Energy

For
Canada

Write down three things that YOU do that use

energy
Write down three sources of the energy that
you use

Learning Objectives
Types, sources and usage of energy
Understand the units of energy
Convert between units & make comparisons
Discuss renewable and non renewable
sources of energy
Evaluate the benefits and challenges with
each type of energy source

Three Types of Energy

Nuclear nucleus decays /splits / fuses

using a nuclear reactor to produce heat and steam for

electricity generation
Radioactive decay heats the earths core
Fusion of light nuclei in the sun to produce light

Chemical breaking chemical bonds

burning gasoline to drive a car

Thermo-mechanical
Potential energy e.g. stored behind a hydro dam
Kinetic energy e.g. when water falls or air moves

What Energy does each person use?

Annual per capita usage in USA; Tarbuck 2013

What are the common units of energy?

1 Calorie = the energy to heat 1g of water 1oC
1 Joule = Energy to accelerate 1kg to1m*s-2

What are the common units of energy?

1 Calorie = the energy to heat 1g of water 1oC

Joule = Energy to accelerate 1kg to1m*s-2

Power = Energy /time
1 Watt of electricity = 1 Joule per second
1

Energy =Power*time
1 kilowatt*hour = 3.6*106 joules
1 Barrel of oil =~ 159 litres = 6.12 Gigajoules
Giga = 109

Practical Example -1
Boil 1 litre of Water for Coffee
Temperature start -C
Temperature stop -C
Delta Temperature -C
Mass Water - grams
# of Calories used (mass * Delta T)
1 calorie = X joules
Joules needed to heat water (J)
(4.2*85000)
Electric Kettle
30% effcy
Joules consumed
Conversion
1 kwatt hour (kWh) to joules
kilowatt hours electric
Cost ($0.20 /1 kWh)

15
100
85
1000
85000
4.2

357000

0.3
1190000
3.60E+06
0.33
0.07

Practical Example -1
Boil 1 litre of Water for Coffee
Temperature start -C
Temperature stop -C
Delta Temperature -C
Mass Water - grams
# of Calories used (mass * Delta T)
1 calorie = X joules
Joules needed (J)
Electric Kettle
30% effcy
Joules consumed to heat water, air etc
Conversion
1 kWatt hour (kWh) to joules
kilowatt hours electric
Cost ($0.20 /1 kWh)

15
100
85
1000
85000
4.2
357000

0.3
1190000
3.60E+06
0.33
0.07

What activities consume energy?

How does energy consumption link to prosperity?

What are the sources of Canadas

Energy?

Where do CDN homes use energy?

How does electrical source vary by province?

What is the international picture?

Where are oil and gas found?

Oil Deposits in Ontario & Alberta,

Off shore Newfoundland and Nova Scotia

Why is oil / gas use so widespread?

Source or Storage
Material

Energy type

Energy
(MJ/kg)

Direct uses

Uranium -235

Nuclear Fission

83140000

Electric power plants (nuclear reactors)

Gasoline

Chemical

~46

Automotive engines

Propane

Chemical

46.4

Cooking, home heating, automotive

engines

Fat

Chemical

37

Human/animal nutrition

Coal

Chemical

24

Electric power plants, home heating

Carbohydrates

Chemical

17

Human/animal nutrition

Wood

Chemical

16.2

Heating, outdoor cooking

TNT
Gunpowder

Chemical
Chemical

4.6
3

Explosives

Lithium Battery

Electrochemical

1.8

Portable electronics

Explosives

Practical Examples -2
Gasoline Consumption & Kinetic Energy
Accelerate a Car from 0 to 100 km /hr
Weight -kg
Velocity km/hr
Velocity conversion km/hr to m/s
Joules
joules per kg gas / propane
kg petroleum used
Litres petroleum used

e = 1/2mv^2
2000
100
27.8
771605
4.60E+07
1.68E-02
2.10E-02

Note 1. This ignores friction, combustion efficiency and other losses.

Note 2. If the car breaks from 100 to 0 the same energy is lost to the breaks as heat

What are the alternatives to oil/coal?

Improving efficiency
Unconventional oil and gas
Biomass
Hydroelectric
Tides and Waves
Nuclear
Fusion
hydrogen
Solar
Wind

Where can we improve efficiency?

????

How much can we gain with improved

efficiency?
About
15%
Saving

http://www.nrcan.gc.ca/publications/statistics-facts/1239

What are the alternatives to oil/coal?

Improving efficiency
Unconventional oil and gas
Biomass
Hydroelectric
Tides and Waves
Nuclear
Fusion
hydrogen
Solar
Wind

Unconventional oil from oil sands

Bitumen is a mix of
hydrocarbons from CH4
(methane) to long
chained polymers.
Bitumen is too viscous
to flow unless heated or
decomposed

Unconventional oil and gas-1

Mining and Refining Oil Tar Sands

+ huge reserves in Canada and internationally

+ Known distribution so exploration is easier
+Reduces shipping costs and international
dependence for Canada and USA

Are Oils Sands an important energy source?

Unconventional oil and gas-2

Mining and Refining Oil Tar Sands

+ huge reserves in Canada and internationally

+ Known distribution so exploration is easier
+Reduces shipping costs and international dependence
for Canada and USA
-Large energy demand (>10% of product)
-Requires water /steam (28 m3 of natural gas and from
2.5 to 4 barrels of water per barrel of bitumen)
-Refining is more complex and more expensive
-Large amounts of waste sand & water to manage
-Potential to contaminate land and water
-Carbon pollution

Canada is a net exporter of oil

Unconventional oil and gas-3

Shale Fracking to enhance recovery of gas & oil

+ Large reserves in Canada and USA

+ Reduces shipping costs
+ Reduces international dependence for Canada and
USA
- Requires water /steam, sand and chemicals to open
up the deposit so gas /oil will flow to wells
- Drilling is more expensive and complex
- Refining is more complex and expensive
- Concern that groundwater supplies will be
contaminated.

Shale is making USA self sufficient in

energy

USA is rapidly
developing
sources of shale oil
and gas in the western
states

Biomass alternatives to oil/coal?

+Wood etc. have been used for centuries for heat &
cooking
+Widespread resource trees & agricultural waste
+High efficiency wood stoves and larger units are
affordable and widely available.
-Energy per volume much lower than oil/ gas
-Transporting wood large distances is not economical
-Does not scale to industrial processes
-Particulate emissions need to be scrubbed from to
reduce potential health effects

Hydroelectric alternatives to oil/coal

Ottawa River Hydroelectric Dams

Installation

Type

Generat Year
ing cap. built

Name of
reservoir

Operator

Otto Holden

Run of
river g.s.

243
MW

1952

n/a

Ontario Power
Generation

Des Joachims

Run of
river g.s.

429
MW

1950

Holden
Lake

Ontario Power
Generation

Bryson

Run of
river g.s.

61 MW 1925

n/a

Hydro-Qubec

Chenaux

Run of
river g.s.

144
MW

1950

n/a

Ontario Power
Generation

Chute-des-Chats
(Chats Falls)

Run of
river g.s.

185
MW

1931

Lac des
Chats

Hydro-Qubec
and OPG *

Hull-2

Run of
river g.s.

27 MW 1920

n/a

Hydro-Qubec

Carillon

Run of
river g.s.

752
MW

n/a

Hydro-Qubec

1962

Hydroelectric alternatives to oil/coal

+ Falling water used for centuries
+ Easy to adjust electricity production to changes in
demand increase # turbines or volume of flow
+ Low carbon (methane) emissions some methane is
emitted from flooded land
- Floods large areas and impacts fish/wildlife movement
& habitat
- Most sites close to population centres have already
been dammed and are in use.
- Volume of flow (and power) vary seasonally
- Silt and sediment fill the reservoir behind the dam

The tide & wave alternative

The tide & wave alternative

+ Globally energy source on all coastlines
+ Small scale systems work in dam mode
+ Small scale scientific devices powered by
the waves
-Dams increase sedimentation; damage
habitats
- Hard to collect the widely distributed
energy
- Needs large tides and waves to be efficient
and economically
- Waves vary with wind and tides only flow
twice per day.

The Nuclear Alternative

The Nuclear Alternative

+ Proven technology (France 100% electricity and about
50% in Ontario)
+ No green house gas emissions
+ Fuel is inexpensive and abundant
+ Good for feeding electric grid
+ Small volumes of waste produced vs other
combustibles

- Public links nuclear energy to war & nuclear weapons

- Plutonium and uranium can be used to make weapons
- Costly to construct reactor
- Public concern about nuclear waste storage
- Perception that it is more complex & dangerous

Solar alternatives to oil/coal?

+ Two choices >> Heat and photoelectric options

+ Renewable
+ Widespread
+ Passive heating is simple for small systems
(homes pools hot water)
- Not available 24/7 (Night & clouds)
- Diffuse Need large collection area
- Currently expensive to manufacture solar cells
-Needs better storage and conversion technologies

Solar Energy for Harvest

Insolation depends on
latitude (suns angle, day
length) and cloud cover

Wind alternatives to oil/coal

Wind alternatives to oil/coal?

+ Renewable

+ Widespread
+ Can use existing hydro grid infrastructure
+ Available where other renewables are not
found
e.g. some arctic regions
- Inconsistent supply due to variable wind
speed
- Visual clutter and noise bother some people
- Energy output depends strongly on velocity

- Needs at least 15 to 20 km/hr to be economical

- Not possible at many Canadian sites

Why does wind energy output

depend so strongly on wind velocity?
Parameter
Blades length
Area Swept by Blades
Area Swept by Blades
Density of Air
Wind Speed
Mass of air moved
Mass of air moved

Quantity
60

=
11309
1.2
10
Area*Velocity*density
135713

Units
m
Circle m^2
m^2
kg/m^3
m/s ~30km/hr
kg/s
kg/s

Why does wind energy output depend so

strongly on wind velocity?
Parameter
Blades length
Area Swept by Blades
Area Swept by Blades
Density of Air
Wind Speed
Mass of air moved
Mass of air moved

Wind is kinetic enegy

Wind energy & velocity

Wind energy & velocity

Likely Turbine Efficiency
Power per second
Power in megawatts
Gasoline Equivalent

Quantity
60
=

11309
1.2
10
Area*Velocity*density
135713

1/2*M*V^2
(1/2 *(A*V*D)*V^2)
1/2 * A*D*V^3
6.79E+06
40

2.71E+06
3
0.071

Units
m
Circle
m^2
kg/m^3
m/s ~30km/hr
kg
kg/s

kg*m^2/s
kg*m^2/s
kg*m^2/s
kg*m^2/s
%
kg*m^2/s^2
(Joules)
MW Electric
litres

Potential Wind Energy in Canada

Note the 8 fold range and distribution of high wind

Highest winds are off shore and in Hudson Bay

Wind Power Capacity

Note
Capacity
assumes
maximum Wind
speeds 100%
time
Most systems
operate at <50%
of maximum.

What renewables does Canada use?

How much renewable energy is being used

today?

What Energy sources did we not talk

about?
Fusion still in test phase due to high
temperatures and low efficiency
Others???

Summary
1. Canadians use lots of energy cold climate, big country
and high GDP.
2. Energy units are different for different sources
Electricity in megawatts, oil in barrels etc

3. Oil and gas are the dominant sources of energy

4. Large supplies of unconventional oil & gas in North
America
5. Renewables are growing rapidly
6. Efficiency is key for all energy sources & uses
7. World and Canada will use a mixture of energy sources
8. World needs continuing innovation