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I.
I NTRODUCTION
c
978-1-4673-7297-8/15/$31.00 2015
IEEE
II.
TABLE I.
Parameter
Peak Transmit Power
Receive Losses
Baseline Congurations
Elevation Precision (3 m Posting)
Flight Altitude
Look Angle Range
Swath Width
809
IPY
40 W (TWTA)
5 dB
SAT
GLISTIN-A
80 W (SSPA)
2 dB
Ping-Pong/SAT
7 km
10 -45
6 km
12 km
10 -50
11 km
Fig. 3. Simple 3-layer volume scattering medium consisting of air, snow and
ground or ice layer.
(5)
(6)
cos
where is the incidence angle and the one-way attenuation,
is as a function of the complex dielectric, , is
2Im( )
=
.
(7)
The amount of penetration for radar interferometer is a function of the volumetric correlation [3], v , given by
=
The radar interferometric instrument takes the three primary radar observables consisting of the range, , Doppler, f ,
and interferometric phase, , given by
= |T P |
2v ,
f =
=
2p
ht
(z)eikz z dz
(1)
b
2,
+
2
b
1 ,
v =
(2)
(3)
b2
f
2 2p 1 + 4p b, v
2v (
v b) v
+
|(v b) v )|
b 1 b, v2
v b
2
2
1 , v , n
.
(4)
|v b|
hb
ht
(z)dz
(8)
hb
sin
=
h
2pb
(9)
2
+1+r
sinh h
s e
2
h
h
h
2eikz 2
e 2 sinh (ikz + )
+
(ikz + )s
2
kz h
kz h
1r
sin
(1 + r) cos
+i
(10)
2
1+r
2
v =
h
2
III.
A simple model for the ice scattering is an exponential attenuating volume with surface scattering at the air/ice
810
1
Arg(v ).
kz
(11)
Fig. 5. Summit Camp location and ATM line location in Greenland. Yellow
dot is approximate Swiss camp location.
h =
=
,
(12)
2NL
2
at 3 m postings. Note that the elevation precision varies from
about 0.15 cm in the near range to more that 2.0 m in the far
range.
A. In Situ Ground Truth Data
Three forms of ground truth elevation data were collected
at Summit Station, Greenland consisting of 1) three corner
Because IPY lacked appropriate phase calibration signals we used the crossing-track lidar data to remove
cross track tilts in the elevation data.
811
Fig. 6. GLISTIN magnitude, elevation and elevation precision data layers of Summit Camp in the vicinity where corner reectors were deployed and kinematic
GPS survey data were collected.
Fig. 8. GPS, ATM and corner reectors location overlain on GLISTIN Ka-band 162 heading imagery. Note that more of the ground truth is in the near range
for this heading whereas it is in the far range for the 18 heading data.
2)
3)
812
Ka-band into dry snow. A histogram of the elevation differences of the GLISTIN radar and the ATM/GPS data for all
the data and for the incidence angle range of 25-35 where the
bulk of the lidar/GPS are located is shown below. A mean
elevation difference of -0.27 m is obtained. Note, this matches
model estimates with a surface-to-volume scattering ratio of
about 7 dB. Table II gives the mean, standard deviation, mean
elevation precisions, maximal likelihood estimate and error for
incidence angles varying between 15 -55 in 10 bins.
V.
S EA I CE M EASUREMENTS
Fig. 11.
Sea ice thickness measurements made using the GLISTIN instrument in the Beaufort Sea, Alaska in April, 2013.
Fig. 10. Sea ice lines collected by the GLISTIN instrument in the Beaufort
Sea, Alaska. Yellow arrow indicates CryoSAT-II under ight line.
Number
Points (-)
17128
222
15126
1394
286
Mean
H (m)
-0.39
-0.91
-0.27
-0.89
-0.55
STD
H ((m)
0.95
0.49
0.65
2.16
2.12
Mean
h (m)
0.44
0.31
0.38
0.59
2.36
MLE
hp (m)
-0.29
-0.92
-0.27
-0.64
-0.48
MLE
hp (m)
0.003
0.020
0.003
0.025
0.101
C ONCLUSIONS
813
814