Faraday's law of induction

Faraday's law of induction is a basic law of electromagnetism predicting how a

magnetic field will interact with an electric circuit to produce an electromotive force
(EMF)a phenomenon called electromagnetic induction. It is the fundamental
operating principle of transformers, inductors, and many types of electrical motors,
generators and solenoids.

Qualitative statement
The most widespread version of Faraday's law states:

The induced electromotive force in any closed circuit is equal to the negative of the
time rate of change of the magnetic flux enclosed by the circuit.
This version of Faraday's law strictly holds only when the closed circuit is a loop of
infinitely thin wire, and is invalid in other circumstances as discussed below. A
different version, the MaxwellFaraday equation, is valid in all circumstances.
Quantitative
The definition of surface integral relies on splitting the surface into small surface
elements. Each element is associated with a vector dA of magnitude equal to the
area of the element and with direction normal to the element and pointing
outward (with respect to the orientation of the surface).
Faraday's law of induction makes use of the magnetic flux B through a
hypothetical surface whose boundary is a wire loop. Since the wire loop may be
moving, we write (t) for the surface. The magnetic flux is defined by a surface
integral:

where dA is an element of surface area of the moving surface (t), B is the

magnetic field (also called "magnetic flux density"), and BdA is a vector dot product
(the infinitesimal amount of magnetic flux through the infinitesimal area element
dA). In more visual terms, the magnetic flux through the wire loop is proportional to
the number of magnetic flux lines that pass through the loop.
Lenz's law
Lenz's law is a common way of understanding how electromagnetic circuits obey Newton's third
law and the conservation of energy. Lenz's law is named after Russian scientist Heinrich Lenz, and it
says:
If an induced current flows, its direction is always such that it will oppose the change which produced
it.
Lenz's law is shown with the negative sign in Faraday's law of induction:

which indicates that the induced voltage () and the change in magnetic flux () have opposite
signs. Lenz's Law is a qualitative law that refers to the direction of induced current in relation to the
effect which produces it without quantitatively relating their magnitudes.

Ampere's Law
The magnetic field in space around an electric current is proportional to the electric current
which serves as its source, just as the electric field in space is proportional to the charge which
serves as its source.

Wire gauge
Wire gauge is a measurement of how large a wire is, either in diameter or cross
sectional area. This determines the amount of electric current a wire can safely
carry, as well as its electrical resistance and weight per unit of length. Wire gauge is
applicable to both electrical and non-electrical wires, being important to electrical
wiring and to structural cable.
American wire gauge
American wire gauge (AWG), also known as the Brown & Sharpe wire gauge,
is a standardized wire gauge system used since 1857 predominantly in North
America for the diameters of round, solid, nonferrous, electrically conducting wire.
Dimensions of the wires are given in ASTM standard B 258. The cross-sectional area
of each gauge is an important factor for determining its current-carrying capacity.
Increasing gauge numbers denote decreasing wire diameters, which is similar to
many other non-metric gauging systems such as SWG. This gauge system
originated in the number of drawing operations used to produce a given gauge of

wire. Very fine wire (for example, 30 gauge) required more passes through the
drawing dies than 0 gauge wire did. Manufacturers of wire formerly had proprietary
wire gauge systems; the development of standardized wire gauges rationalized
selection of wire for a particular purpose.
Standard wire gauge
British Standard Wire Gauge is a set of wire sizes given by BS 3737:1964 (now
withdrawn), and is generally abbreviated to SWG. It is also known as: Imperial
Wire Gauge or British Standard Gauge. Use of SWG sizes has fallen greatly in
popularity, but is still used as a measure of thickness in guitar strings and some
electrical wire. Cross sectional area in square millimetres is now a more popular size
measurement. The current British Standard for metallic materials such as wire and
sheet is BS 6722:1986, which is a solely metric standard.
References

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_wire_gauge

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_wire_gauge

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wire_gauge

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ampre%27s_circuital_law

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenz%27s_law

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_induction