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1. Explique una de las problemticas
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2. Mencione un ejemplo de desarrollo
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3. Qu datos estadsticos se describen en
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Adaptations of living
beings to the abiotic
environment:
EVOLUTION & ECOLOGY

ECOCLINES

Clines consist of ecotypes or forms of species that exhibit

gradual phenotypic and/or genetic differences over a
geographical area, typically as a result of environmental
heterogeneity. Genetically, clines result from the change of
allele frequencies within the gene pool of the group of taxa in
question.

PHENOTYPIC
PLASTICITY
A single genotype that
express different
phenotypes
GENOTYPE INTERACTION
WITH THE ENVIRONMENT.
STANDARD REACTION

TYPES OF
NATURAL
SELECTION

TYPES OF NATURAL SELECTION

Stabilizing selection

Disruptive selection

Directional selection

Longer horns were advantageous for defending young

calves from attacks by predators,

NATURAL SELECTION IS NOT

SEXUAL OR ARTIFIAL SELECTION

SEXUAL SELECTION

ARTIFICIAL SELECTION

Definition of species
Biologist: populations of organisms that have a high
level of genetic similarity.
Typological species: A group of organisms in which
individuals are members of the species if they
sufficiently conform to certain fixed properties.
Evolutionary species: A single evolutionary lineage of
organisms within which genes can be shared, and that
maintains its integrity with respect to other lineages
through both time and space.

Ecological species: A set of organisms adapted to

a particular set of resources, called a niche, in the
environment.
Reproductive species: Two organisms that are able
to reproduce naturally to produce fertile offspring of
both sexes.
Genetic species: Based on similarity of DNA of
individuals or populations. Techniques to compare
similarity of DNA include DNA-DNA hybridization,
and genetic fingerprinting (or DNA barcoding).

Evolutionarily significant unit (ESU)

An evolutionarily significant unit is a population of organisms that
is considered distinct for purposes of conservation. Often referred
to as a species or a wildlife species, an ESU also has several
possible definitions, which coincide with definitions of species.

 Adaptation
Structure that appears in
response to a challenge

Exaptation
Structure that appears to play a role
but then another

MECHANISMS OF SPECIATION

ALLOPATRIC SPECIATION

PARAPATRIC SPECIATION

Different flowering periods decreased gene flow between

metals tolerant and non-tolerant.

SYMPATRIC SPECIATION

REPRODUCTIVE BARRIERS
Prezygotic (ecological isolation,
ethological or mechanical)

REPRODUCTIVE BARRIERS
Postzygotic (viability of individuals
produced) - HYBRID

QUIZ
Una definicin de especie en trminos
ecolgicos es un set de organismos
adaptados a un mismo tipo de recurso
llamado nicho en el ambiente.
FALSO VERDADERO

HIBRIDATION
Reproductive crossing between two
different species gives rise to viable
individuals may be fertile or infertile.

HIBRIDATION
Citrus x tangerina Citrus reticulata

GENETIC DRIFT

STOCHASTIC changes in allelic frequency from one

generation to another.
Effect > in small populations
Bottleneck is not genetic drift. Bottleneck acelerates
genetic drift

Bottleneck in Seals

FINITE POPULATIONS

FINITE POPULATIONS

FINITE POPULATIONS

Change in allelic frequencies by RANDOM

resulting gamete sampling from generation to
generation in a finite population

GENETIC DRIFT

N determines the change rate

by gene drift

GENETIC DRIFT CAUSE LOSS OF CHANGE

FIXATION

LOSS

Drift operates with variability, but leads to loss (freq = 0)

or attachment (freq = 1) of an allele.

INBREEDING
Decreases genetic variability in
populations

ASSORTATIVE MATING

MUTATION
Types of mutations
Point mutations
Indels
Duplications
chromosomal mutations
- aneuploidy
- polyploidy
- inversions
- translocations

Translocations

Aneuploidy

Poliploidy

RECOMBINATION
Pachytene in PROPHASE I
CROSSING OVER (MEIOSIS)

FOUNDER EFFECT

HOW TO CALCULATE FREQUENCIES?

Observed Genotypic frequency
(based on observed individuals)

p2 = N AA / total population
2pq = N Aa / total population
q2 = N aa / total population
Allelic frequency
(based on observed individuals)

p = (N AA + (N Aa)) / total population

q = (N aa + (N Aa)) / total population

HOW TO CALCULATE FREQUENCIES?

Allelic frequency
(based on observed genotypic frequencies)

p = p2 + (2pq)
q = q2 + (2pq)
Expected Genotypic frequency
(based on allelic frequencies)

p2 = pxp
2pq = 2xpxq
q2 = qxq

HOW TO CALCULATE FREQUENCIES?

Phenotypic frequency (based on genotypic
frequencies)

Yellow (AA + Aa) = p2 + 2pq

Green (aa) = q2

QUIZ
Fuerza evolutiva que aumenta la
diversidad gentica en una poblacin
A. Mutacin
B. Deriva gentica
C. Apareamiento asociativo
D. Seleccin direccional

IN A SINGLE POPULATION