1.

Results
4.1 Antenna Lab Instrument and software Package:

The radiation pattern on Antenna lab was plotted for centre

frequency 1575 MHz.

Figure 1 Radiation Pattern using Antenna Lab

The figure shows the 3d plot of the radiation pattern. It was apparent from
the plot that the radiation pattern was Omni directional and it resembled
the radiation pattern seen in Feko hence confirms that the antenna
showed the desired radiation pattern . The radiation pattern was not
smooth and there was a blind spot .

4.2 Network Analyzer:

Figure 2 Impedance Matching Using Network Analyzer

The impedance at 1575.00MHz was noted to be 27.45+j15.72 (31.632

) .It was evident from the above graph that there was an impedance
mismatch as the antenna was designed for a input impedance 50 .

Figure 3 The Status of GPS receiver on warm start.

VSWR at 1575 MHz was 2.012.Ideally it had to be below 2 but due to

impedance mismatch VSWR got higher than what it was designed for.
It was also evident from the above graphs that the VSWR for the antenna
we designed was 1.631 and at frequency of 1562.00 MHZ. The centre
frequency got shifted by 13.42 MHz from required specification.

4.3 GPS module (Quectel L10)

The testing on this device gave an understanding of the

status and position of the receiver antenna .

Figure 12:The Status of GPS Receiver on cold start

GPS Receiver on warm start

Figure 13:The Status of

The figures 11 and 12 depicts the constellation of the

satellite vehicles with reference to the receiver antenna.

The date and time when the reading was recorded. It also
gives the users latitude and longitude and the speed of
the receiver antenna if its in motion.
The CNR( ratio of the received carrier strength to the
received noise) values of the signal received was also
portrayed in the figure and the satellites with high CNR
values was chosen and locked onto the receiver to get a
durable lock.
The precision of the location could be verified by the
parameters PDOP,HDOP and VDOP.

Date

Tim
e

19/10/
15

14:4
8

19/10/
15
20/10/
15
26/10/
15
26/10/
15
26/10/
15

14:5
7
14:5
9
15:1
9
15:2
5
17:4
1

26/10/
15

17:5
0

Locati
on

Time
(S)

Type of
start

Max
numb
er of
sateli
te

Numb
er of
satelli
te
locked

Numb
er of
satteli
te on
sky

Note
Behind the
CPU cannot
lock in to
anything, on
top of CPU,
good signal
clear sky
Same as
above
Same as
above

BG420

153.2

Cold
Start

14

BG420

76

Warm
Start

10

14

BG420

Hot Start

14

BG420

225

Warm
Start

10

14

Cloudy sky

BG420

4.7

Hot Start

10

14

Cloudy sky

Outdo
or

90

Cold
Start

10

12

Cloudy sky

12

Cloudy
Sky/Driving
Outdoor

Outdo
or

0.9

Hot Start

11

The table tabulates the performance of the antenna on

different days, different weather conditions and different
locations. Antenna was also tested on a moving vehicle.

The blue spot in the figure shows the location given by the GPS
antenna in a mobile and the red spot shows the position shown
given by the GPS receiver antenna that was designed .
From this it was evident that the antenna showed a certain
level of accuracy even after having impedance mismatch, shift
in centre frequency and high VSWR.