FISIKA I

Motion in one and two dimention

Setyawan P. Sakti

Position & Displacement

Dynamics
The branch of physics involving the motion of an
object and the relationship between that motion
and other physics concepts
Kinematics is a part of dynamics
In kinematics, you are interested in the description of
motion
Not concerned with the cause of the motion

Position
A

Position is defined in
terms of a frame of
reference
Frame A: xi>0 and xf>0
Frame B: xi<0 but xf>0
One dimensional, so
generally the x- or y-axis

Units
SI

Meters (m)

CGS

Centimeters (cm)

US Cust Feet (ft)

xi

xf

Displacement
Displacement measures the
change in position
Represented as x (if
horizontal) or y (if vertical)
Vector quantity (i.e. needs
directional information)
+ or - is generally sufficient to
indicate direction for onedimensional motion

Units
SI

Meters (m)

CGS

Centimeters (cm)

US Cust

Feet (ft)

Displacement
Displacement measures the change in position
Represented as x (if horizontal) or y (if vertical)
Vector quantity (i.e. needs directional information)
+ or - is generally sufficient to indicate direction for one-dimensional motion

x1 x f xi
80 m 10 m
70 m

x2 x f xi
20 m 80 m
60 m

Distance or Displacement?
Distance may be, but is not necessarily, the magnitude of
the displacement

xa

xb
Displacement
(red line)

Distance
(blue line)

Speed and Position

Position-time graphs

Note: position-time graph is not necessarily a straight line, even

though the motion is along x-direction

Velocity

Speed
Speed is a scalar quantity (no information about
sign/direction is need)
same units as velocity
Average speed = total distance / total time

Speed is the magnitude of the velocity

The velocity vector

The velocity of an object

tells you both its speed and
its direction of motion.
A velocity can be positive or
negative.
The positive or negative
sign for velocity is based on
the calculation of a change
in position.

Two cars going opposite

directions have the same
speed, but their
velocities are different
one is positive and the
other is negative.

The velocity vector

Velocity is the change in position divided by the
change in time.

Average Velocity
It takes time for an object to undergo a displacement
The average velocity is rate at which the displacement
occurs

x x

x
f
i
vaverage

t
t
Direction will be the same as the direction of the
displacement (t is always positive)

Units of Velocity

Units
SI

Meters per second (m/s)

CGS

Centimeters per second (cm/s)

US Customary

Feet per second (ft/s)

Example:
Suppose that in both cases truck
covers the distance in 10 seconds:

x1 70m
v1 average

t
10 s
7m s

x2 60m
v2 average

t
10 s
6m s

Graphical Interpretation of Average Velocity

Velocity can be determined from a position-time
graph

x 40m
vaverage

t
3 .0 s
13 m s

Average velocity equals the slope of the line joining

the initial and final positions

Instantaneous Velocity
Instantaneous velocity is defined as the limit of the average
velocity as the time interval becomes infinitesimally short,
or as the time interval approaches zero

x
dx
f
i
vinst lim lim

t 0 t
t 0
t
dt

The instantaneous velocity indicates what is happening at

every point of time

Uniform Velocity
Uniform velocity is constant velocity
The instantaneous velocities are always the same
All the instantaneous velocities will also equal the
average velocity

Graphical Interpretation of Instantaneous Velocity

Instantaneous velocity is the slope of the tangent to the curve at
the time of interest

The instantaneous speed is the magnitude of the instantaneous

velocity

Interpreting a distance versus

time graph

This distance versus time graph shows a boat traveling

through a long canal. The boat has to stop at locks for
changes in water level.
1.

How many stops does it

make?

2.

What is the boats average

speed for the whole trip?

3.

What is the highest speed the

boat reaches?

Average vs Instantaneous Velocity

Average velocity

Instantaneous velocity

Average Acceleration
Changing velocity (non-uniform) means an
acceleration is present
Average acceleration is the rate of change of the
velocity

v v

v
aaverage
f i
t
t
Average acceleration is a vector quantity (i.e.
described by both magnitude and direction)

Average Acceleration
When the sign of the velocity and the acceleration
are the same (either positive or negative), then the
speed is increasing
When the sign of the velocity and the acceleration
are opposite, the speed is decreasing

Units
SI

Meters per second squared (m/s2)

CGS

Centimeters per second squared (cm/s2)

US Customary

Feet per second squared (ft/s2)

Instantaneous and Uniform

Acceleration
Instantaneous acceleration is the limit of the average
acceleration as the time interval goes to zero

ainst

v f vi dv
v

lim
lim
t 0 t
t 0
dt
t

When the instantaneous accelerations are always the same,

the acceleration will be uniform
The instantaneous accelerations will all be equal to the
average acceleration

Graphical Interpretation of
Acceleration
Average acceleration is the
slope of the line connecting the
initial and final velocities on a
velocity-time graph

Instantaneous acceleration is the

slope of the tangent to the curve
of the velocity-time graph

Example 1: Motion Diagrams

Uniform velocity (shown by red arrows maintaining the

same size)
Acceleration equals zero

Example 2:

Velocity and acceleration are in the same direction

Acceleration is uniform (blue arrows maintain the same length)
Velocity is increasing (red arrows are getting longer)

Example 3:

Acceleration and velocity are in opposite directions

Acceleration is uniform (blue arrows maintain the same length)
Velocity is decreasing (red arrows are getting shorter)

Animation

One-dimensional Motion With Constant

Acceleration

If acceleration is uniform (i.e.

a a

):

v f vo v f vo
a

t f t0
t

v f vo at

One-dimensional Motion With Constant

Acceleration

Used in situations with uniform acceleration

vo v f
x vaveraget
2

1 2
x vot at
2

v v 2 a x
2
f

2
o

v f vo at

Velocity changes
uniformly!!!

General Motion with Constant

Acceleration

x v0t at
1
2

x x0 v0t at
1
2

vt v0 at

Summary: Motion under constant

acceleration

Free Fall
All objects moving under the influence of only
gravity are said to be in free fall
All objects falling near the earths surface fall with
a constant acceleration
This acceleration is called the acceleration due to
gravity, and indicated by g

Acceleration due to Gravity

Symbolized by g
g = 9.8 m/s (can use g = 10 m/s for estimates)
g is always directed downward
toward the center of the earth

Free Fall -- an Object Dropped

Initial velocity is zero
Frame: let up be positive
Use the kinematic equations
Generally use y instead
of x since vertical

vo= 0
a=g

1 2
y at
2
a 9.8 m s 2

Free Fall -- an Object Thrown

Downward
a=g
With upward being positive,
acceleration will be negative, g =
-9.8 m/s

Initial velocity 0
With upward being positive,
initial velocity will be negative

Free Fall -- object thrown

upward
Initial velocity is upward,
so positive
The instantaneous velocity
at the maximum height is
zero
a = g everywhere in the
motion
g is always downward,
negative

v=0

Thrown upward
The motion may be symmetrical
then tup = tdown
then vf = -vo

The motion may not be symmetrical

Break the motion into various parts
generally up and down

Non-symmetrical
Free Fall
Need to divide the
motion into segments
Possibilities include
Upward and downward
portions
The symmetrical
portion back to the
release point and then
the non-symmetrical
portion

Combination Motions

Projectile Motion

Rules of Projectile Motion

Introduce coordinate frame: y is up

The x- and y-components of motion can be treated
independently
Velocities (incl. initial velocity) can be broken down
into its x- and y-components
The x-direction is uniform motion
ax = 0

The y-direction is free fall

|ay|= g

Some Details About the Rules

x-direction
ax = 0
v v
xo
o
x = vxot

cos o v x constant

This is the only operative equation in the x-direction

since there is uniform velocity in that direction

More Details About the Rules

y-direction
v v sin
yo
o
o
take the positive direction as upward
then: free fall problem
only then: ay = -g (in general, |ay|= g)

uniformly accelerated motion, so the motion

equations all hold

Velocity of the Projectile

The velocity of the projectile at any point of its
motion is the vector sum of its x and y components
at that point

v v v
2
x

2
y

and

vy
tan
vx
1

Maximum height reached

Time taken for getting there
Final velocity, v y 0
Height reached, hmax y y 0

2
Using kinematics equation, v y2 v 0y
2gy y 0
2
v 0y
hmax
2g
Time taken to reach this height, using v y v 0y gt,

v 0y
tmax
g
Depends only on the vertical component of the initial velocity
49

Maximum Range
2v 0y
Total time of travel, t
(twice the time to top)
g
Range is maximum distance traveled along horizontal axis
2v0y
2v0 sin 0
R v0x t v 0x
v 0 cos 0
g
g
v02 sin2 0
R
, using trig. id. sin2 2sin cos
g
Depends on both magnitude and direction of initial velocity
Maximum range is for sin2 1, i.e., 45o
50

Examples of Projectile Motion:

An object may be fired
horizontally
The initial velocity is all in
the x-direction
vo = vx and vy = 0

All the general rules of

projectile motion apply

Non-Symmetrical Projectile
Motion
Follow the general rules
for projectile motion
Break the y-direction into
parts
up and down
symmetrical back to initial
height and then the rest of
the height

Example problem:
A rescue plane drops a package of
emergency rations to a stranded party of
explorers. The plane is traveling horizontally
at 40.0 m/s at a height of 100 m above the
ground.
Where does the package strike the ground
relative to the point at which it was released?

Given:
velocity: v=40.0 m/s
height: h=100 m

Find:
Distance d=?

1. Introduce coordinate frame:

Oy: y is directed up
Ox: x is directed right
2. Note: vox= v = + 40 m/s
voy= 0 m/s

1
2y
Oy : y gt 2 , so t
2
g
or : t

2(100 m)
4.51s
9.8 m s 2

Ox : x vx0t, so x (40 m s)(4.51s) 180 m

ConcepTest 1
Consider the situation depicted here. A gun is accurately
aimed at a dangerous criminal hanging from the gutter of a
building. The target is well within the guns range, but the
instant the gun is fired and the bullet moves with a speed vo,
the criminal lets go and drops to the ground. What happens?
The bullet
1. hits the criminal regardless
of the value of vo.
2. hits the criminal only if vo is
large enough.
3. misses the criminal.

Equations for Constant

Acceleration

x (meters)
200

150

100

50

x = v0t + 1/2 at2

(parabolic)

v = at

(linear)

v2 = v02 + 2a x

(independent of time)

10
t (seconds)

15

20

10
t (seconds)

15

20

10
t (seconds)

15

20

v (m/s)
20

15

10

a (m/s )
2

1.5

0.5

Summary of important concepts

position
displacement
velocity
average
instantaneous
acceleration
average
instantaneous

9/17/2013

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