Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Forward
Hotels and the
environment
This Guide
Contributors:
Ringo Lee
Dr. Ben Ho
Daniel To
Graphics by Dominic Leung
Page 1
Introduction
A large hotel is a unique combination of occupancies and
facilities and apart from guest rooms, may include
restaurants, kitchens, function rooms, car parks, bars
and coffee shops, retail outlets, etc. Many have on-site
laundry facilities, sometimes with dry cleaning services.
Swimming pools and health clubs are also found in larger
hotels.
Good Housekeeping
Practices
Good Engineering
Practices
Check Lists
Page 2
Page 3
Electricity
consumption
Consumption / Cost
12000
100
95
11000
90
85
10000
80
9000
75
70
8000
Occupancy (%)
No significant
capital investment
65
7000
Consumption (MWh)
Occupancy (%)
900000
100
95
Consumption / Cost
Page 4
Cost (x 500 $)
1994
Diesel oil
consumption
diesel consumption
reduced by 4.2%, and cost
significantly reduced by
34.3%. (includes special
discount by supplier)
1992
1993
Year
800000
90
85
700000
80
600000
75
70
500000
65
400000
60
1991
Diesel (Liter)
1992
1993
Year
Cost ( x 2 $)
1994
Occupancy (%)
Occupancy (%)
$avings go on and
on
60
1991
9000
100
95
90
85
80
75
70
65
60
Consumption /Cost
8000
7000
6000
5000
4000
1991
Gas (GJ)
1993
Year
Cost ( x 200 $)
1994
Occupancy (%)
100
10
9
1992
95
90
7
6
85
80
75
Occupancy (%)
Gas consumption
Occupancy (%)
70
65
60
1991
1992
1993
1994
Year
Total cost (M$)
% total revenue
Occupancy (%)
Page 5
Part I: Checklists
Good housekeeping practices
All staff on general
duties
Kitchen staff
should
!"
Turn
!
"
!"
"
Ensure
Housekeeping staff
should
Laundry staff
should
!"
Turn
!
Page 6
!"
"
Ensure
!"
Ensure that the main entrance door is closed, to avoid
air filtration.
Page 7
Engineering staff
should
!"
Optimise the operation of multiple chillers.
Chiller Plant
Page 8
!"
Control
!
Air-side System
!"
Clean
In summer conditions, room temperature between 2224 oC is acceptable to most people. In cool season, 2022 oC will be appropriate.
Over-ventilation is a waste of energy, whilst underventilation may compromise the comfort and health of
the occupants.
Page 9
Engineering staff
should
Electrical System
!"
Switch
!
Mechanical Systems !
Boilers Plant
!"
Check
Calorifiers
!"
Properly
!"
Check
Page 10
!"
Maintain
Swimming Pool
!"
Ensure sand inside the backwash chamber is replaced
Plumbing and
Drainage Systems
Page 11
Page 12
Heating, Ventilation
and Air-conditioning
(HVAC)
Heating
Mechanical
Ventilation
Air-conditioning
(A/C)
Page 13
Page 14
Figure 1.3 Schematic of an air-cooled A/C system and the piping network for chilled
water supply and return
A/C Air Side System Adequate fresh air supply to a hotel building is essential
to maintain a healthy indoor environment. The minimum
fresh air supply rates are recommended by the American
Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-conditioning
Engineers (ASHRAE).
Page 15
Guestrooms
Refrigeration in
Kitchens
Page 16
Plumbing and
Drainage
Swimming Pool
Page 17
Flushing Water
Supply
Figure 1.6 Cold and hot water supply system schematic in a hotel
Drainage
Page 18
Boiler Plant
Diesel oil is the major fuel source for steam boiler plant in
hotels in Hong Kong, while only a few hotels may utilise
electricity or town gas steam boilers. Boilers are usually
located at basement area and a flue stack is installed
from basement to roof level for flue gas discharge. For
diesel boilers, a fuel storage tank is also installed at
basement level.
Electrical Systems
Lighting in
Guestrooms
Lighting in Public
Areas
Vertical
Transportation
Page 19
Fire Services
Page 20
Towngas
13%
Diesel oil
14%
Electricity
73%
Diesel oil
38%
Figure 2.2 Percentage
breakdown of energy use for
different fuel types in a Hong
Kong hotel.
Towngas
11%
Electricity
51%
Page 21
Breakdown of
Electricity by Enduse
Airconditioning
and Ventilation
system
46%
Others
28%
Vertical
Transportation
8%
Lighting
18%
Others
20%
Vertical
Transportation
8%
Lighting
19%
Air-conditioning
and Ventilation
system
53%
Seasonal and
Occupancy
Variations
Page 22
7000
35
6000
5000
Temperature
Consumption
30
Baseload
25
4000
20
3000
15
2000
1000
Classification of
Energy Load
10
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Oct
Nov
Dec
100
Occupancy
6500
Consumption
80
4500
70
3500
60
2500
50
1500
40
500
90
5500
30
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sept
Oct
Nov
Dec
Month in 1995
Page 23
Reduce
Consumption
Conservation...
Efficiency ...
Audits
Aims...
Two Stage
Approach...
Page 24
Step 1:
Preliminary Audit...
Steps...
Data...
Analysis...
!
Electricity ...
data collection;
data analysis;
data presentation; and
establishing priorities.
Page 25
Consumption
Patterns...
Priorities...
Step 2:
Full Audit
Implementation...
Air conditioning
system
Tuning...
is often neglected!
Page 26
Chillers...
!"
ensure
Page 27
Page 28
Boiler Plant
Page 29
Lighting Systems
Page 30
!"
when
lo c a tio n
E (lx )
E n tra n c e h a ll
75
R e c e p tio n , c a s h ie r
300
B a rs , c o ffe e b a rs
150
D in in g ro o m
100
Lounges
100
C lo a k ro o m
150
B e d ro o m (g e n e ra l)
50
B e d ro o m (b e d h e a d )
150
B a th ro o m
100
K itc h e n
500
B a g g a g e ro o m
100
G LS LVTH
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
CFL TL
#
#
#
#
#
#
H ID
#
#
#
#
#
#
Page 31
Lifts and
Escalators...
Building Envelope...
Page 32
Page 33
Conclusions
Win, Win
Self-help
Page 34
Page 35
Climate
Protection
Department,
United
States
Environmental Protection Agency, The United States of
America.
http://www.epa.gov/cpd.html
Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Network (EREN)
U.S. Department of Energy, The United States of America.
http://www.eren.doe.gov/
Environmental Department, The Government of Hong Kong
Special Administrative Region.
http://www.info.gov.hk/epd/
Energy Efficiency Office, Electrical and Mechanical
Services Department, The Government of Hong Kong
Special Administrative Region.
http://www.info.gov.hk/emsd/english/energy/news/ind
ex.html
Energy Star Programme, United States Environmental
Protection Agency, The United States of America.
http://www.epa.gov/energystar/
Environmental Division, Hong Kong Institution of Engineers
(HKIE)
Http://is7.pacific.net.hk/~hkie_env/
European Environment Agency
http://www.eea.eu.int/
Hong Kong Hotels Association (HKHA)
http://www.hkta.org/hkha/
International Energy Agency
http://www.iea.org/homechoi.htm
United States Environmental Protection Agency, The United
States of America.
http://www.epa.gov/
,People Republic of China
http://www.sepa-pek.unep.net/
Page 36
Prepared by
Date:
1.
Phone
Fax
underground
Conventional
_____
Laundry (Y/N)
No. of Restaurants :
No.
Restaurant Name
Cuisine
Seating capacity
1
2
3
4
5
Coffer Shop
Carpark (Y/N)
Retail (Y/N)
Comments:
Location (Floor)
m2 (excluding carparks)
m2
Tick function area that are in the hotel and estimate total gross floor area (GFA) for each
Guest floors
GFA
m2
Restaurant
GFA
m2
Retail
GFA
m2
Ballroom
GFA
m2
Other(Specify)
GFA
m2
Electricity
Usage
Town Gas
Usage
LPG
Usage
Fuel Oil
Usage
Other(Specify)
Usage
Sketch of hotel building principal dimensions (in meters) and main functional areas
including guest floors, retail, restaurants, carparks, mechanical services areas, etc.
Remarks
Unit
M.A.O
MAOAT
M.A.O
MAOAT
M.A.O
MAOAT
M.A.O
MAOAT
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Yearly
average
Utility
Sub-meter
Fuel Type
Area Served
Electricity
Electricity
Electricity
Electricity
Electricity
Energy Use and Cost Records
Meter Number
Unit
Jan
From
Feb
to
Mar
Apr
____________
May
Jun
Jul
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Total
kWh
$
kWh
$
kWh
$
kWh
$
kWh
$
Utility
Fuel
Type/
Water
Unit
Sub-meter
From
Jan
Feb
Area Served
to ____________
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Total
Unit
Electricity
kWh/ GJ
Gas
unit/GJ
Diesel
Liter /GJ
Water
m3
Year
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Total
Other
(Specify)
Unit
Electricity
HK $
Gas
HK $
Diesel
HK $
Water
HK $
Other
(Specify)
HK $
Year
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Total
7.
Power Input
Cooling Capacity
kW
TR
Centrifugal
Screw
Reciprocating
Centrifugal
Screw
Reciprocating
Centrifugal
Screw
Reciprocating
Centrifugal
Screw
Reciprocating
Centrifugal
Screw
Give description of chiller plant operation (number of chillers operated, number of standby chillers, operating hours per day, starting time and shutting down time,
operating schedule, etc.):
Pump
Nominal Power
Input
kW
Quantity
Flowrate /
Head
ls-1 / kPa
7.
Area served
Design parameters
(Temp. and RH)
C/%
Quantity
AHU
PAU
FCU
Unitary
Other
AHU-VAV
AHU-CAV
PAU- FCU
Unitary
Others (specify)
Give detailed description of air side equipment operation including operation hours per day, control mode, etc.):
10
8.
Description
Equipment
(lamp type)
No. of
luminaries
Lamps per
luminaries
Lamp power
Ballast power
Operating hours
Type of
control
Switching
arrangement
Fuel type
Capacity
Steam / Hot
Water
Pressure
Control
Country of
origin
Instrumentation
Others (specify)
No. installed
Driver type
Capacity
Passenger Lifts
Services Lifts
Escalators
11
9.
Type of measurement
(e.g., temp, Lux, etc)
12
Date of
measurement
Location of
measurement
Instruments
used for
measurement
C. Chilled water flow rate measurement (applicable to both local panel and BMS system)
The number of water flow meter presented:
No q
Give details of water flow meters including type, manufacturer, model, installation location, accuracy, details of calibration. If possible, attach a
simplified schematic drawing to show the installation location.
Remarks
13
E. Electrical parameters measurement (applicable to both local panel and BMS system)
Electric submeter arrangement:
q one kWh meter per chiller qone kWh meter for all chillers q one kWh for all chillers and pumps
Give details for the monitoring and measuring of electrical current for the plant (installation of sensors, accuracy, indication in the local and remote
panel, connection to BMS system, calibration, manufacturers, etc)
Remarks
14
Month
Total
Daily
Average
Food
Cover
No.
Electricity
KWh (GJ)
GJ / (Room
Guest + Cover)
Diesel Fuel
Gas
Litre (GJ)
m3 (GJ)
Total energy
GJ
GJ / m2
floor area
GJ / (Room
Guest + Cover)
Water
m3
m3 / (Room
Guest + Cover)
Year
00
99
%
change
Mean outdoor
temp. (oC)
Room
Guest
No.
Food
Cover
No.
Electricity
KWh (GJ)
GJ per Room
Guest + Cover
Diesel Fuel
Gas
Litre (GJ)
m3 (GJ)
Total energy
GJ
GJ / m2
floor area
GJ / (Room
Guest+ Cover)
Water
m3
m3 / (Room
Guest+ Cover)