columns
SA anticholinergic prn
or
SA beta2-agonist prn
RECOMMENDED
FIRST CHOICE
ICS + LA beta2-agonist
and/or
LA anticholinergic
ICS + LA beta2-agonist
or
LA anticholinergic
LA anticholinergic
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or
LAR
beta -agonist
IA
LDO
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Patient
Group
IG
*Medications in each H
TE
box are mentioned in
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LA anticholinergic and
LA beta2-agonist
or
LA anticholinergic and
PDE-4 Inhibitor
or
LA beta2-agonist and
PDE-4 Inhibitor
LA anticholinergic and
LA beta2-agonist
LA anticholinergic
or
LA beta2-agonist
or
SA beta2-agonist and
SA anticholinergic
ALTERNATIVE CHOICE
Theophylline
SA anticholinergic
OR Carbocysteine
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N-acetylcysteine
PR
SA beta -agonist
and/or O
D
Theophylline
UC
SA beta2-agonist and/or
SA anticholinergic
Theophylline
SA beta2-agonist and/or
SA anticholinergic
Theophylline
OTHER POSSIBLE
TREATMENTS**
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MANAGEMENT OF
EXACERBATIONS
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t Arterial blood gas measurements (in hospital): PaO2 < 8.0 kPa
(60 mmHg) with or without PaCO2 > 6.7 kPa, (50 mmHg) when
breathing room air indicates respiratory failure.
t Chest radiographs are useful in excluding alternative diagnoses.
t An ECG may aid in the diagnosis of coexisting cardiac problems.
Other laboratory tests:
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Treatment Options
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Bronchodilators: Short-acting inhaled beta2-agonists with or without shortacting anticholinergics are the preferred bronchodilators for treatment of an
exacerbation.
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COPD often coexists with other diseases (comorbidities) that may have a
significant impact on prognosis. In general, the presence of comorbidities
should not alter COPD treatment and comorbidities should be treated as if
the patient did not have COPD.
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The presence of metabolic syndrome and manifest diabetes are more frequent
in COPD and the latter is likely to impact on prognosis. Gastroesophageal
reflux (GERD) is a systemic comorbidity that may have an impact on the
lungs.
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APPENDIX I: SPIROMETRY
FOR DIAGNOSIS OF AIRFLOW
LIMITATION IN COPD
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What is Spirometry?
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t The lower the percentage predicted FEV1, the worse the subsequent
prognosis.
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t FEV1 declines over time and usually faster in COPD than in healthy
subjects. Spirometry can be used to monitor disease progression,
but to be reliable the intervals between measurements must be at
least 12 months.
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It is essential to learn how your machine is calibrated and when and how
to clean it.
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t Breathe in fully.
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Exhalation must continue until no more air can be exhaled, must be at least
6 seconds, and can take up to 15 seconds or more.
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Like any test, spirometry results will only be of value if the expirations are
performed satisfactorily and consistently. Both FVC and FEV1 should be the
largest value obtained from any of 3 technically satisfactory curves and the
FVC and FEV1 values in these three curves should vary by no more than
5% or 150 ml, whichever is greater. The FEV1/FVC is calculated using the
maximum FEV1 and FVC from technically acceptable (not necessarily the
same) curves.
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NOTES
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NOTES
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