1.

0 INTRODUCTION
As an introduction, mini project is a part of syllabus in ELE 526 where need cooperation
among members in a group to think for how to solve about the tittles given. Our group has been
given tittles of SCHMITT TRIGGER SWITCH. In reality, Schmitt trigger is used when
interfacing an analogue signal to digital signal. One of its functions is to detect level of sensed.
When the input signal reached to a given level, it will switch from its low state to high state.
Transistor is a component used as a transistor switch and able to control high power devices such
as lamp, motors and digital electronic device. Two types of transistor are NPN and PNP which
both of them are different on how the current flow. For an ideal transistor switch, between
collector and emitter current resulting too zero means off state and on state while the resistance
reach zero and have maximum current flow.
In this project, it is required for the schmitt trigger circuit detect an input signal between
ranges of 4V to 8V.After an input signal have been detected, that value also can be used to
control light emitting diode (LED) through a switch. Switch in this circuit have been replace by a
NPN transistor. Then, this transistor was ON the light emitting diode (LEDs) as the value
detected decrease to 4V and OFF the LEDs when increase to 8V.

Mini Project ELE526

Page 1

2.0 CIRCUIT THEORY

FIGURE 2.1
The circuit consist different type of component use to make sure the LED will light up when
the input voltage is 4 V. Led will turn off when the input voltage reach 8V. The component use in
this circuit is:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

power source
resistor (15.4k,10k,6.8k)
op-amp UA741
transistor
relay
light emitting diode (LED)

Inverting op-amp is use in this circuit because the input voltage (Vin) is connected at
negative terminal op-amp. The op-amp is connected by using Schmitt trigger. Schmitt trigger is
use to compare a regular or irregular waveform with a reference signal and convert the waveform
to a square or pulse wave. While reference voltage (Vref) is connected to the positive terminal of
the op-amp.LED is use as an output. It is connected to the relay which in open circuit.

Mini Project ELE526

Page 2

When the current is 4V the positive output value will produce. Transistor use in this circuit is
NPN type. The positive output value at op-amp will pass throw resistor and relay that
functioning as switch will force the circuit in close condition. Because the magnetic coil in relay
will pull the internal trigger. So, the LED is connected with the circuit and turn on. The power
supply B1 is connected to the op-amp to make sure the op-amp will functioning.
At 8V input voltage the value of output voltage will become negative. This negative value
cannot pass through transistor perfectly and make the relay in open condition. It is because the
magnetic coil in relay is not functioning to pull the internal trigger. As the result the LED will
turn off.

2.1.1 FLOWCHART

Mini Project ELE526

START

Page 3

Vin> 6

Vin< 6
input

Vo> 2.7v

Vout I R4
0.7v

Transistor on

Closed loop
Mini Project ELE526

Vo< 2.7v

Vout I R4
0.7v

Transistor of

Open loop
Page 4

Relay on

Relay of

Closed LED
circuit

Open LED
circuit

LED on

LED of

END

3.0 THEORETICAL CALCULATION

Mini Project ELE526

Page 5

FIGURE 3.1
Golden rules of ideal OP-AMP

Where

Therefore,

For

Mini Project ELE526

Page 6

For

Calculation by using Schmitt trigger

=2.4v

=4.85v

With

Mini Project ELE526

Page 7

FIGURE 3.2

(
So,

IF

Mini Project ELE526

Page 8

Calculation for transistor

Mini Project ELE526

Page 9

FIGURE 3.3

Where

Therefore,

When ,

Mini Project ELE526

Page 10

If,

Where,

Sub =-0.397mA

-2.7 + (-0.397m) (6.8k) +0.7 = 0

Therefore,

0.7 5.36v

4.0 COMPUTER SIMULATION

Mini Project ELE526

Page 11

FIGURE 4.1
Refer to figure above .the LED is turn on when the value is set to 4v. It is because the
transistor receive the positive output voltage from op-amp that working as Schmitt trigger that
make.

FIGURE 4.2

Refer to figure above, the LED is turn off when the value is set to 8v. It is because the
transistor receives the negative output voltage from op-amp.
Mini Project ELE526

Page 12

FIGURE 4.3
Refer to figure above. For ac voltage the high value frequency is use to make sure the
LED to turn ON and avoid the output value become saturated.

5.0 RESULTS

Mini Project ELE526

Page 13

FIGURE 5.1 Light emitting diode (LED) was on when input voltage is 4V.

FIGURE 5.2 LED still on when input voltage is 5.9V

Mini Project ELE526

Page 14

FIGURE 5.3 LED was off when input voltage is set to 5.9V

FIGURE 5.4 LED continuously off when reached input voltage of 8V

6.0 DISCUSSION
Mini Project ELE526

Page 15

From the results before Figure 5.1 shows when an input signal is decrease to 4V, all light
emitting diode (LEDs) was on. The output voltage measured on R4 gives a value of 4V where
current was driven to transistor. Same goes to Figure 5.2 when an input signal increase, all LEDs
still light up but the output voltage produced was 2.77V. This situation occurred because when
the transistor on base received current from op amp, it definitely simulate to collector and the
relay will attracted to coil. This is due to magnetization in coil. However, Figure 5.3 and 5.4
shows LEDs not light up respectively. Schmitt trigger have detect input voltage started from
6.1V and above until 8V which resulting the decrease of output voltage values.
Through this project, there are problems have to faced. The main problems are when
frequency of AC source was setting to low value such as 0.01HZ, the signal produce on
oscilloscope cannot be seen and the output value reached to -10V. To overcome this problem
frequency was change to 1Hz and output value showed the positive values. Again, AC source
have been replaced by DC source to ensure the output value is same as calculated.

7.0 CONCLUSION

Mini Project ELE526

Page 16

This mini project was completely done, a group of four students are able to achieved the
task that ask to design a smith triggered circuit that will be drive another component in order to
make its works as inverter switch. Actually, the task are given to prove the syllabus that have
study in this course are able to apply in the real world. It is not just only the theory. In order
dealing with op-amp, its not be working by its self. The circuit need to pair with another
electrical component to make it function and useable. In the end of these mini project, students
will get knowledge about how to configure an op-amp and what kind of parameters are need or
will be varies. The task has done with the output of the op-amp drive a transistor to turn on and
off the LEDs by varying the input of op-amp.

RECOMMENDATION

1. Increase the number level of input in order to see the accuracy.

2. The output type not just on or off maybe control the brightness, timing, regulating and
etc.
3. Varying in input will control more than one parameters.
4. Avoid using Vref to minimize the circuitry components.

7.1 METHODOLOGY (PROJECT PROGRESS)

Week

10

11

12

Activity

Mini Project ELE526

Page 17

Get titles project from

lecturer

Find and design circuit

Troubleshoot circuit

Prove the calculation

Make first draft

Make a slide for

presentation

Presentation

REFERENCES:

http://www.calculatoredge.com/electronics/BJT.htm
http://www.electronics-tutorials.ws/transistor/tran_2.html
http://www.circuitstoday.com/schmitt-trigger-using-op-amp
Mini Project ELE526

Page 18

http://www.random-science-tools.com/electronics/schmitt-trigger-calculator.htm
http://www.radioelectronics.com/info/circuits/opamp_schmitt_trigger/op_amp_schmitt_triggerhp
http://www.petervis.com/GCSE_Design_and_Technology_Electronic_Products/transistor_base_r
esistor_calculator/transistor_base_resistor_calculator.html

Mini Project ELE526

Page 19