2.

0 LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 INTRODUCTION

Saving electrical power is very important, instead of using the power in unnecessary
times it should be switched off when not in use. In any city Street Light is one of
the major power consuming factors. Most of the time, street lights are ON during all
night long until the sunrise. Thus, a large amount of energy and power has been
wasted when it is not needed. In this project, Light Dependent Resistor (LDR) and
Infrared Radiation (IR) sensor will be used for our Smart Street Light which to ensure
this system will save the power consumption. The Smart Street Light will only works
when it is dark and the lamp will only glow when there is a vehicle on the road. Each
street light will depends on the sensor used which IR sensor to detect the vehicle
movements on the road. If the IR sensors detecting a motion on the road the lights will
automatically turned ON and if there is no motion on the road the light will be turned
OFF. This Smart Street Light system also would not works during day time even
though there is a motion on the road because LDR has been used in the circuit which
to detect light presence from the sunlight.

2.2 SMART STREET LIGHT

Switching
Circuit
using LDR

Motion
Sensor

Capacito
r

Lamp

Figure 1: Block Diagram of Smart Street Light with Motion Sensor.

The working of the Smart Street Light simply can be explained by this block
diagram. From the block diagram, first the switching for the circuit is controlled by
LDR. The LDR is a light sensor that is highly sensitive to the light presence and will
be used as a switch in the circuit. The LDR works as the light level decreases, the
resistance of the LDR increases. As this resistance increases in relation to the other

Resistor, which has a fixed resistance, it causes the voltage dropped across the LDR to
also increase. When this voltage is large enough (0.7V for a typical NPN Transistor),
it will cause the Transistor to turn on. After that, the second block comprises of sensor
which is an Infrared Radiation (IR) sensor which when motion is sensed by this
sensor it triggers the timer circuit which is in the third block. The 555 timer is
operated in mono-stable mode which we will get a single pulse as the output in the
output terminal of the 555 timer. Lastly, the last block comprises of lamp which is
connected to the output terminal of the 555 timer. In conclusion, in the night there is
no light will detected by LDR hence we will get a HIGH output as result of this if the
IR sensor senses any motion on the road thus it will trigger the 555 timer operated in
the mono-stable mode as a result of which the Lamp will be glowing for some time
depending upon the time constant of the 555 timer.