University of Mumbai

A PROJECT REPORT
ON
Research on Waste Management (APMC Vashi, Navi Mumbai)
Submitted by
Shubhankar Patil Hiremath
62031
In partial fulfillment of the award of
BACHELOR OF MANAGEMENT STUDIES
TYBMS SEM: V

TILAK COLLEGE OF SCIENCE AND COMMERCE

VASHI, NAVI MUMBAI 400705
2014-2015

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Making the project was a collaboration process. I have many people to thank for their general
support. First of all I would like to express my deep appreciation and gratitude to Mr. Arun,
Principal of Tilak College, in developing my potential, skills and ability with his valuable and
precious interest and consideration.
My thanks to Prof. Chaitali Dutta, Project Guide, for providing valuable advice and co-operation
for this project.
I wish to convey my gratitude to Prof. Chaitali Dutta for giving her care, patient, unfailing
support to me and also providing valuable advice and cooperation for this project.
I offer special thanks to my friends for their constant support and help towards making this
project.
I would also like to keep on record my sincere thanks to our staff, for their kind cooperation and
support at every stage of the project.

DECLARATION

I, Shubhankar Patil Hiremath, hereby declare that the project report entitled
"Research on under the guidance of Prof. Chaitali Dutta submitted in partial
fulfilment of requirements for the award of degree of Bachelor of Management
Studies to Mumbai University. This is my original work and not submitted for
award of any other degree/ diploma/ fellowship or other similar titles or prize to
any other institution; organisation/ university by any other person.

PIACE: -

SIGNATURE

DATE,
Shubhankar Patil Hiremath

INDEX
Sr. No.

Title

Page No.

1.

Introduction

2.

Need of the Study

16

3.

Objective

16

4.

Literature Review

17

5.

Scope

19

6.

Raw material

20

7.

Environmental benefits

23

8.

Energy benefits

25

9.

Electricity From Vegetable, Fruit & MS Waste

26

10.

Economic Benefits

29

11.

Social Benefits

30

12.

Composting

31

13.

Vermicomposting

32

14.

Pyrolysis Gasification / Plasma Pyrolysis Vitrification

35

15.

Production of Refuse Derived Fuel (RDF), also known as

36

pelletization
16.

Sanitary landfilling/landfill gas recovery

37

17.

Municipal Solid Waste (Management and Handling) Rules 2000

38

18.

Case studies

39

19.

Biomethanation plant based on vegetable market wastes at

43

Koyambedu whole sale market complex, Chennai, Tamil Nadu.

20.

Study Area

46

21.

Profile of APMC Market

48

22.

Research Methodology

49

23.

Proposals for effective management of waste generated in APMC,

51

VASHI.
24.

Refuse derived fuel (RDF) / Fuel Pelletisation

61

25.

Gasification as technology for MSW treatment

64

26.

Biomethanation/Anaerobic Digestion as technology for MSW

65

treatment.
27.

Salient features of biomethanation technology

67

28.

Vermiculture

68

29.

Conclusion

69

30.

References

70

1. Introduction
Rapid growth of population & urbanisation has created serious problem of energy requirement
and solid waste disposal. India produces 150 million tonnes of fruits and vegetables and 50
million tonnes of waste per annum. Therefore it becomes necessary to develop appropriate
waste treatment technology for waste. The Ministry of New & Renewable Energy is promoting
all the Technology Options available for setting up projects for recovery of energy from urban
wastes.
The APMC market at Navi Mumbai is one of the b i ggest agricultural markets
in Asia and has given a unique i dentit y to the cit y. Spread over a sprawling 122
hectares, the Mumbai Agricultural Produce Market Committee at Vashi is entry point of all food
grains and vegetables meant for the extended region of Metropolitan Mumbai. Divided into
different separat e sections on the basis of the commodities, the APMC
provides separat e m arkets for Fruits, Veget ables, sugar, jagger y and onion potato m arket.
Every day, nearly 1,800 tonnes of vegetables serving Mumbai, Thane and Navi Mumbai roll
into the yard from vegetable producing areas like Nashik, Pune, Satara, Sangli and other parts of
Maharashtra as well as from outside the state.
Among the waste generated APMC market contributed to great amount of pollution hence there
is strong need for proper method of management of waste. Waste in APMC consists of
perishable organic matter which causes health risk and serious threat to environment.
Anaerobic digestion technique produce energy in the form biogas, electricity and residue can be
used as manure. Waste, which is of organic nature, constitutes adequate quantity of nutrients
essential for growth and metabolism of anaerobic bacteria in biogas production.

Waste management is an important part of the urban infrastructure as it ensures the protection of
the environment and of human health. It is not only a technical environmental issue but also a
highly political one. Waste management is closely related to a number of issues such as urban
lifestyles, resource consumption patterns, jobs and income levels, and other socio-economic and
cultural factors.

Arising quality of life and high rates of resource consumption patterns have had a unintended
and negative impact on the urban environment - generation of wastes far beyond the handling
capacities of urban governments and agencies. Cities are now grappling with the problems of
high volumes of waste, the costs involved, the disposal technologies and methodologies, and the
impact of wastes on the local and global environment.

But these problems have also provided a window of opportunity for cities to find solutions
- involving the community and the private sector; involving innovative technologies and disposal
methods; and involving behavior changes and awareness raising. These issues have been amply
demonstrated by good practices from many cities around the world. There is a need for a
complete rethinking of "waste" - to analyze if waste is indeed waste. A rethinking that calls for

WASTE to become WEALTH

REFUSE to become RESOURCE
TRASH to become CASH

There is a clear need for the current approach of waste disposal that is focused on municipalities
and uses high energy/high technology, to move more towards waste processing and waste
recycling (that involves public-private partnerships, aiming for eventual waste minimization driven at the community level, and using low energy/low technology resources.

Some of the defining criteria for future waste minimization programmes will include deeper
community participation, understanding economic benefits/recovery of waste, focusing on life
cycles (rather than end-of-pipe solutions), decentralized administration of waste, minimizing
environmental impacts, reconciling investment costs with long-term goals.

What is Waste?
Waste is rubbish, trash, garbage, or junk is unwanted or undesired material. There are a number of
different types of waste. It can exist as a solid, liquid, or gas or as waste heat. When released in the
latter two states the wastes can be referred to as emissions. It is usually strongly linked with
pollution. Waste may also be intangible in the case of wasted time or wasted opportunities. The
term waste implies things, which have been used inefficiently or inappropriately.

Some components of waste can be recycled once recovered from the waste stream, e.g. plastic
bottles, metals, glass or paper. The biodegradable component of wastes (e.g. paper & food waste)
can be composted or anaerobically digested to produce soil improvers and renewable fuels. If it is
not dealt with sustainably in this manner biodegradable waste can contribute to greenhouse gas
emissions and by implication climate change.

There are two main definitions of waste. One view comes from the individual or organization
producing the material, the second is the view of Government, and is set out in different acts of
waste legislation. The two have to combine to ensure the safe and legal disposal of the waste.

What is organic waste?

Organic waste is material that is biodegradable and comes from either a plant or animal.
Organic waste is usually broken down by other organisms over time and may also be referred to
as wet waste. Most of the time, it s made up of vegetable and fruit debris, paper, bones and
human waste which quickly disintegrate.

In an effort to keep the environment clean and safe, organic waste is preferred over items that
can damage the earth and that do not disintegrate.

What is management?

The term "management" characterizes the process of and/or the personnel leading and directing
all or part of an organization (often a business) through the deployment and manipulation of
resources (human, financial, material, intellectual or intangible).
According to the Oxford English Dictionary, the word "manage" comes from the Italian
maneggiare (to handle especially a horse), which in turn derives from the Latin manus (hand).
The French word management (later mnagement) influenced the development in meaning of the
English word management in the 17th and 18th centuries.

What is Waste Management?

Waste management is the collection, transport, processing (waste treatment), recycling or

disposal of waste materials, usually ones produced by human activity, in an effort to reduce their
effect on human health or local aesthetics or amenity. A sub focus in recent decades has been to
reduce waste materials' effect on the natural world and the environment and to recover resources
from them. Waste management can involve solid, liquid or gaseous substances with different
methods and fields of expertise for each.
Waste management practices differ for developed and developing nations, for urban and rural
areas, and for residential, industrial, and commercial producers. Waste management for nonhazardous residential and institutional waste in metropolitan areas is usually the responsibility of
local government authorities, while management for non-hazardous commercial and industrial
waste is usually the responsibility of the generator.

The purpose of waste management is to:

1.

Protect people who handle waste items from

accidental injury.
2. Prevent the spread of infection to healthcare workers
who handle the waste.
3.

Prevent the spread of infection to the local

community.
4. Safely dispose of hazardous materials.
5. Open piles of waste should be avoided because
they are a risk to those who scavenge and
unknowingly reuses contaminate items.

The History of waste Management

Historically, the amount of wastes generated by human population was insignificant mainly due
to the low population densities, coupled with the fact there was very little exploitation of natural
resources. Common wastes produced during the early ages were mainly ashes and human &
biodegradable wastes, and these were released back into the ground locally, with minimal
environmental impact.

Before the widespread use of metals, wood was widely used for most applications. However,
reuse of wood has been well documented nevertheless, it is once again well documented that
reuse and recovery of such metals have been carried out by earlier humans.

With the advent of industrial revolution, waste management became a critical issue. This was
due to the increase in population and the massive migration of people to industrial towns and
cities from rural areas during the 18th century. There was a consequent increase in industrial and
domestic wastes posing threat to human health and environment.

Waste has played a tremendous role in history. The Plague, cholera and typhoid fever, to
mention a few, were diseases that altered the populations of many country. They were
perpetuated by filth that harbored rats, and contaminated water supply. It was not uncommon for
everybody to throw their waste and human wastes out of the window which would decompose in
the street.

Waste Management Concepts

There are a number of concepts about waste management, which vary in their usage between
countries or regions. This section presents some of the most general, widely-used concepts.

Waste hierarchy

The waste hierarchy refers to the "3 Rs" reduce, reuse and recycle, which classify waste
management strategies according to their desirability in terms of waste minimization. The waste
hierarchy remains the cornerstone of most waste minimization strategies. The aim of the waste
hierarchy is to extract the maximum practical benefits from products and to generate the
minimum amount of waste.

Some waste management experts have recently incorporated a 'fourth R': "Re-think", with the
implied meaning that the present system may have fundamental flaws, and that a thoroughly
effective system of waste management may need an entirely new way of looking at waste.

Some "re-think" solutions may be counter-intuitive, such as cutting fabric patterns with slightly
more "waste material" left -- the now larger scraps are then used for cutting small parts of the
pattern, resulting in a decrease in net waste.

This type of solution is by no means limited to the clothing industry. Source reduction involves
efforts to reduce hazardous waste and other materials by modifying industrial production. Source
reduction methods involve changes in manufacturing technology, raw material inputs, and
product formulation. At times, the term "pollution prevention" may refer to source reduction.

Another method of source reduction is to increase incentives for recycling. Many communities in
the United States are implementing variable rate pricing for waste disposal (also known as Pay as
You Throw - PAYT) which has been effective in reducing the size of the municipal waste stream

Source reduction is typically measured by efficiencies and cutbacks in waste. Toxics use
reduction is a more controversial approach to source reduction that targets and measures
reductions in the upstream use of toxic materials.

Toxics use reduction emphasizes the more preventive aspects of source reduction but, due to its
emphasis on toxic chemical inputs, has been opposed more vigorously by chemical
manufacturers.

Toxics use reduction programs have been set up by legislation in some state

10

Waste Collection Method

Collection methods vary widely between different countries and regions, and it would be
impossible to describe them all. Many areas, especially those in less developed countries, do not
have a formal waste-collection system in place.

For example, in Australia most urban domestic households have a 240-litre (63.4 U.S. gallon)
bin that is emptied weekly from the curb using side- or rear-loading compactor trucks. In Europe
and a few other places around the world, a few communities use a proprietary collection system
known as Envac, which conveys refuse via underground conduits using a vacuum system. In
Canadian urban centers curbside collection is the most common method of disposal, whereby the
city collects waste and/or recyclables and/or organics on a scheduled basis. In rural areas people
usually dispose of their waste by hauling it to a transfer station. Waste collected is then
transported to a regional landfill.

11

WASTE DISPOSAL
METHODS

Landfill

Incineratio
n

Resource
recovery

Recovery

Disposal methods for waste products vary widely, depending

on the area and type of waste material. For example, in
Australia, the most common method of disposal of solid
household waste is in landfill sites, as it is a large country with
a low-density population. By contrast, in Japan it is more
common for waste to be incinerated, because the country is
smaller and land is scarce. Other waste types (such as liquid
sewage) will be disposed of in different ways in both countries.

12

Landfill

a landfill compaction vehicle in operation

Disposing of waste in a landfill is

one of the most traditional method
of waste disposal, and it remains a
common practice in most countries.
Historically, landfills were often
established in disused quarries,
mining voids or borrow pits.

A properly-designed and well-managed landfill can be a hygienic and relatively inexpensive

method of disposing of waste materials in a way that minimizes their impact on the local
environment.

Older, poorly-designed or poorly-managed landfills can create a number of adverse

environmental impacts such as wind-blown litter, attraction of vermin, and generation of leachate
where result of rain percolating through the waste and reacting with the products of
decomposition, chemicals and other materials in the waste to produce the leachate which can
pollute groundwater and surface water.

Another byproduct of landfills is

landfill gas (mostly composed of
methane and carbon dioxide), which is
produced as organic waste breaks
down anaerobically. This gas can

13

create odor problems, kill surface vegetation, and is a greenhouse gas.

Design characteristics of a modern landfill include methods to contain leachate, such as clay or
plastic lining material. Disposed waste is normally compacted to increase its density and stabiles
the new landform, and covered to prevent attracting vermin (such as mice or rats) and reduce the
amount of wind-blown litter.

Many landfills also have a landfill gas extraction system installed after closure to extract the
landfill gas generated by the decomposing waste materials. Gas is pumped out of the landfill
using perforated pipes and flared off or burnt in a gas engine to generate electricity.

Even flaring the gas is a better environmental outcome than allowing it to escape to the
atmosphere, as this consumes the methane, which is a far more potent greenhouse gas than
carbon dioxide.

Many local authorities, especially in urban areas, have found it difficult to establish new landfills
due to opposition from owners of adjacent land. Few people want a landfill in their local
neighborhood.

As a result, solid waste disposal in these areas has become more expensive as material must be
transported further away for disposal (or managed by other methods).

This fact, as well as growing concern about the impacts of excessive materials consumption, has
given rise to efforts to minimize the amount of orts include taxing or levying waste sent to
landfill, recycling the materials, converting material to energy, designing products that use less

14

material, and legislation mandating that manufacturers become responsible for disposal costs of
products or packaging.

A related subject is that of industrial ecology, where the material flows between industries is
studied. The by-products of one industry may be a useful commodity to another, leading to a
reduced materials waste stream.

15

2. Need of the Study

APMC Market in Vashi is one of the biggest markets in Asia. Municipal solid Waste generated
in APMC market is about 98.87 TPD. About 90.96 contents are biodegradable, i.e. 92% of total
waste is organic waste, which has the potential to generate energy,

3. Objective
It is to study how the organic waste generated in APMC market be utilized for recycling to
generate energy, reducing load to land fill site, reuse the manure as fertilizer, indirectly
promoting organic farming.

On the existing arrival of Commodities quantity.

On organic waste generated.

Present method of disposal of waste.

Provide future plan for waste management for waste.

16

4. Literature Review
Solid waste management is one among the basic essential services provided by municipal
authorities in the country to keep urban centers clean. Disposal of waste is the most neglected
area of SWM services and the current practices are grossly unscientific. Almost all municipal
authorities deposit solid waste at a dump-yard situated within or outside the city haphazardly and
do not bother to spread and cover the waste with inert material. These sites emanate foul smell
and become breeding grounds for flies, rodent, and pests. Liquid seeping through the rotting
organic waste called leachate pollutes underground water and poses a serious threat to health and
environment.
Landfill sites also release landfill gas with 50 to 60 per cent methane by volume. Methane is 21
times more potent than carbon dioxide aggravating problems related to global warming. It is
estimated by TERI that in 1997 India released about 7 million tonnes of methane into the
atmosphere. This could increase to 39 million tonnes by 2047 if no efforts are made to reduce the
emission through composting, recycling, etc.
The Ministry of New & Renewable Energy is promoting all the Technology Options available
for setting up projects for recovery of energy from urban wastes.

17

The main technological options available for processing/ treatment and

disposal of MSW are

Composting,

Vermicomposting,

Anaerobic digestion/biomethanation,

Incineration,

Gasification

Production of Refuse Derived Fuel (RDF), also known as pelletization

Sanitary landfilling/landfill gas recovery.

18

5. Scope

The main scope for the study is to study the:

Types of waste

Different methods to treat waste generated in vegetable market.

By comparing the treatment to generate energy in the form of biogas, electricity at the source of
generation or nearest site or near land fill area.

19

6. Raw material:

As the objective of the scheme is to set up "Fruit and Vegetable Waste Compost
Production Units", the raw material can be fruit and vegetable waste. In the absence of sufficient
quantity of fruit and vegetable waste, other agricultural wastes, crop residues, other agro-wastes
and kitchen waste can also be used.
The suitable materials for composting are : vegetable and fruit scraps, fallen leaves, tea leaves
and tea bags, coffee grounds, vacuum cleaner dust, soft stems, dead flowers, used vegetable
cooking oil, egg shells, old newspapers, lawn
clippings, wood ash etc.; the unsuitable
materials for composting are : meat and dairy
products, diseased plants, metals, plastic, glass,
fat magazines, large branches, weeds that have
seeds or underground stems, bread or cake,
bones, any other material containing either
heavy metals or pathogens.

20

Flow Diagram Showing Various Steps in Compost Production

Receiving Fruit & Vegetable waste

Segregation of non bio degradable materials
Windrows
Addition of Culture/Inoculants/Bulking agents
Covering the windrows by polythene
Turning
Watering
Repeat Turning & Watering
Drying
Segregation of non biodegradable materials
Screening (4 stages)
Mature compost
Value addition
Packing
Storage
Distribution

21

The raw material for the unit is fruit and vegetable waste which is presently transported / dumped
for land fill by the APMC/Municipality/Mandi authority by their vehicles. This raw material may
be transported to the unit by the municipality (mandi authority) free of cost. In case, municipality
/ mandi authority is not able to supply raw material on account of any disturbance, strike, etc, the
company may take up the responsibility of collecting the wastes from the mandi.

Adequate transport arrangements may be made by the unit for transport of raw material from the
mandi in consultation with APMC/ Municipality / Mandi Authority. The transport for lifting of
final produce and the waste like plastic materials etc. is to be arranged by the company and the
cost of the same will be borne by the entrepreneur

22

7. Environmental benefits:

Closed System in Anaerobic digestion eliminates Odors.

Biogas can be burned to produce heat, electricity, or both the anaerobically-digested manure, can
be stored and applied to fields with significantly less odor than stored, untreated liquid manure.
Anaerobic digestion does not reduce the volume or nutrient value of manure. If dilution water is
added to the system, the volume of material to handle is increased.

Residence Time & Temperature Destroys Pathogens.

Most of the pathogenic bacterias are belong to the mesophilic group, but there are also some
which are thermophilic which has around 60 degree centigrade of maximum growth temperature.
Therefore, heat treatment which is widely known as "pasteurization" is often considered as the
easiest and applicable yet effective method to reduce microbiological contamination in raw
foods.
The temperature used is around 63 - 65 degree centigrade (30 minutes) for or 73 - 75 degree
centigrade (15 seconds). But it can also be increased up to 90 degree for some minutes (called
high pasteurization)

23

Reduces CH4 (Methane) and CO2

(Carbon Dioxide) emissions.

GHG (Green House Gas) and

Ammonia Emissions.

Produces Valuable Pathogen- Free,

Nutrient - Rich, Organic Fertilizers.

Captures Nutrients for Reuse &

Reduces Use of Inorganic Fertilizers.
Increases Beneficial Reuse of Recycled Water.
Protects Groundwater & Surface Water Resources.
Reduces load to Landfills.

24

8. Energy benefits:
Generates High Quality Renewable Fuel.
Reduces Reliance on Energy
Imports.
Contributes to Decentralized,
Distributed Power Systems.
Proven Source of Electricity, Heat &
Transportation Fuel.

25

9. Electricity from Vegetable, Fruit & MS - Waste

India with its huge consumer population produces colossal amount of vegetable and fruit waste
every day. A prudent use of this waste can overcome the challenges of power shortage in both
rural and urban areas. This waste can be converted into a
mixture of combustible gases which in turn can be used in
electricity generation. This is a cleaner, greener and
economical method of power generation. We have presented
futuristic concept to generate electricity from these BioWastes and thus, we are contributing towards making this
world a better place to live.

POTENTIAL BENEFICIARIES: Vegetable Mandis Markets, Agro-based companies,

hostels, hotels, restaurants, canteens, hospitals, housing societies, institutions, waste dumping
yards etc. Vegetable Markets, Agro and Food based companies, Hostels, Hotels, Restaurants,
Canteens, Hospitals, Housing societies, Institutions, Waste dumping fields etc.

26

CALCULATION CHART:
Bio Waste

To Generate one Cubic meter Biogas

Electricity Generated from One cubic meter Biogas

Fruit

2 kg

2 kw

Vegetable

4 kg

2 kw

Kitchen

3 kg

2 kw

India is plagued by malnutrition and soaring inflation, but its not for lack of food.
India is the second largest grower of
fresh produce, but loses an estimated
40 percent of its fruit and vegetables
rot because of a lack of refrigerated
trucking,

poor

roads,

inclement

weather and corruption.

27

Not all the produce that arrives at the market from distant places can be sold because of
spoilage and damage age in transit.

28

10. Economic Benefits:

Reduces Operating/Energy Costs.
Reduces Water Consumption.
Reduces Reliance on Energy Imports.
Creates Value, Jobs and New Revenue Streams.

29

11. Social Benefits:

Job creation leads to increase in skilled labour community.

Providing independent energy source.

Reduction in pollution indirectly leads to health benefits of public.

Thus treated organic waste generated in APMC Vashi, Navi Mumbai.

Reduces load to Landfill area.

Recycling to generate energy.

Reusing the digestate as organic fertilizer.

30

12. Composting:
Composting is a technology known in India since times immemorial. Composting is the
decomposition of organic matter by microorganism in warm, moist, aerobic and anaerobic
environment. Farmers have been using compost made out of cow dung and other agro-waste.
Composting of MSW is, therefore, the most simple and cost effective technology for treating the
organic fraction of MSW.

Full-scale commercially viable composting technology is already demonstrated in India and is in

use in several cities and towns. Its application to farm land, tea gardens, fruit orchards or its use
as soil conditioner in parks, gardens, agricultural lands, etc., is however, limited on account of
poor marketing. Main advantages of composting include improvement in soil texture and
augmenting of micronutrient deficiencies. It also increases moisture-holding capacity of the soil
and helps in maintaining soil health.

31

13. Vermicomposting
Vermi-compost is the natural organic manure produced from the excreta of earthworms fed on
scientifically semi-decomposed organic waste. A few vermi composting plants generally of small
size have been set up in some cities and towns in India. Normally, vermi-composting is preferred
to microbial composting in small towns as it requires less mechanization and it is easy to operate.
It is, however, to be ensured that toxic material does not enter the chain which if present could
kill the earthworms.

32

Anaerobic digestion and Biomethanation

Biomethanation is a comparatively well-established technology for disinfections, deodorization

and stabilization of sewage sludge, farmyard manures, animal slurries, and industrial sludge. Its
application to the organic fraction of MSW is more recent and less extensive. It leads to biogas/power generation in addition to production of compost (residual sludge). This method
provides a value addition to the aerobic (composting) process and also offers certain other clear
advantages over composting
in

terms

of

energy

production/consumption,
compost

quality

and

net

environmental gains.

This method is suitable for

kitchen wastes and, other organic wastes, which may be too wet and lacking in structure for
aerobic composting. It is a net energy-producing process (100150 kWh per tonne of waste
input). A totally enclosed system enables all the gas produced to be collected for use. A modular
construction of plant and closed treatment needs less land area. This plant is free from bad odor,
rodent and fly menace, visible pollution, and social resistance. It has potential for co-disposal
with other organic waste streams from agro-based industry. The plant can be scaled up
depending on the availability of the waste

33

Incineration
This method, commonly used in developed countries is most suitable for high calorific value
waste with a large component of paper, plastic, packaging material, pathological wastes, etc. It
can reduce waste volumes by over 90 per cent and convert waste to innocuous material, with
energy recovery. The method is relatively hygienic,
noiseless, and odorless, and land requirements are
minimal. The plant can be located within city limits,

reducing the

cost of waste transportation. This method, however,

is least suitable for disposal of

chlorinated

waste

and

aqueous/high

moisture

content/low calorific value waste

as supplementary fuel may be needed to sustain

combustion, adversely affecting net energy
recovery.

The plant requires large capital and entails substantial operation and maintenance costs. Skilled
personnel are required for plant operation and maintenance. Emission of particulates, SOx, NOx,
chlorinated compounds in air and toxic metals in particulates concentrated in the ash have raised
concerns

34

14. Pyrolysis Gasification / Plasma Pyrolysis Vitrification

Pyrolysis gasification processes are established for homogenous organic matter like wood, pulp,
etc., while plasma pyrolysis vitrification is a relatively new technology for disposal of
particularly hazardous wastes, radioactive wastes, etc. Toxic materials get encapsulated in
vitreous mass, which is relatively much safer to handle than incinerator/gasifier ash. These are
now being offered as an attractive option for disposal of MSW also.
In all these processes, besides net energy recovery, proper destruction of the waste is also
ensured. These processes, therefore, have an edge over incineration.
It is a capital and energy intensive process and net energy recovery may suffer in case of wastes
with excessive moisture and inert content.

35

15. Production of Refuse Derived Fuel (RDF), also known as pelletization

It is basically a processing method for mixed MSW, which can be very effective in preparing an
enriched fuel feed for thermal processes like incineration or industrial furnaces. The RDF pellets
can be conveniently stored and transported
Long distances and can be used as a coal substitute at a lower price. As pelletization involves
significant MSW sorting operations, it provides a greater opportunity to remove environmentally
harmful materials from the incoming waste prior to combustion.
The process, however, is energy intensive and not suitable for wet MSW during rainy season. If
RDF fluff/pellets are contaminated by toxic/hazardous material, the pellets are not safe for
burning in the open or for domestic use.

Calorific Value: 2500 3000

Kcal/Kg.
High Volatile Matter (> 60%)
Less fixed carbon (12-18%)
Less ash content (10-15%)
Moisture: (7.2 %)

36

16. Sanitary landfilling/landfill gas recovery

Sanitary landfills are the ultimate means of disposal of all types of residual, residential,
commercial and institutional waste as well as unutilized municipal solid waste from waste
processing facilities and other types of inorganic waste and inert that cannot be reused or
recycled in the foreseeable future.
Its main advantage is that it is the least cost option for waste disposal and has the potential for
the recovery of landfill gas as a source of energy, with net environmental gains if organic wastes
are land filled.

The gas after necessary cleaning, can be

utilized
domestic

for

power

fuel

for

generation
direct

or

as

thermal

applications. Highly skilled personnel are

not required to operate a sanitary landfill.
Major limitation of this method is the
costly transportation of MSW to far away
landfill sites.

37

17. Municipal Solid Waste (Management and Handling) Rules 2000

The Ministry of Environment and Forest notified Municipal Solid Waste (Management and
Handling) Rules 2000 after widely circulating the draft rules in 1999 inviting objections and
suggestions if any and made it mandatory for all municipal authorities in the country,
irrespective of their size and population, to implement the rules.
1. Prohibit littering on the streets by ensuring storage of waste at source in two bins; one for
biodegradable waste and another for recyclable material.
2. Primary collection of biodegradable and non-biodegradable waste from the doorstep,
(including slums and squatter areas) at pre-informed timings on a day-to-day basis using
containerized tricycle/handcarts/pick up vans.
3. Street sweeping covering all the residential and commercial areas on all the days of the year
irrespective of Sundays and public holidays.
4. Abolition of open waste storage depots and provision of covered containers or closed body
waste storage depots.
5. Transportation of waste in covered vehicles on a day to day basis.
6. Treatment of biodegradable waste using composting or waste to energy technologies meeting
the standards laid down.
7. Minimize the waste going to the land fill and dispose of only rejects from the treatment plants
and inert material at the landfills as per the standards laid down in the rules

38

18. CASE STUDIES

And Municipal Ward, Pune Municipal Corporation, Pune, Maharashtra.

Organic Waste Converter

OWC transformers organic waste into odor free flow able raw compost in 15-20 minutes. When
this is cured further, it gives nutrient rich, soil enhancing compost which can be used to create
terrace garden, landscaping.

* Successfully erected, commissioned and operating 2 Tons per day plant at Aundh Vegetable
Market, Pune

39

Biogas Plant to generate Electricity.

Segregated waste receiving platform

Neat and hygienic.
Safety precautions taken by the waste
Collectors.

At the sorting table, mechanized shredders are used to crush

the waste into slurry
Personnel Protective Equipment used.

Air tight digester covers constructed in RCC with

MS reinforced FRP top cover.
Life cycle 20 years
No foul odor.

40

The slurry from the digester will be dewatered

In the Liquid Manure
Tank (LMT) using bag filters
Compost is directly used by
Garden Dept. of PMC.

Biogas stored in Biogas Balloon with enclosure

These balloons can be automated, UV proof,
Rodent proof, non-explosive.

Generated Biogas is cleaned in

Biological Scrubbers.
Biogas will be automatically
Flared if there is excess gas
Production or during breakdowns
/ Shutdowns Fruits 8235 1410 20561 1509

41

Biogas Induced Mixing Arrangement (BIMA) Digester Technology

Given below schematic diagram of BIMA Technology based Biogas & Fertilizer (BGF) Plant
illustrates diagrammatic view of Waste-to-Energy process.

42

19. BIOMETHANATION PLANT BASED ON VEGETABLE MARKET

WASTES AT KOYAMBEDU WHOLE SALE MARKET COMPLEX,
CHENNAI, TAMIL NADU.
The Market Authorities are presently having wastes collection arrangement through its subcontractor and ten vegetable wastes is delivered at the plant site. The biogas generated is used as
fuel in gas engine and the excess power generated is exported to TNEB grid. The dewatered cake
is sold / used as manure by CMDA.

The Wholesale Market Complex generates up to 100 tonnes of garbage a day of which 30 tonnes
of garbage suitable for power generation is segregated. Just 1% each of flower, fruit and
vegetable waste is required to provide non-fibrous green waste that could be disintegrated into
smaller pieces. This would be digested in a plant that would produce methane from the waste
and the gas operates an
engine to produce power.

43

A NEWS PUBLISHED IN TIMES OF INDIA DATED 26-05-2010.

44

45

20. Study Area

Location: APMC VEGETABLE Market Vashi, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra
State, India.

Vashi is a residential as well as commercial node in Navi Mumbai, one of the first nodes
developed by City and Industrial Development Corporation (CIDCO). Vashi is divided into
many sectors of which Sector-1 to sector-8 is known for its fully residential buildings. Sector-17
is known for its shopping areas. A large APMC market, the biggest in Asia for wholesale
agricultural produce, is located in Sector-19 and part of Sector-18.
Vashi is also environmental friendly due to NMMC initiative of planting trees on both sides of
the roads in majority of its places and also every node has its own parks and play grounds.

46

Climate
Coordinates: 19.08N 73.01E
Being in close proximity to the sea, Vashi is mostly humid and hot in summer and mildly
pleasant during the winter months of November, December, and January. Western Ghats run in
parallel along the east of the town, resulting in relatively heavier showers than Mumbai.
Vashi has a tropical climate. In most months of the year, there is significant rainfall in Vashi.
There is only a short dry season and it is not very effective. The Kppen-Geiger climate
classification is Am. The average annual temperature in Vashi is 26.9 C. The average annual
rainfall is 2793 mm.

47

21. Profile of APMC Market

Spread over a sprawling 122 hectares, the Mumbai Agricultural Produce Market Committee at
Vashi is entry point of all food grains and vegetables meant for the extended region of
Metropolitan Mumbai.
Divided into different separate sections on the basis of the commoditi es, the
APMC provides separate markets for Fruits, Veget ables, sugar, jagger y and
onion-pot ato m arket.
The APMC market at Navi Mumbai is one of the bi ggest agricultural markets
in Asia and has gi ven a unique identit y t o the cit y Every day, nearly 1,800 tonnes of
vegetables serving Mumbai, Thane and Navi Mumbai roll into the yard from vegetable
producing areas like Nashik, Pune, Satara, Sangli and other parts of Maharashtra as well as from
outside the state.

48

22. Research Methodology

The study is based on mainly on primary data collected from APMC office. The data also
included secondary data from annual reports published by APMC.

Table
Year

Arrival (MT)

Waste (MT)

2011-12

499487

16231

2012-13

570121

18527

2013-14

595164

19345

Arrivals and waste during Year 2011-2014(in Metric Tons-MT)

Average of 50-60 Metric Tonne of ORGANIC waste per day is generated.

90% of the waste is rotten, broken, vegetables,
leafs and negligible quantity of plastic.
APMC had outsourced day to day collection
and disposal of garbage.
Accordingly, market yards are cleaned and
maintained on daily basis.

49

Waste is dumped outside each unit. Daily about 5 to 6 times the wheel loader will lift the
vegetable waste to compacter. The compacter carry the waste to Turbhe Land fill Area. The
waste is dumped in Turbhe Land fill site.

50

23. Proposals for effective management of waste generated in APMC, VASHI.

Major Composting Methods are listed here:
1. Open pile/static pile aerated or
non aerated composting time 8-10
months. Often practiced in rural areas
and large farm sites. It is a carrier of
weed seeds; the quality of compost is
also poor due to high oxidation losses
and wash out of nutrients.

2. Pit method [Bangalore method]:

It is a partial anaerobic and aerobic
combination.
Composting time 6-9 months. It is a carrier
of pathogens and weed seeds.
The quality of compost is superior than open
pile method.

51

3. Trenching method had been practiced by several

municipal bodies in the past, it leads to ground water
contamination. It gives immature compost and it is time
and space consuming process & no control over
parameters.

4. Anaerobic digestion is Like Gobar gas or Biomethanation system. The digested slurry
can carry pathogens, hence it requires re-composting to achieve thermophilic temperature of
>600 C to kill pathogens. In Overseas the digested slurry is used directly on farms. This is
because the project operates
on pure waste stream like
dairy cattle dung or fruit
pulp. This process has the
problem of waste water
discharge

and

also

it

requires large quantity of

fresh water for the process.

52

5. Windrow Composting: This is

the maximum practiced option. Rapid
decomposition of O.M. is achieved within
4-6 weeks. The controlled acceleration of
the process and fast sanitization of waste
is

achieved

to

kill

pathogens

and

inactivation of weed seeds at 60 to 650C

[thermophilic phase]. During monsoon the
windrows can be made under shade to
minimisenutrient wash outs. The entire
waste stacking has to be done on
cemented platform.

6. Enclosed hall composting: This is like windrows method, but entire waste stacking is in
the closed hall and aeration is carried out by overhead rail moving mechanism or also by front
end loaders and windrow turning machines. This system is practiced in Europe with great
success. This method needs high capital cost and Operation & Maintenance expenses.

53

7. Three side wall cell composting with air suction system [like VAR in Netherlands]. This
requires higher capital cost [4-6times than windrow method] and Operation & Maintenance
expenses are Rs.1, 000 to Rs.1, 500 / MT of MSW.

8. Rotating drum composting: This was the most adapted system in Europe under the
process of DANO and in Sweden by Rhondeco. It
bio-stabilizes the waste quickly for further curing

in

the windrows. High electricity consuming and

capital cost oriented. In this method several
rotating drums of 30m length & 4 m diameter are
required to fill waste and bio-stabilize.

9.

In

vessel/Bioreactor/closed

box

composting: These systems are

mostly practiced in Europe, Germany,
France,

Canada,

where

low

temperature conditions and presence of

highly put rescible waste like meat,
beef, fish makes processing difficult.
The capital costs as well as operating
costs are 8 to 10 times higher than the
windrow method. These methods are
ideal for places where no space is
available and higher tipping fee is
possible.

54

10. Floor to floor dropping [Tumbled down] of waste after 4 to 5 days retention time
for biostabilisation also called Jersey [John Thompson] and Kneer [BAV] system have been
attempted in Europe and some Asian countries with low degree of success.

11. Bio dynamic preparations [also known as

New

Zealand

technique]

is

basically on

farm

composting or multiplication of micro-organisms using

cow horn, dung, urine and plant extracts. It has not
succeeded anywhere to salvage MSW problem.

12. Kyusei Nature Farming Technique based on the work of Teruo Higa of Agril.
College Ryukyus Japan involving effective micro-organisms[EM] since 1990, has been of use at
mixed farm level to convert crop residue with poultry waste into partial compost called
Bokashi and then used for crop growing.. The EM
solutions have been tested in Municipal Wastes with
limited success due to predominance of heavy pathogen
load which the weak bio culture cannot overpower so
easily.
The photosynthesis bacteria and yeast have very little
role in breaking down complex substances of lipolytic,
lignitic & proteolitic contents which causes foul smell
and gaseous emissions.

55

13. Vermiculture: This method of composting has been widely practiced at orchard level, on
farm, and small scale decentralized community composting. It is cost effective as long as source
segregated food-veg waste is available and family labour is used.

Major costs and efforts are involved in

creating the tree shade chopping the
waste and day to day watering.
Compost

cannot

be

taken

into

regulated cycles as it is mixed with

inner

layer

of

soils

where

the

earthworm makes the burrows.

Thus the definite specification for

determining the compost quality are
difficult. On large scale municipal
waste [MCGB Bombay] project did
not succeed.

56

Composting
Composting is controlled aerobic process carried out by successive populations of micro
organisms (bacteria - fungi - actinomycetes) leading to development of mesophilic (40-450 C)
and thermophilic (60-650 C) temperatures and production of carbon dioxide, minerals, organic
substrate, energy and H2O.
This is by far the most widely used method for processing of MSW in fruitful manner.
Composting has relevance for MSW treatment as it results in volume reduction of up to 50% and
consumes environment problem causing component of MSW.

This process breaks down short term biodegradables food residue, fruits vegetables, animal
tissue etc., but does not bring appreciable changes into long term biodegradable materials like
tree prunes, coconut shells etc.

57

In the composting technology either of the two basic systems are used i.e. treatment of MSW
through open windrows which are aerated by turning the waste upside-down or forced air. The
other system is in vessel (closed reactor system) such as rotating drums, tunnel etc. in which
mixing, agitation, aerations are done combinely.

58

Key features and requirements of composting as technology for MSW

treatment
1. Highly suitable to deal with putrescible fraction of MSW that causes several problem
regarding environment, health, water contamination, mal-odors etc.
2. Consumes wide variety of organic materials waste streams.
3. It can tolerate presence of silt and soil to a great extent.
4. Flexibility of technology for implementation in 50 to 1000 tpd modules
5. More than 80% of the facility and >50% of the machinery is usable for integration with other
technologies like fuel palletization.
6. Can treat and process even one week old waste or some quantity of accumulated wastes?

7. Composting is extremely useful in minimizing the burden of methane and leachate generation
from SLF.
8. Entire system is indigenous with local availability of spares and expertise.
9. It is first significant step towards scientific management of MSW.
10. It can form the basis for implementation of other high Tech Process if found suitable in the
future.

59

11. It is an integral part of SLF all over the World.

12. Returns back the nutrient elements and carbon energy to the farmers fields.

60

24. REFUSE DERIVED FUEL (RDF) / Fuel Pelletisation

RDF defined: An undensified product manufactured from the combustible fraction of waste by a
sophisticated mechanical process involving the deliberate use of heat, having a granularity of at
least 90% less than 10 mm and containing no more than 15% ash prior to any addition of
substances to enhance fuel properties.

Global
trend

indicates constantly increasing quantities of dry recyclable in the MSW that are combustible. In
most of the million plus cities the content of paper, jute, broken furniture, tree twigs, textiles,
plastic etc is between 20 to 30%.

These wastes have moisture content of < 20% and calorific value of >2000Kcal /Kg. overall bulk
density of this waste is 200 to 300 Kg / M3.
Hence if disposed off in the SLF they can occupy almost 4 times more area than other wastes.
Recovery of these recyclables is considered a good source of energy.

61

Key features / requirements of fuel palletization (RDF)

1. MSW should have 20-30 % materials which can
have calorific value >2000 Kcal/Kg. this happens with
increased quantity of paper waste & woody materials.
2. The dry recyclables have to be protected from
scavenging activity
3. Paper, textiles, LDPE, HDPE, diapers, sanitary
napkins, and rags can become part of RDF. In developed countries even dried sewage sludge is
used in RDF.
4. Chlorinated Hydro carbons and PVC must not be present in the MSW & RDF.

5. Facility for recovery of only RDF usually suffers from the ill-effects of putrescible wastes
having high moisture content (>50%) and low calorific value (<900k.cal/kg). These waste cause
unhygienic conditions. This also requires lot of energy for drying.
6. If the RDF utilization has to be for power
generation the quantity of such material should
be at least 200 tpd to support 4.0 MW thermal
power plant. This quantity can only come from
500-600 tpd MSW.
7. Backup fuel arrangement such as paddy

62

hulls, saw dust, crop straw must be available in the vicinity of the project as made to order
supply of MSW on every day basis is difficult.
8. Utilisability of RDF / FP is possible in steel foundries, potteries, cement kiln, and those
industries which have coal fed boilers. This market potential has to be explored within affordable
transportation distance.
9. Like composting, RDF will require large shed for processing as well a more godown storage
for finished product.
10. Loose storage of fluffy material is a problem from the space as well as fire hazard point of
view. This requires extra precautionary measures.

63

25. Gasification as technology for MSW treatment

Uses a limited amount of heat for waste combustion. The further heat produced results in
complete decomposition of organic materials to gaseous fuels (H2, Co, Co2, CHx etc.) or low
calorific value but usable for power generation.

64

26. Biomethanation / Anaerobic Digestion as technology for MSW treatment

Organic fraction of the wastes is segregated and fed to closed container / anaerobic digester /
vessel. In the absence of oxygen (air) natural bacteria produce methane rich gas consisting of
approx 60 - 64% methane, 35 - 40% Carbon dioxide and small amount of ammonia and
hydrogen sulfide. Biogas has a calorific value of about 5000 kcal / m3. Depending upon the
waste, Production ranges from 50 to 150 m3 per tonne of waste. The biogas can be used for
heating applications and generation of electricity through internal combustion engines, low
pressure gas turbine or steam turbines.

65

The sludge from anaerobic digestion requires to be de-watered and pass through a thermophilic
aerobic bio composting cycle before it is used in agriculture. Use of post-bio methane slurry in
its

dry form is as good as spent tea which cannot provide ready carbohydrates energy to
microorganisms. For making it useful, further mixing of blood meal, oilcakes etc. is required
followed by composting process for 3 weeks. This technology is age old and proven for
utilization of high volatile solid content homogeneous waste streams such as dairy cattle dung,
poultry dropping, fruit pulp, vegetable market waste, slaughter house and sewage sludge.

66

27. Salient features of biomethanation technology

1. MSW should have 50% wet waste comprising of food residues, fruit vegetables market waste,
lawn pruning. More the starchy material, better it is.
2. The volatile solid content should not be less than 50%
3. The waste should not be older than 24 hours as there is methane loss in high temp conditions
4. Large quantity of potable quality water should be available

5. While methane gas can be converted into electricity and readily sold, compost requires similar
marketing efforts as that of a normal composting project.
6. Project cannot be established on reclaimed dumpsite due to very heavy structure of
methanation towers.
7. Potential risk of methane gas, explosion and danger in nearby residential areas.

67

28. Vermiculture
This involves use of earthworms to eat and digest organic matter content of waste. The waste of
desired quality must be chopped into 10-15cm size and put layer by layer in specially prepared
soil bed like field nursery. The area must have shade. Earth worm cocoons containing vermi
compost is spread on to these waste layers. These cocoons develop into adult size worms and
nibble the waste. Granulated material passing through the worms digestive system is harvested
and used as soil conditioner.

The process of Vermiculture is best suited to the isolated locations having 1 to 5 tpd waste and
have sufficient horticulture / plantation area with sprinkler irrigation facility.
In cities it can be practiced through community composting of food waste.
It require large number labour force usually 6 to 8 per tonne of MSW. This makes it an unviable
proposition on commercial scale

68

29. CONCLUSION
Major amount of waste generated in solid waste of Navi Mumbai is organic waste generated
from APMC market. By treating the organic waste there is reduction of major quantum of load in
land fill area.
Organic waste generated in APMC market if used for energy generation not only saves the
transportation cost also benefits environment.
Set up of small scale industries to convert organic waste into organic manure will generate
employment in and around Navi Mumbai area.
Green house emissions and ammonia emissions are reduced as cause of these emissions are due
to these biodegradable wastes.
With proper utilization of the waste APMC market can become zero energy building.
By product of energy generation i.e. organic fertilizer can be sold to the farmers at subsidised
rates there by creating awareness to use organic manure instead of chemical fertilizer.
Well organised Waste management will help to make Navi Mumbai Smart City.

69

30. REFERENCES

1. www.ccsniam.gov.in
2. www.isca.in
3. www.agico.com
5. www.adelaide.edu.au/biogas/history
4. www.excelind.co.in
5. www.mailhem.com
6. www.biostarsystems.com
7. http://practicalaction.org/
8. www.researchgate.net
8. mgiri.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/Energy_Technology.pdf
9. Biogas Generation in a Vegetable Waste Anaerobic Digester: An Analytical
Approach,Dhanalakshmi Sridevi V.and Ramanujam R.A.,Department of Chemistry, GKM
College of Engineering and Technology, Chennai 63,
TN, INDIA.
10. Environment Technology Division, (CLRI), Council of Scientific and Industrial Research
(CSIR), Adyar, Chennai, INDIA (2012).
11. Wikipedia
12. Google maps
13. NMMC REPORT from NMMC website
14. CIDCO website
14. MNRE website

70