Simply Put - What Needs To Be Done To Upgrade From BS-IV - The Indian Express

16/03/2016
Simplyput:WhatneedstobedonetoupgradefromBSIV|TheIndianExpress
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Simply put: What needs to be done to upgrade fromBS-IV
Simply put: What needs to be

done to upgrade fromBS-IV
Four years from now, the government wants to leap directly to BS-VI
auto emission norms from the existing BS-IV, skipping BS-V. But the
challenges, before both oil companies and automakers, are enormous.
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(http://indianexpress.com/article/explained/simply-put-what-needs-to-be-done-to-upgrade-fromWritten by Anil Sasi (http://indianexpress.com/prole/author/anil-sasi/) | Published:January 7, 2016 12:20 am
http://indianexpress.com/article/explained/simplyputwhatneedstobedonetoupgradefrombsiv/
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BS-V requires a key tment in the engine; BS-VI needs one more, but each comes with its set of
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The decision announced by the government on Wednesday after a meeting of the

Ministers for Road Transport, Petroleum, Heavy Industries, and Environment to
bring forward the nationwide rollout of BS-VI vehicular emission norms (Report,
Page 21), is in line with promises made by India at the Climate Change Conference
in Paris last month, and the broad public sentiment against the dangerously high
levels of air pollution in major Indian cities, led by the national capital, New Delhi.
BS Emission Norms
2/21
16/03/2016
The BS or Bharat Stage emission standards are norms instituted by the

government to regulate the output of air pollutants from internal combustion
engine equipment, including motor vehicles. India has been following the
European (Euro) emission norms, though with a time lag of five years. BS-IV norms
are currently applicable in 33 cities in which the required grade of fuel is available;
the rest of India still conforms to BS-III standards.
India introduced emission norms first in 1991, and tightened them in 1996, when
most vehicle manufacturers had to incorporate technology upgrades like catalytic
converters to cut exhaust emissions. Fuel specifications based on environmental
considerations were notified first in April 1996 to be implemented by 2000, and
incorporated in BIS 2000 standards. Following the landmark Supreme Court order
of April 1999, the Centre notified Bharat Stage-I (BIS 2000) and Bharat Stage-II
norms, broadly equivalent to Euro I and Euro II respectively. BS-II was for the NCR
and other metros; BS-I for the rest of India.
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From April 2005, in line with the Auto Fuel Policy of 2003, BS-III and BS-II fuel
quality norms came into existence for 13 major cities, and for the rest of the
country respectively. Subsequently, BS-IV and BS-III fuel quality norms were
introduced from April 2010 in 13 major cities and the rest of India respectively.
As per the roadmap in the auto fuel policy, BSV and BS-VI norms were to be
implemented from April 1, 2022, and April 1, 2024, respectively. But in November
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2015, the Ministry of Road Transport issued a draft notification, advancing the
implementation of BSV norms for new four-wheel vehicle models to April 1, 2019,
and for existing models to April 1, 2020. The corresponding dates for BS-VI norms
were brought forward to April 1, 2021, and April 1, 2022, respectively.
But the governments unanimous decision to leap-frog to BS-VI directly from
01/04/2020, as Road Transport & Highways Minister Nitin Gadkari
(http://indianexpress.com/profile/politician/nitin-gadkari/) announced on Twitter on
Wednesday, skipped the BS-V stage all together.
The Challenges
The government could face two key challenges in implementing the decision. First,
there are questions about the ability of oil marketing companies to quickly upgrade
fuel quality from BS-III and BS-IV standards to BS-VI, which is likely to cost upwards
of Rs 40,000 crore. Second, and more challenging, is the task of getting auto firms to
make the leap. Automakers have clearly said that going to BS-VI directly would
leave them with not enough time to design changes in their vehicles, considering
that two critical components diesel particulate filter and selective catalytic
reduction module would have to be adapted to Indias peculiar conditions, where
4/21
16/03/2016
running speeds are much lower than in Europe or the US.

These challenges are very real note that the penetration of BS-IV motor spirit
(petrol) in the domestic market a full four years after its introduction in the metros,
was just about 24 per cent, and that of BS-IV high speed diesel only 16 per cent,
according to government data up to August 2014.
Also, the rollout model of introducing higher grade fuel and vehicles first in the
cities has fundamental drawbacks, as was evident in the BS-IV implementation. In
the periphery of designated BS-IV cities, BS-III vehicles could be registered; BS-IV
vehicles (especially heavy vehicles) were more expensive, and BS-III fuel was
cheaper than the BS-IV equivalent. And interstate trucks and buses, the biggest
polluters, were forced to stay on with BS-III engines simply because the fuel outside
cities did not conform to BS-IV norms.
Fuel Quality, Costs
The government has been unable to move completely to BS-IV because refiners
have been unable to produce the superior fuel in the required quantities. BS-IV
petrol and diesel essentially contains less sulphur, a major air pollutant. Sulphur
also lowers the efficiency of catalytic converters, which control emissions.
Broadly, BS-IV petrol and diesel have 50 parts per million (ppm) of sulphur, as
compared to 150 ppm for petrol and 350 ppm for diesel under BS-III standards. Oil
companies are learnt to have put in Rs 30,000 crore between 2005 and 2010 to
upgrade; the auto industry has made investments of a similar size. Oil firms will
have to invest another about Rs 40,000 crore to upgrade fuel quality to BS-VI;
additional investments by automakers to upgrade will inevitably raise the prices of
vehicles.
Industry Arguments
The auto industry argues that the huge improvements in vehicular technology since
2000 have had little impact in India due to Indian driving, road and ambient
5/21
16/03/2016
conditions. The technology that will be used in future BS-VI vehicles, though, will
have considerable impact, they claim. BS-V diesel vehicles were to have engine
upgrades, particulate filters, lots of sensors, and electronic control. Petrols were to
have catalyst and electronic control upgrades. Industry estimates of required
investment to upgrade from BS-IV to BS-V are to the tune of Rs 50,000 crore.
Vehicles must be fitted with DPF (diesel particulate filter), a cylindrical object
mounted vertically inside the engine compartment. In India, where small cars are
preferred, fitting DPF in the limited bonnet space would involve major design and
re-engineering work. Bonnet length may have to be increased, which would make
vehicles longer than 4 metres, and attract more excise duty under existing norms.
Also, DPF would have to be optimised for Indian conditions. The technology
available in Europe cant be used in plug-and-play mode, claim auto majors. Low
driving speeds in India would make it difficult to achieve temperatures of 600
degrees Celsius required to burn the soot in DPF, and equipment manufacturers
would have to work with temperatures of 400 degrees in sight. Usually, diesel is
injected to increase temperatures, but the accumulation of excess fuel in the
compartment can cause a fire. The injection rate has to be optimised and vehicles
re-engineered for safety. The integrity of the vehicle too has to be considered. This
would require validation tests over 600,000-700,000 km a process that may take
up to four years.
BS-VI vehicles also have to be equipped with an SCR (selective catalytic reduction)
module to reduce oxides of nitrogen, which is done by injecting an aqueous urea
solution (AUS 32, which contains ammonia) into the system when the exhaust is
moving. For this, a container needs to be put on board; also, an anti-defect
mechanism has to be devised, so that the vehicle goes into limp mode if AUS 32 is
not re-filled by the driver. Infrastructure needs to be set up across the country for
the supply of AUS 32. The optimisation and fitment of this technology too would
take an estimated 3-4 years.
At every stage, the technology is getting more complex. To attain the specified super
low emissions, all reactions have to be precise, and controlled by microprocessors.
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If BS-V were to be skipped entirely, then both DPF and SCR would need to be fitted
together for testing, which, auto firms say, would make it extremely difficult to
detect which of the technologies is at fault in case of errors in the system. Ideally,
the technologies must be introduced in series, and then synergised. So, even if oil
companies manage to leap, auto firms claim they need 6-7 years to switch to BS-VI.
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I Agree To T&C
Satya
This is much ado about nothing really. Consider this: sedans in US sell at less than what it
costs to buy a sedan in India. Hatchbacks are cheaper in India, but do not have safety
features that the western counterparts of the same make have. The same cars are made
in India and exported to Europe (VW, Hyundai etc). When the size of these cars is the
same, why should cars sold in India be any longer? Excise duty, mentioned in the article
can be dealt by the govt. So, carmakers must stop defending the indefensible and stop
treating India and Indians like a dump ground. Think about this: why should cars made
for India at lower quality cost more than cars made for Europe/ other markets which cost
less? Besides Indian labour is cheaper...so give us Euro VI cars too. This is one of NDA
govts bold decisions. Hopefully, they will stand by it and usher in these norms together
for the whole of India than the earlier piecemeal solutions.
2 months ago
(0) reply(0)
Sunil
Please... Diesel cars that conform to these standards are being sold in the US and in
Europe. It is not a question of technology, like this article makes it seem. It's a question of
whether it will be aordable to do so. Why not just say it out loud? We cannot aord to
make cheap cars if we have to do these things. Stop treating us (the readers) like they are
fools. Ie is gradually selling out to the various lobbies in industry and politics.... Sad.
2 months ago
(0)
(0)
(0) reply(0)
Mamdar
Very good explained article

2 months ago
(0)
(0) reply(0)
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Simply Put - What Needs To Be Done To Upgrade From BS-IV - The Indian Express

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Simply Put - What Needs To Be Done To Upgrade From BS-IV - The Indian Express

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16/03/2016

Home (/) Explained (Http://Indianexpress.Com/Section/Explained/)

Simply put: What needs to be

The decision announced by the government on Wednesday after a meeting of the

The BS or Bharat Stage emission standards are norms instituted by the

running speeds are much lower than in Europe or the US.

Average: 5.0 stars from 1 ratings

What is your opinion?

Very good explained article

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