ABELLON CLEAN ENERGY LTD.

AN
ASSIGNMENT
ON
RENEWABLE ENERGY

PREPARED BY
SWAPNEEL TANK
ARPAN NAPAVLIYA
GOURAV SINGH
AN ASSIGNMENT ON RENEWABLE ENERGY DATED 07/07/2015

SUBMITTED TO
MR. AVINASH GUPTA
GENERAL MANAGER

ABELLON CLEAN ENERGY LTD.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

SR NO

QUESTIONS

FIND OUT THE PROCESS OF MANUFACTURING OF PHOTOVOLTAIC

CELLS.

DIFFRENCE BETWEEN THIN FILM CELLS AND CRYSTALLINE CELLS.

DEFINE IRRADIANCE AND INSOLATION. GIVE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN

THEM.

DEFINITION OF BIOMASS.

CLASSIFICATION OF HYDRO POWER PLANT.

FIND OUT RPPO NORMS IN GUJARAT.

PLF OF VARIOUS TYPES OF POWER PLANTS .

CAPITAL COST OF NUCLEAR POWER PLANT.

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QUESTION 1: FIND OUT THE PROCESS OF MANUFACTURING OF PHOTOVOLTAIC

CELLS
Solar technology explained - the differences between crystalline and thin film, mono
and poly etc.
When buying a Solar Power system, it pays to understand the different types of
technology on offer. There is a lot of marketing hype surrounding the various panel types
and their benefits, so it pays to know what features really matter, and what is just
marketing hype before you go shopping!
There are four common panel types on the market today, they are:
Monocrystalline panels
Polycrystalline panels
Thin film (amorphous silicon) panels
Hybrid panels (which are monocrystalline with an embedded layer of thin film)
Monocrystalline silicon solar cells
Monocrystalline panels get their name from the fact that the silicon wafer used to make
them is cut from a single crystal or boule of silicon. Silicon is grown in a laboratory to
achieve a high degree of purity and is then sliced very thinly to make wafers.
Benefits
Monocrystalline cells have the highest efficiency of any cells on the market under
standard operating conditions.
Their high efficiency means they have the smallest footprint for their output, so you can
maximize power output when roof space is limited.
Drawbacks
Due to higher production costs, monocrystalline cells are more expensive than other
cells.
Monocrystalline cells dont perform as well as polycrystalline cells or thin film under
higher temperatures (e.g. 25C +). All cells are subject to de-rating as the ambient
temperature increases, and monocrystalline cells tend to produce less at higher
temperatures than the other technologies.
Polycrystalline silicon cells:
These cells are cut from an ingot of melted and recrystallised silicon. In the
manufacturing process, molten silicon is cast into ingots of polycrystalline silicon, then
saw-cut into very thin wafers and assembled into complete cells. Polycrystalline cells
(also known as multicrystalline) are cheaper to produce than monocrystalline ones, due to
the simpler manufacturing process. However, they tend to be slightly less efficient for the
same size cell.
Benefits
Polycrystalline cells typically offer a lower cost per watt of power produced.
These cells have a better temperature de-rating co-efficient compared to
monocrystalline, meaning they produce more power in hotter weather, which usually
more than offsets their slightly lower cell efficiency.
Drawbacks
Polycrystalline cells are slightly less efficient than monocrystalline cells, so they need
more roof space to produce the same output capacity.
Thin film silicon:
Thin film, or amorphous, silicon cells are made up of silicon atoms in a thin layer rather
than a crystal structure. Amorphous silicon can absorb light more readily than crystalline
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silicon, so the cells can be thinner. For this reason, amorphous silicon is also known as
thin film photovoltaic (PV) technology.
Benefits
Thin film offers the best shade tolerance of any solar technology.
When compared with other types of panels, thin film performs best under hotter
temperatures.
Drawbacks
Thin film has the lowest conversion efficiency of all the panel types
These panels need about twice the roof space to achieve the same power output as a
similar crystalline panel
The Manufacturing
Process
Purifying the silicon
* The silicon dioxide of either quartzite gravel or crushed quartz is placed into an electric arc
furnace. A carbon arc is then applied to release the oxygen. The products are carbon dioxide and
molten silicon. This simple process yields silicon with one percent impurity, useful in many
industries but not the solar cell industry.
* The 99 percent pure silicon is purified even further using the floating zone technique. A rod of
impure silicon is passed through a heated zone several times in the same direction. This procedure
"drags" the impurities toward one end with each pass. At a specific point, the silicon is deemed
pure, and the impure end is removed.
Making single crystal silicon
* Solar cells are made from silicon boules, polycrystalline structures that have the atomic structure
of a single crystal. The most commonly used process for creating the boule is called the Czochralski
method. In this process, a seed crystal of silicon is dipped into melted polycrystalline silicon. As the
seed crystal is withdrawn and rotated, a cylindrical ingot or "boule" of silicon is formed. The ingot
withdrawn is unusually pure, because impurities tend to remain in the liquid.
Making silicon wafers
* From the boule, silicon wafers are sliced one at a time using a circular saw whose inner diameter
cuts into the rod, or many at once with a multiwire saw. (A diamond saw produces cuts that are as
wide as the wafer. 5 millimeter thick.) Only about one-half of the silicon is lost from the boule to
the finished circular wafermore if the wafer is then cut to be rectangular or hexagonal.
Rectangular or hexagonal wafers are sometimes used in solar cells because they can be fitted
together perfectly, thereby utilizing all available space on the front surface of the solar cell.
* The wafers are then polished to remove saw marks. (It has recently been found that rougher cells
absorb light more effectively, therefore some manufacturers have chosen not to polish the wafer.
Doping
* The traditional way of doping (adding impurities to) silicon wafers with boron and phosphorous is
to introduce a small amount of boron during the Czochralski process in step #3 above. The wafers
are then sealed back to back and placed in a furnace to be heated to slightly below the melting point
of silicon (2,570 degrees Fahrenheit or 1,410 degrees Celsius) in the presence of phosphorous gas.
The phosphorous atoms "burrow" into the silicon, which is more porous because it is close to
becoming a liquid. The temperature and time given to the process is carefully controlled to ensure a
uniform junction of proper depth.
A more recent way of doping silicon with phosphorous is to use a small particle accelerator to shoot
phosphorous ions into the ingot. By controlling the speed of the ions, it is possible to control their
penetrating depth. This new process, however, has generally not been accepted by commercial
AN ASSIGNMENT ON RENEWABLE ENERGY DATED 07/07/2015

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manufacturers.
Placing electrical contacts
8 Electrical contacts connect each solar cell to another and to the receiver of produced current. The
contacts must be very thin (at least in the front) so as not to block sunlight to the cell. Metals such
as palladium/silver, nickel, or copper are vacuum-evaporated through a photoresist, silkscreened, or
merely deposited on the exposed portion of cells that have been partially covered with wax. All
three methods involve a system in which the part of the cell on which a contact is not desired is
protected, while the rest of the cell is exposed to the metal.
* After the contacts are in place, thin strips ("fingers") are placed between cells. The most
commonly used strips are tin-coated copper.
The anti-reflective coating
* Because pure silicon is shiny, it can reflect up to 35 percent of the sunlight. To reduce the amount
of sunlight lost, an anti-reflective coating is put on the silicon wafer. The most commonly used
coatings are titanium dioxide and silicon oxide, though others are used. The material used for
coating is either heated until its molecules boil off and travel to the silicon and condense, or the
material undergoes sputtering. In this process, a high voltage knocks molecules off the material and
deposits them onto the silicon at the opposite electrode. Yet another method is to allow the silicon
itself to react with oxygen- or nitrogen-containing gases to form silicon dioxide or silicon nitride.
Commercial solar cell manufacturers use silicon nitride.
Encapsulating the cell
* The finished solar cells are then encapsulated; that is, sealed into silicon rubber or ethylene vinyl
acetate. The encapsulated solar cells are then placed into an aluminum frame that has a mylar or
tedlar backsheet and a glass or plastic cover.

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SOURCE : http://www.madehow.com/Volume-1/Solar-Cell.html#ixzz3fC6gOQIJ

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QUESTION 2: DIFFRENCE BETWEEN THIN FILM CELLS AND CRYSTALLINE

CELLS

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AN ASSIGNMENT ON RENEWABLE ENERGY DATED 07/07/2015

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QUESTION 3 : DEFINE IRRADIANCE AND INSOLATION. GIVE DIFFERENCE

BETWEEN THEM.
Solar irradiance is a measure of the irradiance (power per unit area on the Earth's surface) produced
by the Sun in the form of electromagnetic radiation, which is perceived by humans as sunlight.
Solar irradiance in a specific area may be measured as insolation, the solar radiation energy per unit
area during a given time, or as direct insolation, insolation which reaches a location after absorption
and scattering in the atmosphere. Total solar irradiance (TSI), is a measure of the solar radiative
power per unit area normal to the rays, incident on the Earth's upper atmosphere. The solar constant
is a conventional measure of mean TSI at a distance of one Astronomical Unit (AU).

The Sun's energy output varies over the solar cycle. Solar irradiance "varies significantly from one
place to another and changes throughout the year" as well as by the Earth's changing distance from
the sun.[1] Sunlight only reaches the parts of the Earth that are facing the Sun at any given time.
The most intense irradiance is experienced by those parts that are approximately normal to the Sun
as the Earth turns
Irradiance is a measurement of solar power and is defined as the rate at which solar energy falls
onto a surface. The unit of power is the Watt (abbreviated W). In the case of solar irradiance we
usually measure the power per unit area, so irradiance is typically quoted as W/m - that is Watts per
square meter. The irradiance falling on a surface can and does vary from moment to moment which
is why it is important to remember that irradiance is a measure of power - the rate that energy is
falling, not the total amount of energy
SOURCE : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_irradiance

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INSOLATION
Insolation (from Latin insolare, to expose to the sun)[1][2] is the total amount of solar radiation
energy received on a given surface area during a given time. It is also called solar irradiation.
Units
It is expressed as "hourly irradiation" if recorded during an hour or "daily irradiation" if recorded
during a day.

The unit recommended by the World Meteorological Organization is the megajoule per square
metre (MJ/m2) or joule per square millimetre (J/mm2).[3]
An alternate unit of measure is the Langley (1 thermochemical calorie per square centimeter or
41,840 J/m2). Practitioners in the solar energy business may use watt-hour per square metre
(Wh/m2). If this energy is divided by the recording time in hours, it is then a density of power
called irradiance, expressed in watts per square metre (W/m2).
SOURCE : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_insolation

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QUESTION 4: DEFINITION OF BIOMASS

Biomass has always been an important energy source for the country considering the benefits it
offers. It is renewable, widely available, carbon-neutral and has the potential to provide significant
employment in the rural areas. Biomass is also capable of providing firm energy. About 32% of the
total primary energy use in the country is still derived from biomass and more than 70% of the
countrys population depends upon it for its energy needs. Ministry of New and Renewable Energy
has realised the potential and role of biomass energy in the Indian context and hence has initiated a
number of programmes for promotion of efficient technologies for its use in various sectors of the
economy to ensure derivation of maximum benefits Biomass power generation in India is an
industry that attracts investments of over Rs.600 crores every year, generating more than 5000
million units of electricity and yearly employment of more than 10 million man-days in the rural
areas. For efficient utilization of biomass, bagasse based cogeneration in sugar mills and biomass
power generation have been taken up under biomass power and cogeneration programme.
Biomass power & cogeneration programme is implemented with the main objective of promoting
technologies for optimum use of countrys biomass resources for grid power generation. Biomass
materials used for power generation include bagasse, rice husk, straw, cotton stalk, coconut shells,
soya husk, de-oiled cakes, coffee waste, jute wastes, groundnut shells, saw dust etc
SOURCE: www.mnre.gov.in

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QUESTION 5: CLASSIFICATION OF HYDRO POWER PLANT

Hydro
Category Power Range No. of Homes Powered
Pico
0 kW 5 kW
05
Micro 5 kW 100 kW
5 100
100 kW 1
Mini
100 1,000
MW
1 MW 10
MW
Small
1,000 10,000
10 MW 100
Medium
10,000 100,000
MW
Large
100 MW+
100000

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QUESTION 6: FIND OUT RPPO NORMS IN GUJARAT

India's renewables ministry aims at binding RPO rules - report

Indias Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE) is calling for amendments to the
Electricity Act that will make the renewable purchase obligation (RPO) binding, Business Standard
said Friday.
The daily is citing a letter sent to Indias Ministry of Power in which the MNRE requests that the
RPO be included in the Electricity Act in the existing or some other form. The green ministry also
suggests that enforcement should be stricter.
Under the RPO scheme, obliged entities have to buy renewable energy certificates (RECs)
generated by existing wind and solar parks in India, if they cannot alone use or produce green
electricity. The obligatory renewable energy share varies between 2.5% and 10%, depending on the
state, while there is a separate solar RPO of between 0.25% and 1.90%. At present, these rates are
being determined by the State Electricity Regulatory Commissions (SERCs).
The RPO was introduced in 2010 but states have been unable to meet their obligations for any of
the last three years.
SOURCE:http://renewables.seenews.com/news/indias-renewables-ministry-aims-at-binding-rpo-

rules-report-405991
The National Action Plan of Climate Change (NAPCC) has set the target of 5% renewable energy
purchase for FY 2009-10 which will increase by 1% for the next 10 years.
Renewable energy purchase obligation waiver for Gujarat power utilities
Date:Aug 29, 2013
Gujarat Electricity Regulatory Commission finds reasons furnished by utilities for their inability to
meet additional obligations genuine
The Gujarat Electricity Regulatory Commission has waived off the obligation imposed on state
power utilities to buy additional renewable energy over and above what was required in the
financial year 2012-13. The commissions order passed on August 8 applies to Gujarat Urja Vikas
Nigam Limited (GUVNL) and Torrent Power Limited who filed a petition with the commission
early this year, seeking a the waiver on the additional purchase imposed on to them in view of the
previous years shortfall in meeting the renewable purchase obligation (RPO) target. RPO is the
obligation of power utilities and captive power producers to buy a certain percentage of renewable
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energy.
The commission noted that GUVNL purchased 4,601 million units of renewable energy (7.40 %) in
2012-2013 as against the required 4,354 million units (7.0 %), as per state regulation. But even the
extra 247 million units bought could not cover the shortfall of 836 million units of the previous year
which was carried over to 2012-2013.
This total shortfall to be covered, therefore, amounted to 589 million units. GUVNL had petitioned
the regulatory commission to waive off this carry over obligation on the ground that there was no
sufficient renewable energy available in the state to fulfill the requirement. Even after tying up
almost the entire capacity of renewable energy commissioned in the state in 2012-13, RPO could
not be met, says GUVNL in the petition.
It says there was a shortfall in installation of renewable energy, especially wind energy, because of
the withdrawal of incentives like Generation Base Incentive (GBI) and accelerated depreciation for
wind projects in March 2012. The capacity addition of wind power in Gujarat was 207 MW till
January 2013, which was less than the 290 MW capacity addition in 2011-2012. The nationwide
installation of wind energy was 1,700 MW in the financial year ending March 2013, which was
almost 50 per cent less than that of previous year.
Renewable energy certificates too expensive
There is one more route to fulfill RPOpurchase of renewable energy certificates (REC). The
renewable energy certificate mechanism promotes the sale of electricity from renewable sources to
discoms at the prevailing conventional energy tariffs. While the amount is lesser than feed-in tariff,
the remaining balance is recovered by selling the environmental attribute of generating this clean
electricity in the form of renewable energy certificates (REC).
One non-solar REC is equal to one unit of electricity which has a floor price of Rs 1,500 per unit in
the market. For solar, the REC floor price is Rs 9,000 per unit. GUVNL said that they could not buy
power from the renewable energy certificates market to fulfill the obligation because the certificates
were expensive and that the power cost would then have to be passed on to consumers.
Similar reasons were given by Torrent Power Limited (TPL) for not being able to fulfill its purchase
obligations.
The commission in its order noted that there was shortfall to the tune of 1.9 % in case of GUVNL
and 2.21% in case of TPL.
But the shortfall was because of the genuine reasons of less capacity addition and unwillingness of
wind power generators to sell at the tariff determined by the commission. This is beyond the control
of petitioners. And, under such a condition, procurement of RECs would have unjustifiably
burdened the consumers of the State, said the order.
SOURCE;http://www.downtoearth.org.in/content/renewable-energy-purchase-obligation-waiver-

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gujaratpower-utilities

SOURCE:http://www.cercind.gov.in/2009/July09/Presentations-by-22-07-09/Presentation-by-

Abellon-Clean-Energy.pdf

SOURCE:http://mnre.gov.in/file-manager/UserFiles/Solar%20RPO/analysis-of-state-RPO-

regulations.pdf

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SOURCE:http://mnre.gov.in/file-manager/UserFiles/Solar%20RPO/state-wise-solar-RPO-

targets.pdf
Solar Power Capacity Requirement (FY12-FY22) Page 1 of 1 As per the National Tariff Policy, it is
envisaged that the targets for Solar RPO shall be 0.25% by 2012-13 extending to 3% by 2022. The
Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission has been the first step towards achieving these targets.
The following table illustrates the Solar RPO requirement by 2022 on the basis of expected demand
in India.

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Solar Power Capacity Requirement by 2022

Note: *Based on the National Electricity Plan for Generation January 2012 Assumptions: Average
CUF for Solar Power Technologies to be 19% Key Inference: To achieve 3% RPO compliance by
2022, we would need ~34,000MW of solar capacity To be able to achieve such capacity additions,
states have come up with Renewable Purchase Obligations ,with yearly targets , based on Model
regulation by FOR.

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Back to Summary Sheet

Gujarat
Name of the Company
Aatash Power Pvt . Ltd
Abellon Clean Energy
Ac me Telepower Lt d.
Adani Ent erprises Ltd. (Bitta Solar Plant)
AES Solar Energy Gujarat Private Limited
Alex Astral Power Private Limited
APCA Power Pvt. Lt d.
Aravali Infrapower Ltd.
Astonfield Solar (Gujarat) Private Limited
Azure Power India Pvt. Limited
Azure Power India Pvt. Limited (Azure Power (Haryana)
Bac kbone Enterprises
CBC Solar Tec hnologies Pvt Ltd
Chattel Construc tions Pvt. Ltd.
Claris Life Sc ienc es Ltd.
Dreisatz My Solar24 (P) Ltd.
EI Tec hnologies Pvt. Limited
Emami Cement Limited
EMCO Ltd
Environmental Syst ems
Essar Power
Euro Solar Power Pvt. Ltd.
Ganeshvani Merc handise Pvt Ltd
Ganges Entertainment Pvt Ltd
GHI Energy Pvt Ltd
GIPCL
GMDC Ltd.
GMR Gujarat Solar Power Company
GPCL
GSPC Pipavav Power Company Limited
Green Infra Solar Energy Ltd
GSEC:Pilot Plant on Narmada Branc h Canal
GSEC-TPS
Harsha Engineers
Hirako Renewable Energy Pvt Ltd
Integrat ed Coal Mining Ltd.
JaiHind Projec t Ltd.
Konark Gujarat PV Pvt Lt d.
Lanc o Solar
Lanc o Solar
Lanc o Solar
Louroux Bio Energies Lt d
MBH Power Pvt Ltd
MI My Solar24 (P) Ltd.
Millenium Synergy Pvt Ltd
Mono Steel (India) Ltd.
Moserbaer Energy & Development Ltd
NKG Infrastruc ture Limit ed
Palac e Solar Energy Pvt Lt d.
PDPU-GPCL- GEDA
PLG Photovoltaic
Prec ious Energy Servic es Pvt Limited
Rajesh Power Servic es Pvt Ltd
Rasna Marketing Servic es LLP
Responsive Sutip Lt d.
Roha Dyec hem Pvt. Ltd
S J Green Park Energy Pvt. Ltd.
Sandland real estate Pvt. Ltd.
SEI Solar Power Gujarat Pvt. Ltd
SolarField Energy Pvt. Ltd.
Solar Semic onduc tor
Solitaire Energies Pvt Ltd a Moser Baer Group Company
Som Shiva Lt d
Sunborne Energy Tec hnologies
Sunc lean Renewable Power Pvt. Ltd.
Sunkon Energy Pvt. Ltd.
Surana Telec om & Power Limited
Tata Power Company Lt d
Unity Power Pvt Ltd
Universal Solar System
Visual Perc ept Solar projec ts Pvt Ltd
Waa Solar Pvt Ltd
Welspun Urja India Limit ed
Yantra e-Solar India Pvt. Ltd
ZF Steering Gear (India) Limited
Total

Projec ts Under
Projec ts under
Projec ts Under
Projec ts Under
Other projec ts
Total

JNNSM
the State Polic y
RPSSGP/GBI Sc heme
REC Sc heme

Capacity (MW)
4.99
3
15
40.11
14.92
25.07
5
5
11.51
5
10.2
5
10
25
1.99
14.99
1
10.06
5
5
1
5.12
5.04
25.08
10
5.01
5
25
5
5
10
1
1
1
20.11
9
5
5
15.01
5
15.01
25
1
14.99
9.27
10
15.02
10
15
1
20
15.2
1
1
25
25.04
5.12
25
25
20.06
20
15
1
15
6
10
5
25
5
2
25
10.22
15
4.95
5
824.09

Technology
Solar PV
Solar PV
Solar PV
Solar PV
Solar PV
Solar PV
Solar PV
Solar PV
Solar PV
Solar PV
Solar PV
Solar PV
Solar PV
Solar PV
Solar PV
Solar PV
Solar PV
Solar PV
Solar PV
Solar PV
Solar PV
Solar PV
Solar PV
Solar PV
Solar PV
Solar PV
Solar PV
Solar PV
Solar PV
Solar PV
Solar PV
Solar PV
Solar PV
Solar PV
Solar PV
Solar PV
Solar PV
Solar PV
Solar PV
Solar PV
Solar PV
Solar PV
Solar PV
Solar PV
Solar PV
Solar PV
Solar PV
Solar PV
Solar PV
Solar PV
Solar PV
Solar PV
Solar PV
Solar PV
Solar PV
Solar PV
Solar PV
Solar PV
Solar PV
Solar PV
Solar PV
Solar PV
Solar PV
Solar PV
Solar PV
Solar PV
Solar PV
Solar PV
Solar PV
Solar PV
Solar PV
Solar PV
Solar PV
Solar PV
Solar PV

Scheme
State Polic y
State Polic y
State Polic y
State Polic y
State Polic y
State Polic y
State Polic y
State Polic y
State Polic y
State Polic y
State Polic y
State Polic y
State Polic y
State Polic y
State Polic y
State Polic y
State Polic y
State Polic y
State Polic y
State Polic y
State Polic y
State Polic y
State Polic y
State Polic y
State Polic y
State Polic y
State Polic y
State Polic y
State Polic y
State Polic y
State Polic y
State Polic y
State Polic y
State Polic y
State Polic y
State Polic y
State Polic y
State Polic y
State Polic y
State Polic y
State Polic y
State Polic y
State Polic y
State Polic y
State Polic y
State Polic y
State Polic y
State Polic y
State Polic y
State Polic y
State Polic y
State Polic y
State Polic y
State Polic y
State Polic y
State Polic y
State Polic y
State Polic y
State Polic y
State Polic y
State Polic y
State Polic y
State Polic y
State Polic y
State Polic y
State Polic y
State Polic y
State Polic y
State Polic y
State Polic y
State Polic y
State Polic y
State Polic y
State Polic y
State Polic y

0
824.09
0
0
0
824.09

SOURCE:http://mnre.gov.in/file-manager/UserFiles/Solar%20RPO/solar-RPO-requirement-by-

2022.pdf
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QUESTION 7: WHAT IS PLF OF VARIOUS TYPES OF POWER PLANTS ?

Capacity factor
The net capacity factor of a power plant is the ratio of its actual output over a period of time, to its
potential output if it were possible for it to operate at full nameplate capacity continuously over the
same period of time. To calculate the capacity factor, take the total amount of energy the plant
produced during a period of time and divide by the amount of energy the plant would have
produced at full capacity. Capacity factors vary greatly depending on the type of fuel that is used
and the design of the plant. The capacity factor should not be confused with the availability factor,
capacity credit (firm capacity) or with efficiency.
Baseload power plant
A base load power plant with a capacity of 1,000 megawatts (MW) might produce
648,000 megawatt-hours (MWh) in a 30-day month. The number of megawatt-hours that would
have been produced had the plant been operating at full capacity can be determined by multiplying
the plant's maximum capacity by the number of hours in the time period. 1,000 MW 30 days
24 hours/day is 720,000 MWh. The capacity factor is determined by dividing the actual output
with the maximum possible output. In this case, the capacity factor is 0.9 (90%).

Wind farm
The Burton Wold Wind Farm consists of ten Enercon E70-E4 wind turbines @ 2 MW nameplate
capacity for a total installed capacity of 20 MW. In 2008 the wind farm generated 43,416 MWh of
electricity. (Note 2008 was a leap year.) The capacity factor for this wind farm in 2008 was just
under 25%:

As of April 2011, the Danish wind farm (the world's largest when it was inaugurated in September
2009comprising 91 Siemens SWT-2.3-93 wind turbines each of 2.3 MW) with a nominal total
capacity of 209 MW, has the best capacity factor of any offshore wind farm at 46.7% having
produced over 1.5 years 1,278 GWh.The record for an onshore wind farm is held by Burradale,
which reached an annual capacity factor of 57.9% for 2005.
According to,the average capacity factor for wind farms in 2008 was 21%.

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Hydroelectric dam
As of 2010, Three Gorges Dam is the largest power generating station in the world by nameplate
capacity. In 2009, not yet fully complete, it had 26 main generator units @ 700 MW and two
auxiliary generator units @ 50 MW for a total installed capacity of 18,300 MW. Total generation in
2009 was 79.47 TWh, for a capacity factor of just under 50%:

Capacity factor and renewable energy[edit]

When it comes to several renewable energy sources such as solar power, wind
power and hydroelectricity, there is a fourth reason for unused capacity. The plant may be capable
of producing electricity, but its "fuel" (wind, sunlight or water) may not be available. A
hydroelectric plant's production may also be affected by requirements to keep the water level from
getting too high or low and to provide water for fish downstream. However, solar, wind and
hydroelectric plants do have high availability factors, so when they have fuel available, they are
almost always able to produce electricity.
When hydroelectric plants have water available, they are also useful for load following, because of
their high dispatchability. A typical hydroelectric plant's operators can bring it from a stopped
condition to full power in just a few minutes.
Wind farms are variable, due to the natural variability of the wind. For a wind farm, the capacity
factor is mostly determined by the availability of wind. Transmission line capacity and electricity
demand also affect the capacity factor. Typical capacity factors of wind farms are between 25 and
45%.
Solar energy is variable because of the daily rotation of the earth, seasonal changes, and because of
cloud cover. According to, the Sacramento Municipal Utility District observed a 15% capacity
factor in 2005. However, according to the SolarPACES programme of the International Energy
Agency (IEA), solar power plants designed for solar-only generation are well matched to summer
noon peak loads in areas with significant cooling demands, such as Spain or the south-western
United States, although in some locations solar PV does not reduce the need for generation of
network upgrades given that air conditioner peak demand often occurs in the late afternoon or early
evening when solar output is zero. SolarPACES states that by using thermal energy storage systems
the operating periods of solar thermal power (CSP) stations can be extended to become dispatchable
(load following). The IEA CSP Technology Roadmap (2010) suggests that "in the sunniest
countries, CSP can be expected to become a competitive source of bulk power in peak and
intermediate loads by 2020, and of base-load power by 2025 to 2030". A dispatchable source is
more valuable than baseload power.
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Geothermal has a higher capacity factor than many other power sources, and geothermal resources
are available 24 hours a day, 7 days a week. While the carrier medium for geothermal
electricity (water) must be properly managed, the source of geothermal energy, the Earth's heat, will
be available for the foreseeable future.Geothermal power can be looked at as a nuclear battery
where the heat is produced via the decay of radioactive elements in the core and mantle of the earth.

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QUESTION 8: WHAT IS THE CAPITAL COST OF NUCLEAR POWER PLANT?

Projected Nuclear Power Plant Construction Costs Are Soaring The construction cost estimates for
new nuclear power plants are very uncertain and have increased significantly in recent years.
Companies that are planning new nuclear units are currently indicating that the total costs
(including escalation and financing costs) will be in the range of $5,500/kW to $8,100/kW or
between $6 billion and $9 billion for each 1,100 MW plant.
WHICH COMES OUT TO BE BETWEEN RS 34 CRORE/ MV TO RS 51 CRORE/ MV
SOURCE:http://www.psr.org/nuclear-bailout/resources/nuclear-power-plant.pdf

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BIBLIOGRAPHY
1.http://www.madehow.com/Volume-1/Solar-Cell.html#ixzz3fC6gOQIJ
2.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_irradiance
3.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_insolation
4. www.mnre.gov.in
5.http://renewables.seenews.com/news/indias-renewables-ministry-aims-atbinding-rpo-rules-report-405991
6.http://www.downtoearth.org.in/content/renewable-energy-purchaseobligation-waiver-gujarat
7.http://www.cercind.gov.in/2009/July09/Presentations-by-22-0709/Presentation-by-Abellon-Clean-Energy.pdf
8.http://mnre.gov.in/file-manager/UserFiles/Solar%20RPO/analysis-of-stateRPO-regulations.pdf
9.http://mnre.gov.in/file-manager/UserFiles/Solar%20RPO/solar-RPOrequirement-by-2022.pdf

AN ASSIGNMENT ON RENEWABLE ENERGY DATED 07/07/2015

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AN ASSIGNMENT ON RENEWABLE ENERGY DATED 07/07/2015