THE CONDITIONS IN EUROPE AND ASIA

1848 European revolution, with the regimes of the monarchs in France

and Austria.
Year of Rizals birth
Tsar Alexander II abolished the Russian serfdom (serfs).
Italians under Giuseppe Garibaldi dominated the papal lands from the
Austrians.
Italian nationalism ended the domination of the church and united the
various Italian states as one country.
Germany was on the process of unification which lasted until
1871.br4e

-In the United States

President Abraham Lincoln emancipated the black slaves.

-But he also triggered the Civil War from 1861- 1865
Mexican troops dealt the defeat on the French- supported regime of
Archduke Maximilian.
French established a republic and eliminated the monarchists.

-In Asia

British gained its colony in Hong Kong

-which was furthermore enlarge the colony by taking over
Kowloon
China open five ports to its traders
-With its defeat in the Opium War of 1856-1858
-Another defeat in the Arrow War of 1856- 1858
-With the force of Britain and French China opened the country
to foreigners
In 1854, Americans under Commodore Matthew Perry also forced open
Japan
-but Japanese were able to parry western requests to make
Yokohama a treaty port
In 1858, Great Britain gained the colony in India
-where Sepoy Mutiny suppressed it at 1857
Britain gained the colony of Burma
-after 3 Burmese Wars in
1824-1826
1862-1863
1885-1886
Indo- China became a protectorate of France
-following the suppression of:
Kingdom of Annam
Cho chin- China

CONDITION IN THE PHILIPPINES IN THE 19TH CENTURY

The leading citizen in Ilocos is called Kailanes

Cadiz constitution was abolished by King Ferdinand
-where Kailanes rose up in revolt yet crushed by other troops
In 1826, a rebellion of Mexican soldier that was led by Lt. Andres
Novales
-they complained about the unfair treat from
the peninsular officials following their independence in Spain.
-they also tried to earn the trust of the Filipinos for their support
and promised to fight for the independence of the Philippines,
however they were crushed and executed
(The last series of revolt took place in 1841-1842)
Led by Apolinario de la Cruz
-he refuse to disband his founded religious organization Cofradia
de San Jose yet he was executed
Tayabas Regiment of Spanish Army
-turned out to be de la Cruz province mates who mutinied and
almost took over Manila
Peninsular officials were consist of Governor general, few subalterns
and the top church officials.
Insular officials who were the Spaniards born in the Philippines
In the large town, only parish priest and head of the local police are the
officials
Colonial order is maintained by native officials
Local officials like gobernadorcillos, councilmen are also led by natives
Policemen and civil guard are headed mostly by the natives
The officials until the sergeants were supervise by the Spaniards
The gobernadorcillos were afforded titles of
-Capitan municipal
-Teniente
-Cabeza
A number of principales descend from the loyal datu who pledge their
loyalty to the colonizers
-they were exempted to from taxation and community labour
Its was also possible or the former officials to recycled their former
offices several times
Spaniards controlled the natives through the native leaders.
No native ranks in lieutenant
Elites like artillery are reserved for Peninsular
Spanish domination were reinforced by the Spanish clergymen
Spanish isnt just spreader o Christian faith but also a representatives
of colonial government
Countrys education institutions were controlled by the religious orders

-on the local level, church operated parish schools which were
the primary schools until the enactment of religious reforms in
1868.
Religious officials were guardians of public morals
-In the local level, parish priests endorsed candidates for
political positions
-In the national level, religious officials acted as advisers to the
governor general

By 1834, mercantilist policy in the Philippines were abolished and it allowed

them to open a foreign trade.
Philippine demand products are:
-sugar
-coffee
-abaca
-tobacco
-dyestuff
-rice
During the 19th century the education choice is priesthood