Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Spatial Statistics
Coordinate and Data Transformation
Define the Variogram
How to Calculate Variograms
Visual Calibration
Variogram Interpretation
Show Expected Behavior
Work Through Some Examples
Test Your Understanding
Spatial Statistics
Data Transformation
Why do we need to worry about data transformation?
Attributes, such as permeability, with highly skewed data distributions present
problems in variogram calculation; the extreme values have a significant
impact on the variogram.
One common transform is to take logarithms,
y = log10 ( z )
perform all statistical analyses on the transformed data, and back transform at
the end back transform is sensitive
Many geostatistical techniques require the data to be transformed to a
Gaussian or normal distribution.
The Gaussian RF model is unique in statistics for its extreme analytical
simplicity and for being the limit distribution of many analytical theorems
globally known as central limit theorems
The transform to any distribution (and back) is easily accomplished by the quantile transform
Frequency
Frequency
Cumulative Frequency
ector (u)
V
n
o
i
t
a
Loc
Variogram, (h)
h)
r(
cto
Ve
Location
La
Vector (
u + h)
Origin
No correlation
Increasing
Variability
1
[z(u ) z(u + h )]2
N(h ) N ( h )
Variogram Calculation
0.77
0.23
Tail
Tail
0.81
0.19
Head
Head
Spatial Description
The Variogram is a tool that Quantifies Spatial Correlation
Calculating Experimental
Variograms
g
La
To
ler
an
ce
Bandwidth
Lag
Azimuth
g
La
Lag
ce
an
t
s
i
Lag
Lag
Azimuth
tolerance
X axis (East)
Calculating Experimental
Variograms
Example: Starting With One Lag (i.e. #4)
2 ( h) =
1
[ z ( u) z ( u + h)]2
N ( h) N ( h )
...
Calculating Experimental
Variograms
2 ( h) =
1
[ z ( u) z ( u + h)]2
N ( h) N ( h )
...
Calculating Experimental
Variograms
Now Repeat for All Nodes
Variogram, (h)
...
Increasing
Variability
Interpreting Experimental
Variograms
Vertical Variogram
Sill
Nugget Effect
Range
Distance
sill = the variance (1.0 if the data are normal scores)
range = the distance at which the variogram reaches the sill
nugget effect = sum of geological microstructure and measurement error
Any error in the measurement value or the location assigned to the
measurement translates to a higher nugget effect
Sparse data may also lead to a higher than expected nugget effect
Challenges in Variogram
Calculation
Interpreting Experimental
Variograms
Vertical Variogram
Sill
Distance
Trend
Vertical Variogram
Vertical
Sill
0.0
-3.0
Horizontal
Distance
Cyclicity
Vertical Variogram
Sill
3.0
Vertical
0.0
-3.0
Horizontal
Distance
Geometric Anisotropy
Example Geometric Anisotropy Data Set
Vertical Variogram
Sill
3.0
Vertical
0.0
Horizontal Variogram
-3.0
Horizontal
Distance (h)
Zonal Anisotropy
Example Zonal Anisotropy Data Set
Sill
Vertical Variogram
3.0
Vertical
Apparent Sill
Horizontal Variogram
0.0
-3.0
Horizontal
Distance (h)
Horizontal Variograms
A few experimental horizontal variograms:
Horizontal: Layer 01
Horizontal: Layer 13
Distance
Distance
Horizontal: Layer 14
Distance
Horizontal: Sand
Distance
Horizontal: Shale
Distance
Nugget Effect
Spherical
Exponential
Gaussian
Edmonton, Alberta - Canada
Horizontal Variograms
Porosity Variogram
Vertical Variogram
Horizontal Variogram
sill
type
spherical 0.4
spherical 0.6
Range
1.5
15..3
Distance
sill
type
spherical 0.4
spherical 0.6
Range
500.0
4000.0
Distance
Summary