SOLID MECHANICS II

(BDA 3033)
CHAPTER 2:
DEFLECTION OF BEAMS
WEEK 2-3

FAZIMAH BT MAT NOOR (UTHM)

Edited by ABD LATIF

THE ELASTIC CURVE

The deflection diagram of the longitudinal axis that passes through

the centroid of each cross sectional area of the beam is called the
elastic curve.
Deflection diagram = Elastic curve
Pin resist force restrict displacement
Fixed wall resist moment restrict displacement and rotation

FAZIMAH BT MAT NOOR (UTHM)

Edited by ABD LATIF

THE ELASTIC CURVE (CONT)

A positive internal moment tends to bend the beam concave

upward.
Positive moment smiley face
A negative moment tends to bend the beam concave downward.
Negative moment Sad face
If the moment diagram is known, it will be easy to construct the
elastic curve.

FAZIMAH BT MAT NOOR (UTHM)

Edited by ABD LATIF

THE ELASTIC CURVE (CONT)

Force on beam in fig. (a) & moment

diagram in fig. (b).
displacement B & D = 0.
Negative moment AC = sad curve
Positive moment CD = smiley curve
C = inflection point, moment change sign
(sad smile) = zero moment
Change moment slope = zero deflection
slope, the beams deflection may be a
maximum
Whether A < E depends on the relative
magnitudes of P1 and P2 and the location
of the roller at B.

FAZIMAH BT MAT NOOR (UTHM)

Edited by ABD LATIF

Moment-Curvature Relationship
ds'ds
ds
ds dx d
ds' ( y)d
( y)d d

d
y

My
and
E
I
y
My

EI
1 M

given
EI

 

 
  

FAZIMAH BT MAT NOOR (UTHM)

Edited by ABD LATIF

SLOPE AND DISPLACEMENT BY

INTEGRATION
1 M

EI
where :
the radius of curvature at a specific point on the elastic curve
( 1 is referred to as the curvature)

M the internal moment in the beam at the point where is to be determine

E the material' s modulus of elasticity
I the beam' s moment of inertia computed about the neutral axis

FAZIMAH BT MAT NOOR (UTHM)

Edited by ABD LATIF

SLOPE AND DISPLACEMENT BY

INTEGRATION (cont.)

The elastic curve for beam can be expressed as y=f(x)

To obtained this equation, the curvature (1/) must be
expressed in terms of y and x.
In most calculus book, this relationship is shown as:
1

d2y
dx

dy

dx

3
2

and subtitutin g into equation

d2y
dx 2

dy

dx

3
2

1
M

, we get :

EI

M
EI

FAZIMAH BT MAT NOOR (UTHM)

Edited by ABD LATIF

SLOPE AND DISPLACEMENT BY

INTEGRATION (cont.)
Consequent ly, the slope of the elastic curve which is determined from dy
and its square will be negligible.
1 d2y
Therefore the curvature can be approximated by 2
dx
Then ,
d2y M

2
dx
EI

FAZIMAH BT MAT NOOR (UTHM)

Edited by ABD LATIF

dx

will be very small,

SLOPE AND DISPLACEMENT BY

INTEGRATION (cont.)
d d2y
EI 2 V ( x )
dx dx

w = distributed load
V = shear load

d2 d2y
EI 2 w( x)
2
dx
dx

M = moment
dy/dx = slope =

or can be simplified into the following set of equations :

d4y
EI 4 w( x )
dx
d3y
EI 3 V ( x )
dx
d2y
EI 2 M ( x )
dx
FAZIMAH BT MAT NOOR (UTHM)
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SLOPE AND DISPLACEMENT BY

INTEGRATION (cont.)
Positive sign convention

-w

+w

FAZIMAH BT MAT NOOR (UTHM)

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Boundary and Continuity

Conditions

Free end no bend,

no shear

Unless force applied

at free end of the
beam (V=applied
force)

Pin joint wont bend

Fixed end no slope

FAZIMAH BT MAT NOOR (UTHM)

Edited by ABD LATIF

Distributed load
Constant distributed load apply at 1/2 length

Linear distributed load apply at 2/3 length

FAZIMAH BT MAT NOOR (UTHM)

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EXAMPLES

FAZIMAH BT MAT NOOR (UTHM)

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FAZIMAH BT MAT NOOR (UTHM)

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FAZIMAH BT MAT NOOR (UTHM)

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FAZIMAH BT MAT NOOR (UTHM)

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FAZIMAH BT MAT NOOR (UTHM)

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FAZIMAH BT MAT NOOR (UTHM)

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FAZIMAH BT MAT NOOR (UTHM)

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FAZIMAH BT MAT NOOR (UTHM)

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FAZIMAH BT MAT NOOR (UTHM)

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FAZIMAH BT MAT NOOR (UTHM)

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FAZIMAH BT MAT NOOR (UTHM)

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FAZIMAH BT MAT NOOR (UTHM)

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FAZIMAH BT MAT NOOR (UTHM)

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Discontinuity Functions:
Macaulay

If several different loadings act on a beam

integration become more tedious
separate loading or moment functions must be written for each region
of the beam
The beam shown requires four moment
functions to be written.
They describe the moment in regions AB,
BC, CD and DE.
When applying the moment-curvature
relationship EI d2y/dx2=M, and integrating
each moment twice, we must evaluate eight
constants of integration.

FAZIMAH BT MAT NOOR (UTHM)

Edited by ABD LATIF

Discontinuity Functions:
Macaulay (cont.)

If there is discontinuity use

Discontinuity functions

xa

x
a

n0

for x a
for x a

x = start point
a = start of discontinuity
Why bracket < >

Bcos = function valid for xa

FAZIMAH BT MAT NOOR (UTHM)

Edited by ABD LATIF

NOT
GIVEN

Discontinuity Functions:
Macaulay (cont.)
Sign
convention
positive:
1. Forces
upward

L@@K!!!

2. Moment
clockwise

Load towards
end..

FAZIMAH BT MAT NOOR (UTHM)

Edited by ABD LATIF

Discontinuity Functions:
Macaulay (cont.)

Using Table 12 - 2, the moment at any point x on the beam is therefore,

1
1
1
0
M R 1 x 0 P x a M 0 x b w0 x c
2

FAZIMAH BT MAT NOOR (UTHM)

Edited by ABD LATIF

Discontinuity Functions:
Macaulay (cont.)

Using Table 12 - 2, the moment at any point x on the beam is therefore,

1
M R 1 x 0 P x a M 0 x b w0 x c
2
1

Using Table 12 - 2, the moment at any point x on the beam is therefore,

1

M 2.75kN x 0 1.5kN.m x 3m
0

2.75x 1.5 x 3 1.5 x 3

3kN / m

x 3m
2

1
x 3
6

FAZIMAH BT MAT NOOR (UTHM)

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1kN / m 2

x 3m
6

EXAMPLES:

FAZIMAH BT MAT NOOR (UTHM)

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FAZIMAH BT MAT NOOR (UTHM)

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FAZIMAH BT MAT NOOR (UTHM)

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FAZIMAH BT MAT NOOR (UTHM)

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Statically Indeterminate Beams

and Shafts

In all of the problems discussed so far, it was possible to

determine the forces and stresses in beams by utilizing the
equations of equilibrium, that is Fx=0, Fy=0 and MA=0.
When the equations of equilibrium are sufficient to determine the
forces and stresses in a structural beam, we say that this beam is
statically determinate.
When the equilibrium equations alone are not sufficient to
determine the loads or stresses in a beam, then such beam is
referred to as statically indeterminate beam. (the number of
unknown reactions exceeds the available number of equilibrium
equations.
The additional support reactions on the beam or shaft that are not
needed to keep it in stable equilibrium are called redundants.
The number of these redundants is referred to as the degree of
indeterminacy.
FAZIMAH BT MAT NOOR (UTHM)
Edited by ABD LATIF

Statically Indeterminate Beams

and Shafts (cont.)

Determinacy of Beams
for a coplanar (2D) beam, there are at most three
equilibrium equations for each part, so that if there is a
total of n parts and r reactions, we have

r 3n, statically determinate

r 3n, statically indeterminate

FAZIMAH BT MAT NOOR (UTHM)

Edited by ABD LATIF

Statically Indeterminate Beams

and Shafts (cont.)

Example:
Classify each of the beams shown as statically determinate or
statically indeterminate. If statically indeterminate, report the
degrees of determinacy. The beams are subjected to external
loadings that are assumed to be known and can act anywhere on
the beams.

r 3, n 1
3n 3(1) 3
r 3n
staticallydeterminate

FAZIMAH BT MAT NOOR (UTHM)

Edited by ABD LATIF

Statically Indeterminate Beams

and Shafts (cont.)

r=5
n=1
3(n) = 3(1)
r3
Statically indeterminate to second degree (5-3=2)

FAZIMAH BT MAT NOOR (UTHM)

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Statically Indeterminate Beams

and Shafts (cont.)

r3 = r6
r4 = r5
r = 6, n = 2;
3n = 3(2) = 6
r = 3n
Statically determinate
FAZIMAH BT MAT NOOR (UTHM)
Edited by ABD LATIF

EXAMPLE

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SOLUTION

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SOLUTION (cont)

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SOLUTION (cont)

FAZIMAH BT MAT NOOR (UTHM)

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EXAMPLE

FAZIMAH BT MAT NOOR (UTHM)

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SOLUTION:

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SOLUTION (cont.)

FAZIMAH BT MAT NOOR (UTHM)

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SOLUTION (cont)

FAZIMAH BT MAT NOOR (UTHM)

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FAZIMAH BT MAT NOOR (UTHM)

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