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22001122

Deep sea sediment gravity core

GRT-05-03 with long of 145 cm
was obtained from the seafloor
of Tomini Basin at the water
depth of slightly below 2400 m
at coordinates 00031.699 S
and 12051.979 E at the southwestern slope of the Tomini
Basin.

http://www.mnhn.fr/mnhn/geo/Collection_Marine
/moyens mer/Engins_de_prelevements_eng.htm

M
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D. Kusnida
I.R. Silalahi
T. Naibaho
Subarsyah

MARINE GEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS

IN THE TOMINI BASIN, CENTRAL SULAWESI
Editor in chief
Editor

: Agus Setiya Budhi

: Susilohadi
Prijantono Astjario

Managing editor

: Asep Makmur
Andi Sianipar

Research Vessel Geomarin III

M
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Page
Preface ................................................................................................

Summary ............................................................................................ iii

Introduction .........

Seismic Stratigraphy............................................................................

Basement Configuration ....... 11

Seismic 2D and Gravity Anomaly...................................................... 17
General Mineralogy ...... 23
Conclusion ........................................................................................ 29
References .........................................................................................

31

Biography

MARINE GEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS IN THE TOMINI BASIN

Preface
This small book presents
the composite and general
picture of limited articles
related to the marine
geological and geophysical
surveys in Tomini BasinCentral Sulawesi that have
been published recently.
Marine geological and
M
M
G
MG
GIII (((222000111000)))
geophysical investigations
carried out by Marine
Geological Institute of Indonesia (MGI) in 2005 using RV Baruna Jaya
VIII was to obtain geological and geophysical information related to
potencies on geological resources which could possibly discovered.
Additional revisited geophysical surveys concentrated in Tomini Basin
using RV Geomarin III in 2010 were directed to obtain a denser and a
better quality of seismic records.
The surveys were financed by Systematic Marine Geological Mapping
Project of Marine Geological Institute of Indonesia. The authors wish
to thanks Mr. Susilohadi as a director of MGI for his supports to
publish this book. Thanks are also directed to Mr. Joni Widodo as a
team leader and Mr. Kristanto as a chief scientist during data
acquisition using RV. Baruna Jaya VIII in 2005, and for allowing us to
work on the material and use the data for the articles. Thanks are also
directed to Mr. M. Hanafi as a team leader during data aquisition
using RV. Geomarine III in 2010. High apretiations are directed to
Mrs. Yudhicara for onboard sample preparation, and to the Crews and
Technicians of RV. Baruna Jaya VIII and RV. Geomarine III for their
help and patient during data acquisitions.

MARINE GEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS IN THE TOMINI BASIN

ii

Summary
Tomini Basin is a deep sea frontier sedimentary basin lies at the inner
part of the Gulf of Tomini where the northern and eastern arms of
Sulawesi flank the basin. The gulf is characterized by a bathymetric low
of slightly below 2400 meters in Tomini Basin in the west, and a
bathymetric low of a slightly below 4000 meters in Gorontalo Basin to
the east. The Tomini Basin can be considered as a complex back arc
basin of nearly elongated-shaped depocenter, which is oriented eastwest. The islands group of Togian characterizing the NE-SW traversed
highs together with the Una-Una islands where the Colo volcano is
situated separates the Tomini Basin from the Gorontalo Basin.
Studies on offshore multi-channel seismic reflection data
complemented by published on-land geological data indicate a series of
tectonic events that influenced the depositional system in Tomini
Basin. Seismic data confirmed that the lower sediment sequence in
Tomini Basin is characterized by synrift-sagging-postrift-syninversion
sequences typical of the Sunda tectonic system. Subsequently, during
the late Neogene, alternating pulses of terigenous sediment were
deposited in the basins in the form of deep-sea slump-turbidite-pelagic
sediments. A sediment gravity flow deposits system at the slope and
base of slope of the basin changed gradually into a deep-sea pelagic fill
system toward the center of the basin. Three tectono-stratigraphy
sequences (A, B and C) separated by unconformities indicating the late
Neogene history and development of the basins were identified. These
tectonic processes imply that the earlier sediments in Tomini Basin are
accomplished by differential subsidence, which allows a thickening of
basins infill. The Pliocene-Quaternary basins fill marks the onset of
sediment gravity flow deposits dominated deposition system.
Based on marine magnetic modeling, the main structural and
geological elements of the basement of Tomini Basin are identified.

MARINE GEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS IN THE TOMINI BASIN

iii

At the center of the basin, the up-doming feature is lead to elevated

magnetic susceptibility values. Magnetic and geological model indicate
that the entire basement of Tomini Basin is characterized by an
oceanic-like crust with a basin axis at the center nearly an east-west
direction and presents rift-related basement graben. However, on the
basis of gravity map and seismic data, the Tomini Basin in fact is
subdivided into the north and south sub-basinal structures.
The general mineralogy aspect analyzed from a single core GRT-05-03
of surficial sediments of Tomini Basin with the thickness of 145 cm,
reveals the concentrations and shallow vertical distributions of minor
elements (Au, Ag, Cu, Pb, Zn, Cr, Mn, Ni, Fe and Co), major elements
(SiO2, Al2O3, Fe2O3, CaO, MgO, K2O, Na2O, TiO2 and LiO), and trace
elements (Th, Zr, Ba, Nb, Ce and Sr). However, the highest
concentration of minor elements is dominated by manganese (28653211 ppm) and trace elements is dominated by barium (245-289 ppm).
High content of Mn within the surficial sediment column in Tomini
Basin indicates anoxic environment where Mn solubed and burried
within anoxic sediment, which then slowly migrated and accumulated
in oxidized sediment layers above formed MgO.
Published articles show that the conspicuous occurrence of barium in
Tomini Basin can possibly be controlled largely by the biogenic matter,
although the detritus fraction in Tomini Basin was dominant in the
sediments. Likewise, it can also be explained that the authigenic barium
(Baex) correlates with gradual change in sedimentation environment
during glacial ages. The Baex may relate to calcareous organisms besides
siliceous ones. Baex was reduced to sulfide and dissolved away in a
strongly anoxic environment during biologically productive period.

MARINE GEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS IN THE TOMINI BASIN

iv

Introduction
The Indonesian archipelago (Figure 1) is a group of micro tectonic
plates, which are united by the convergence of three main tectonic
plates; those are Indo-Australian Plate from the southeast; Eurasian
Continental Plate from the northwest, and Pacific Oceanic Plate from
the northeast. The predominant convergent plate margins in Indonesia
are the active deep-sea trench-island arc systems that called the SundaBanda Arcs. The arc displays the classic morphology of outer rise,
trench, forearc ridge, forearc basin, volcanic inner arc and backarc
basin (Hamilton, 1988).

Figure1. Major tectonic elements of Indonesian archipelago

Recently, Koesoemadinata (2006) proposed that the Indonesian
archipelago tectonically could be divided into three plate tectonic
regions those are west, central and east Indonesia. West Indonesia,
where the Sunda Platform acts as a continental core, is characterized by
subduction tectonics between the Indian Ocean and the Eurasian
Plates, with frontal subduction south of Java, and oblique subduction

MARINE GEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS IN THE TOMINI BASIN

west of Sumatra. Central Indonesia which is ornamented by many

micro continents and micro oceanic plates is separated from West
Indonesia by Makassar Strait in the west, and trenches of NusatenggaraBanda Arcs in the south, Halmahera-Sangihe Islands in the east and
Sulawesi Sea in the north. East Indonesia with Arafura Platform acts
as continental core and so called as the Banda Arc Complex is
dominated by collision between the Eurasian, the Pacific and the Indo Australian Plates. The study area (Figure 2) is situated at the poorly
understood region, where it precisely lays in the transition zone
separating the north arm of Sulawesi Volcanic Arc to the north from
the Banggai-Sula micro-continent collision-Molluca Sea Plate
subduction systems to the east and Palu-Koro Transcurent Fault to the
west.

Figure 2. Map shows topographic and tectonic elements of the study area.
Map modified from Silver et al (1983), SRTM and DEM of NASA (2000).
Line D and line B indicate seismic profiles produced in Figure 3 and Figure 4

MARINE GEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS IN THE TOMINI BASIN

The tectonic complexity displayed in Central Indonesia is the results of

a series of Neogene collision events between island arcs, continental
fragments, and the Australian continent. The Gulf of Tomini is
characterized by a bathymetric low of slightly below 2400 meters in
Tomini Basin, and a bathymetric low of a slightly below 4000 meters
depth in Gorontalo Basin to the east. The islands group of Togian
characterizing the NE-SW outer traversed highs together with the UnaUna islands where the Colo volcano is situated, separate the Tomini
Basin in the west from the Gorontalo Basin in the east. The present of
dunite in Colo volcanic products may indicate that the magma source
had through an oceanic material that possibly is part of East Sulawesi
Ophiolite Complex (Silver et al, 1983).
On the basis of geophysical and geological expeditions in SW Molucca
Sea, NW Banda Sea, and in the eastern arms of Sulawesi, Silver et al
(1983) indicate that the Gulf of Tomini is underlain by oceanic crust,
and its south edge is uplifted against the thrust. The Sulawesi ophiolites
that can be traced offshore indicate its origin as basement of the Gulf
of Tomini. Permana et al (2002) indicate that the Gulf of Tomini is
dominated by an east-west direction of steep graben-like structure. To
the north, the gulf is bordered by the north arm of Sulawesi and to the
south is bordered by East Sulawesi Ophiolite and Old Mlange
Complexes. These may suggest that the gulf to have been formed as the
result of opening and rotating of northern Sulawesi in Neogene about
5 Ma (Walpersdorf et al, 1998).
Seismological data (Permana et al 2002) show two different patterns
beneath the Colo volcano. The first pattern, at 100 to 200 km depths
related to the southeast subduction of Sulawesi Sea Plate and the
second, directly beneath the Una-Una Island at 70 to 100 Km depths is
related with the northwest collision of Banggai-Sula micro-continent to
the Eastern Arm of Sulawesi where in some places show imbricated
thrusts.

MARINE GEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS IN THE TOMINI BASIN

According to Karig et al (1980), tectonic evolution of convergent plate

margins makes the back and forearc basins very sensitive to study
because of the complex interaction between tectonics and
sedimentation processes. The basins form an important element of
convergent plate boundaries. They represent large basin as major sites
of sediment accumulation with a volcanic/plutonic arc represents the
major source of basin fill.
Offshore sedimentary basin situated around the west and southeastern
regions of the Sunda Shelf have been explored and have been
considerably well informed. Oil exploration and geological studies of
North Sumatra Forearc Basin (Izart et al, 1994), Middle Sumatra Basin
(Matson and Moore, 1992), West Sumatra Basin (Beaudry and Moore,
1985), East Java Basin (Letouzey et al, 1990; Brensden et al, 1992;
Koesoemadinata et al, 1999; Basden et al, 2000; Sribudiyani et al,
2003) and forearc basin off southwest Sumatra and southwest Java
(Susilohadi et al, 2005) gave valuable information on the geological
evolution of this region. Studies of central Indonesian basins such as:
Flores and Savu-Lombok Forearc Basins (Silver et al, 1986; Van
Weering et al, 1989; Van der Werff et al, 1994) and Bali backarac basin
(Kusnida, 2001) provided a broad outline of the geometry and
sedimentary sequences of this active margin system and portrays the
Cenozoic evolution of the basin.
According to the Indonesian offshore basin status map (Dirjen Migas,
2003), the Gulf of Tomini where the Tomini and Gorontalo
physiographic basins situated are still unexplored, and so far never have
been studied and discussed considerably in detailed and it is remains
poorly understood. For this reasons, it was decided to study the basins
within Gulf of Tomini particularly the Tomini Basin to determine
stratigraphic succession, structures and depositional characteristics with
considerable interest for scientific purposes.

MARINE GEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS IN THE TOMINI BASIN

Seismic Stratigraphy
The seismic reflection profiles show the development of three seismic
sequences A, B and C (Figure 3 and Figure 4). Seismic sequence A
extends into the center of the basins, and gradually thins to a few
reflectors above the flanks of the basins with thickness of less than 100
mSec. The sequence pinches out against the top of the basement high
especially in the southern flank of the basins. As recognized in the Bali
backarc basin (Kusnida, 2001), seismic facies in the Tomini Basin can
also be subdivided into two sub-sequences with different reflection
characters. In Tomini Basin (Figure 4.), the lower part of sequence A
has a thickness of 600 mSec TWT in average and it composed of
alternating transparent to weakly reflective beds of a limited continuity.
At the base, minor base of slope mound deposits is found and lap onto
seismic sequence C at both flanks of the basin. The upper part is 400
mSec TWT thick and consists of a band of continuous alternated by a
chaotic, low amplitude and low frequency reflectors. The geometry and
seismic facies of both subsequences indicate an active lower slope
progradation similar to seismic sequence B underneath. Both the weak
reflectivity and the low seismic coherence of the lower seismic facies
unit indicate slump deposits. The high amplitude reflections of the
upper sub-sequence suggest an alternation of turbidites and pelagic
sediments. Following Mc. Caffrey and Silver (1981), this sequence
possibly indicates an alternating of Quaternary turbidite-pelagic
deposits.
Seismic Sequence B is characterized by semi-transparent mostly chaotic
and medium amplitude at the base-of-slope of the basin, and stratified,
divergence with parallel reflectors toward the center part of the basin.
This difference presumably reflects differentiation of sedimentary facies
of the basin fill. This sequence has been slightly deformed, especially
along the margins of the basin, and laps onto sequence C underneath.

MARINE GEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS IN THE TOMINI BASIN

In the center of the basins, the sequence has a maximum thickness of

400-600 mSec TWT and is faulted.

Figure 3. Seismic line across Tomini Basin indicates sediment gravity

flow deposits in the center of the basin derived from both the NE and
SW directions. For location see Figure 2.

Figure 4. Seismic profile across Tomini Basin indicates sediment gravity

flow deposits in the center of the basin derived from both the SE and
NW directions. For location see Figure 2.

Toward the flanks of the basin, it rapidly thins to a few hundred

meters, and extends northward across graben and basement high in the
center of the basin, as a parallel bedded depositional unit. Seismic

MARINE GEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS IN THE TOMINI BASIN

sequence B is laps onto seismic sequence C at both flanks of the basin

beneath seismic sequence A.
The seismic facies is composed of
relatively steep north-dipping oblique progradational reflectors, which
downlap seismic sequence C and have an interval velocity of 2000 m/s.
The reflection pattern is characterized by semi transparent to chaotic,
even bedded, high amplitude, low frequency reflectors. The upper
boundary is erosive and characterized by a high amplitude reflector.
The depositional setting and seismic facies are typical for active slope
mass-flow progradation of submarine fan complex (Vail et al, 1977).
The same reflector is also recognized in the entire Lombok forearc
basin (Van der Werff et al, 1994) and Bali backarc basin (Kusnida,
2001). This reflection character and configuration suggests an
alternation of turbidite and thin bedded pelagic sediments possibly of
lower Pliocene.
At the base-of-slope of the basin, seismic sequence C acts as the basin
floor for the seismic sequence A and B, which fill the depressions
between its basement highs underneath. The lower sequence boundary
is formed by seismic reflection terminations which lap on the
basement. In the center of the basin, the sequence boundary is slightly
erosional to paraconformable and is covered in the south by the
downlapping reflectors of sequence B.
The seismic facies is
characterized by continuous, even bedded, high amplitude, low
frequency reflectors and has an interval velocity of 2600 m/s. On the
basis of its depositional setting and reflection configuration (Vail et al,
1977), the lithofacies is interpreted as siliclastic sequence, which was
deposited in deep water environment. Following Mc. Caffrey and
Silver (1981), we have assumed an Upper Miocene age for the
unconformity on top of the block faulted, moderately reflective seismic
basement, thus assigning that this sequence is considered as a Miocene
age. The unconformity on top may mark the regional important of late
Miocene tectonic phase.

MARINE GEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS IN THE TOMINI BASIN

Slope Basin Sediments

At base of slope of the basin, seismic sequence C is overlain by
sediments with an age that overlaps seismic sequence B but have
characteristics that are similar to seismic sequence A. Seismically,
seismic sequence C from this zone are relatively lithified and faulted,
reflecting exposure of acoustic basement for seismic sequence A and B.
Figure 3 shows that seismic sequence B is thick deposit. The lithologic
unit corresponding to seismic sequence B is differed from seismic
sequence A by an increase in lumpy block elements and a decrease in
the pelagic material. It is also characterized by rapid deposition and
high frequency of locally derived turbidites generated by rapid changes
in seafloor topography, which resulted in slope instability. Blocky and
lumpy slumps deposits are characterizing this zone.
Distal-Plain Sediments
Two main seismic sequences (seismic sequence A and B) occur above
the acoustic basement (seismic sequence C), which is well imaged on
Figure 3 and 4. In ascending order, these seismic sequences consist of
sediment with short, irregular reflectors that passes up into sediment
with strong, irregular, and laterally discontinuous reflectors (seismic
sequence C). Seismic sequence B comprises 600 mSec TWT of
irregularly reflecting sediment, with stronger, chaotic reflections that
concentrated at base-of-slope. Seismic sequence A comprises an upper
unit of acoustically intercalated sediment with markedly a weakly semi
parallel reflectors in longer segments and an upper unit of stronger,
more continuous reflectors, many displaying diffraction hyperbolae
especially at base-of-slope of the Tomini Basin (Figure 3.).
At base-of-slope of the basin, seismic sequence A represents younger
deep-sea fan sediments and sequence B represents older deep-sea fan
sediments. At base-of-slope of the basins, seismic sequence B is

MARINE GEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS IN THE TOMINI BASIN

characterized by a high degree of deformation and fracturing, consistent

with its long history of movement, burial and deformation. Internal
structures in these units are poorly preserved. Seismic sequence A is
also composed of pelagic interspersed with thick turbidites. The zones
of harder reflectors in the upper parts of seismic sequences A and B are
made up of large numbers of short, concave-downward segments, some
of which represent refractions from hard zones lying within the
sediments, possibly thin slumps-turbidite intercalated with pelagic
sediments.
Structures
Our seismic reflection profiles indicate that the southeastern part of the
Gulf of Tomini exhibits a prominent tectonic features of a series of
buried faulted basement block that trend slightly NE-SW characterizing
the submarine basement ridges which reached its depth greater than
4200 meters and its associated Togian Islands Complex (Figures 3 and
4). The southern part of Gulf of Tomini has been uplifted along the
Togian Islands, which in turn is partially overthrust that developed
possibly since Pliocene. Seismic profiles also indicate that the largest of
these blocks divide the Gulf of Tomini into the Tomini Basin in the
west and the Gorontalo Basin to the east.
The flat-lying, undeformed sediments fill in the center of the basins
within the basin and lack of the faults underneath suggests that these
normal faults have not been active prior to the opening of the Gulf of
Tomini. The east-west widening of the basin dimension and a smaller
morphology can also be explained probably related with an east-west
pull-apart basin formation. Based on the seismic profile interpretation,
four general tectonic phases can be portraying in Tomini Basin:
a. Normal faults were active during the earliest phase of tectonism and
formed late Miocene extensional basin and filled continuously by
late Miocene sediment deposits.

MARINE GEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS IN THE TOMINI BASIN

b. Thrust structural style recognized in the Tomini Basin indicates

inversion tectonic related to the Pliocene collision of Eastern Arm of
Sulawesi with the Banggai-Sula micro continent, where the
compression movement has modified the previously extensional
tectonic environment within the gulf. It was involving basement
differential subsidence of the basins and the formation of Tomini
Basin.
c. The back arc thrust zone has been formed since Pliocene (indicated
by uplifted basement, see Figure 3).
d. Eastward widening of the basin indicates a north-south increase in
the total amount of shortening.

MARINE GEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS IN THE TOMINI BASIN

10

Basement Configuration
In the framework of deep-sea basin exploration in the frontier area
particularly in the central and eastern Indonesia, Asikin and Safei
(2008) proposed the application of polyhistory basin concept, which
deals with basin classification formerly introduced by Kingston et al
(1983). However, there are three important parameters recognized in
polyhistory basin concept that have to be considered in sedimentary
basin analyses, those are type of basement underlies the basin
(continental or oceanic), tectonic environment and type of plate
boundaries.
The Tomini Basin in Central Sulawesi so far is still controversy,
remains relatively unknown and less studied in detail in this tectonic
setting. On the basis of seismic reflection studies, two different
opinions related with sediment fill in Tomini Basin have been raised.
Wijaya et al (2007) defined that the sediment fill in Tomini Basin
consist of shallow marine deposits such as sandstones and reefs form a
petroleum system. In contrast, Kusnida and Subarsyah (2008) indicate
alternating pulses of terigenous sediment in the form of deep-sea slumpturbidite-pelagic sediments that changed gradually into a deep-sea
pelagic fill system toward the center of the basins. These different
opinions may lead to the assumption that the Tomini Basin can
possibly underlain by continental or oceanic-like crusts.
Different with on-land geology; offshore geology cannot directly be
examined as most information related with sub-seafloor geology is
resulted from marine geophysical investigations such as from marine
magnetic surveys. According to Christopher et al (1995), possible
causes for strong magnetic highs are the presence of rock masses
contains magnetite mineral such as gabbros, diorite, basalt and other
mafic igneous rocks. In contrast, felsic igneous rocks, like granite or
rhyolite, and most sedimentary rocks are notably non-magnetic may

MARINE GEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS IN THE TOMINI BASIN

11

show up as distinct magnetic lows are also mapable. Advanced

techniques and detail analyses of magnetic data have been developed
which can predict the depth, shape, and orientation of basement below
the seafloor as one of the important parameters required in polyhistory
basin concept as proposed by Kingston et al (1983).
Marine magnetic interpretation from Tomini Basin is aimed to portray
the physical characteristics of the basement underlies the basin more
clearly and hope can give a better understanding for scientific and
academic purposes. In this book, the study is limited on delineation of
the lateral and a vertical variation of rocks underlies the Tomini Basin
represented by magnetic susceptibilities distribution.
Four lines of nearly 450 km long of magnetic survey technique were
resulted from the Tomini Basin. However, here only two magnetic lines
are performed and modeled (Figure 5and 6). The positive and negative
anomalies values portray magnetic basement lineation and represent
the highs and the lows. Magnetic profiles show the up-doming likefeature in the center of the basin where the emerge anomalies varies
from -284.0 to 171.1 nT in Line-B and from -68.8 to 149.3 nT in LineD. Total magnetic anomaly at the southeastern flank of the basin is
more complex due to the present of Togian Islands where the Colo
volcanism activity is located.
Profile Line-B and Line-D (Figure 5 and 6), both indicate the possibly
sedimentary cover of the basin as characterized by susceptibility value
range from -0.005 to 0.001 cgs units. Magnetic model Line-B (Figure 5)
shows that the high total magnetic anomaly in general occupy the
center of Tomini Basin, and in fact is characterized by -0.11 cgs units.
The southeastern flank of the basement is characterized by
susceptibility values range from 0.04 to 0.1 cgs units, while the
northwestern flank is characterized by susceptibility values range from
0.01 to 0.04 cgs units. Line-D (Figure 6) indicates that the center of the

MARINE GEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS IN THE TOMINI BASIN

12

basin is characterized by -0.12 cgs units. To the northwest, the

basement is characterized by -0.05 cgs units, while to the southeastern
from the center of the basin, the basement is characterized by
susceptibility value of -0.013 cgs units.

Figure 5. Magnetic and geological models of Line-B.

Magnetic susceptibility in cgs unit.

Figure 6. Magnetic and geological models of Line-D.

Magnetic susceptibility in cgs unit.

MARINE GEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS IN THE TOMINI BASIN

13

Magnetic model Line-D (Figure 6) shows that the depth of basement

rocks of the Tomini Basin laterally vary from 2500 meters to 3400
meters below sea level, where each block of rock mass is bounded at its
sided by a series of graben like-structures.
Regionaly the lower total magnetic anomalies values dominating the
flanks of the Tomini Basin, except the center of the basin where the
anomaly tend to be high. Most of the elongation of negative values
occupy zone which indicate the occurrence of magnetic basement
characterising the flanks area of the basin and seems to be related with
the magnetic basement setting which is indicating the presence of the
rift-related basement.
From the center toward the northern flank of the basin, magnetic
models indicate a major graben, and the total magnetic anomalies
range between -284 to 171.1 nT. On model Line-B the anomalies at
the southeastern part of the basin, varies with several lows and highs
and it is possibly caused by the present of Togian Islands represent
imbricates zone where the Colo volcano is also present. It can be
assumed that even though the general trend of the total magnetic
anomaly is slightly north-south, but the occurrence of high closures
toward the center of the basin indicate the underwent and controlled
of the east-west structural lineation formed horsts and grabens.
Magnetic models portray that the center of Tomini Basin possibly is
underlain by basaltic rocks (peridotites ?) with susceptibility values
range from 0.11 to 0.12 cgs units and by (diorites ?) with susceptibility
value of 0.013 cgs units toward the Togian Island where the Colo
volcano is situated (see Table 1) .
A negative (-) symbol behind susceptibility values in the models possibly
denote a susceptibility contrast that is the relative susceptibility between
two or more rocks composed the basement (Huang and Fraser, 2001),

MARINE GEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS IN THE TOMINI BASIN

14

or it can also be caused by magnetic reversal during basement rock

formation (Christopher et al, 1995).
Table 1. Magnetic susceptibility of selected rocks
(Christopher et al, 1995)
Rock/Mineral

Mass (10-8m3kg-1

Density
(103 kg
m-3)

Volume k (10-6
SI) = cgs unit

2.61
2.99
2.91
2.85
3.03
2.64
3.15
2.74
3.17
2.52
2.69

170,000
250 -180,000
1,000 - 160,000
630 -130,000
1,000 - 90,000
0 - 50,000
96,000-200,000
250 - 210,000
130,000
250 - 38,000
2,700 - 270,000

6,500
8,4 - 6,100
35
22 - 4,400
26 - 3,000
0 - 1,900
3,000-6,200
9,.2 - 7,700
4,200
10 - 1,500
100- 10,000

2.61

38 - 82,000

1,4 - 3,100

2.79

550 - 120,000

20

1.70
1.35
2.30
2.11
2.24
2.24
2.10

170 - 250
25
10 -- 940
2 - 25,000
10 - 100
0 - 20,900
63 - 18,600

10 - 15
1,9
1 - 41
0.1- 1,200
0.5 - 5
0 - 931
3-

2.19

0 - 50,000

0- 2,000

Igneous
Rocks
Andesite
Basalt
Diabase
Diorite
Gabbro
Granite
Peridotite
Porphyry
Pyroxenite
Rhyolite
Igneous rocks
Average acidic
ignous rocks
Average basic
ignous rocks

Sedimentary
Rocks
Clay
Coal
Dolomite
Limestone
Red sediments
Sandstone
Shale
Average
sedmntry rocks

MARINE GEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS IN THE TOMINI BASIN

15

Geologically, the high magnetic susceptibility of -0.11 to -0.12 cgs units

characterizes the interior under the center of the basin, where the
graben-like structures are in it. In contrast, the low magnetic intensity
anomaly characterizing the flanks of the basin, which is in general
characterized by -0.01 0.05 cgs unit at both flanks.
Based on the susceptibility values, the basement of Tomini Basin is
predicted to be equivalent to crystalline basement (Kusnida et al, 2009).
Shallower susceptibility contrasts which is occur toward Colo volcanic
is in contrast with host rocks, may mask or complicate the
interpretation of magnetic basement, therefore susceptibility variations
within magnetic basement in Tomini Basin are common.

MARINE GEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS IN THE TOMINI BASIN

16

Seismic 2D and Gravity Anomaly

A careful examination of the primary and secondary marine geophysical
data acquired by MGI in 2005 and 2010 indicate the present of the
subasinal structures in the Tomini Basin. The occurrence of high
gravity anomalies that extend from the northeast (Togian Islands) to the
southwest indicate the possibility of basement high that separates the
Tomini Basin into the southern and northern subasinal structures.
Identification of the occurrence of subasinal structures in Tomini Basin
was implemented by using gravity anomalies published by Centre for
Geological Survey of Indonesia - CGS (Pusat Survey Geologi) in 2008
(Figure 7), and seismic 2D lines acquired by the Marine Geological of
Indonesia (MGI) in 2010, those are seismic lines 28, 30 and 32
(Figures 8, 9 and 10).
Gravity anomalies indicate the occurrence of two areas with negative
anomalies separated by the northeast-southwest elongation of positive
anomaly in between. Low gravity anomalies of 0 to -80 mgal indicated
by light to dark blue colors represent the northern and southern
subasinal structures in Tomini Basin (Figure 7).
Seismic line 28 (Figure 8), indicates the uplift of basement rocks causes
high gravity anomalies in this area. These basement rocks separated the
northern and southern sediment infill in Tomini Basin. The blue line
within the seismic profile indicates the top of basement rocks. Line 30
(Figure 9) shows the submarine exposure of basement rocks causing the
gravity anomaly of this line is high. This basement rocks suggest being
composed of ophiolites (Parr and Hananto, 2002). In the southern
part of this seismic profile clearly show the faults caused by the uplift of
basement rocks. Seismic profile also indicates that on the upper part of
the basement rocks there are still unfaulted sedimentary layers which

MARINE GEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS IN THE TOMINI BASIN

17

lead to the interpretation that basement uplift underwent later after

sedimentary filling.
Plotting of the peaks of the basement rocks indicated from seismic lines
28, 30 and 32 marked by red dots (Figure 11), show the shifting of the
basement rocks boundary relatively northward. In seismic line 28, the
peak of basement rocks lies at CDP 6378 or 40 km northward from
the southern end of the seismic line. In seismic line 30, the peak of
basement rocks lies at CDP 5430 or 34 km southward from the
northern end of the seismic line. In seismic line 32, the peak of
basement rocks lies at CDP 8250 or 54 km northward from the
southern end of the seismic line.
Yellow area (Figure 12), is a boundary line connecting the three peaks
of basement rocks, whereas the lower boundary is assumed to be a
rough zone as there is no seismic data, but it is only based on gravity
data. From this zone clearly seen that the value of gravity anomaly not
necessary identical with the basement rocks margin.
The present of the subasinal structures in Tomini Basin clearly seen
from the negative gravity anomaly pattern and from three seismic
profiles. The maximum sediment thickness can be seen from seismic
line 30, and suggest to be the central part of this subasinal structures.
The southern subasinal structure has a lower gravity anomaly value
compared to the north. It indicates that the sediment fill in the
southern subasinal structure is thicker than the northern.

MARINE GEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS IN THE TOMINI BASIN

18

Figure 7. Gravity anomalies map of Tomini Basin (CGS, 2008)

and location of seismic lines produced in figures 8, 9 and 10

MARINE GEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS IN THE TOMINI BASIN

19

Figure 8. Seismic line 28 (Subarsyah and Sahudin, 2010)

Figure 9. Seismic line 30 (Subarsyah and Sahudin, 2010)

MARINE GEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS IN THE TOMINI BASIN

20

Figure10. Seismic line 32 (Subarsyah and Sahudin, 2010)

MARINE GEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS IN THE TOMINI BASIN

21

Figure 11. Southern subasinal structure of Tomini Basin based on gravity

anomaly (blue zone) and based on seismic profiles (yellow zone)

MARINE GEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATION IN THE TOMINI BASIN

22

General Mineralogy
Regional deep sea marine geological survey in Tomini Basin has been
executed in the framework of deep sea geological thematic mapping
conducted by Marine Geological Institute of Indonesia in 2005. The
Tomini Basin is geologically considered less studied and relatively
unknown particularly on seafloor mineralogy. To invent and determine
the vertical distribution of the trace, minor and major elements in
surface sediments of the basin, core sample GRT-05-03 from
coordinates 00031.699 S and 12051.979 E at site on the sea floor of
the basin at a water depth more than 2400 meters was studied.
Seafloor sediment core was taken by using geological and geophysical
instruments installed on RV Baruna Jaya VIII that complemented by
depth sonar, single-beam echosounder 10.000 m (EA500). The
navigation in the surveyed area was carried out by means of Global
Positioning System (GPS) using EIVA A/S NAVIpac software.
Sediment sampling method was gravity corer, sub-sampling 1-15 corer
made of PVC with diameter of 10 cm and height of 15 cm. Sampling
and handling procedures for all trace elements such as Th, Zr, Ba, Nb,
Ce and Sr were those used in general analytical practice using X-ray
fluorescence (XRF) method, whereas for minor and major elements
using AAS Flame analyses and gravimetry methods.
Table 1 and Table 2 show the results of AAS Flame and gravimetric
analyses for minor and major elements, whereas trace elements from
XRF analyses are shown in Table 3. Table 1 indicates the domination
of Manganese (Mn) with concentration increase downward from 2876
to 3211 ppm. Other elements indicate a decrease concentration
downward such as Au (0.0130-0.0055 ppm), Ag (40-30 ppm), Cu (9590 ppm) and Co (22-18 ppm). However, Pb (122-130 ppm), Cr (45-70
ppm), Ni (33-44 ppm) and Fe (1.11-1.55 %), indicates the increasing

MARINE GEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATION IN THE TOMINI BASIN

23

concentration downward, whereas Zn ( 100 ppm) seems to show a

stable concentration.
Table 2 indicates that the major elements is dominated by SiO2 with a
relatively constant concentration that is 67-69 ppm, followed by
Al2O3 (7-10 ppm), Fe2O3 (1.5-2.5 ppm), CaO ( 2 ppm), MgO (4-8
ppm), K2O 1-3 ppm) and NaO ( 3.5 ppm). In contrast, TiO2, can be
considered as a major elements with a very small concentration that is
0.1-0.7 ppm
Table 3 indicates that barium (Ba) seems to increase from 276 ppm at
the top to 278 ppm at the bottom. This trend phenomenon is followed
by thorium (Th) from 34 to 32 ppm and strontium (Sr) from 65 ppm at
the top to 67 ppm at the bottom. Cerium (Ce) concentration along the
core seems to be constant that is less than10 ppm. In contrast, zircon
(Zr) and niobium (Nb) show a different trend compared to Ba, Th and
Sr. These two trace elements seem to have their maximum
concentration in sub-sample GRT-05-03F and GRT-05-03H as
indicated by concentration of 44-45 ppm. Zr has concentration of 41
ppm at the top and 44ppm at the bottom of the sample. Likewise, Nb
seems to have the same trend with Zr, where it has a constant
concentration that is 45 ppm at the whole core length.

MARINE GEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATION IN THE TOMINI BASIN

24

Table 1. Result of minor elements analyses from sediment

sample GRT-05-03

The conspicuous occurrence of barium in Tomini Basin (Figure 13)

possibly can be explained by study of Leong (2001) which stated that
barium has a good correlation with organic matter. Therefore,
sedimentation of barium can possibly be controlled largely by the
biogenic matter, although the detritus fraction in Tomini Basin was
dominant in the sediments. Likewise, Masayasu et al (2002) explained
that the authigenic barium (Baex) correlates with gradual change in
sedimentation environment during glacial ages. The Baex may relate to
calcareous organisms besides siliceous ones. Further, Masayasu et al
(2002) explained that the Baex was reduced to sulfide and dissolved
away in a strongly anoxic environment during biologically productive
period.

MARINE GEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATION IN THE TOMINI BASIN

25

Table 2. Result of major elements analyses from sediment

sample GRT-05-03

Paytan et al (2007) observed the increasing of Barite burial at

continental margin and shelf of Peru and indicate the occurrence of
suboxic conditions, leading to Ba release into the water column. These
authors also stated that sediments from the Peru shelf are lack of any
barium enrichment, but this element is significantly enriched in slope
and basinal deposits in water columns deeper than 2000 m. If this
nature seems to be compatible with Tomini Basin, then the barium
distribution in sedimentary oxic and suboxic environments at deep
water depositional sites in Tomini Basin can also probably has a high
potential as a palaeoproductivity indicator.
The occurrence and vertical distribution of barium in surface sediments
in Tomini Basin can be explained by considering of two opposite
opinions related to the origin and formation of barium as represented
by Masayasu et al (2002) and Pirrung et al (2008). The downward
increase of barium concentration in Tomini Basin suggests that the
particulate barium uptake and flux is enhanced by higher barium
concentration in the deep waters of the Tomini Basin.

MARINE GEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATION IN THE TOMINI BASIN

26

Table 3. Result of trace elements analyses from sediment

sample GRT-05-03

According to Masayasu et al (2002), barium fluxes indicate a

relationship between upper ocean biological processes and barium flux
to the seafloor; hence the ratio of organic carbon to barium decreases
systematically with water depth. Consequently, the systematic upward
decrease of barium with decreasing core depth in Tomini Basin can
possibly synthesized as the results of simultaneous decomposition of
organic matter and uptake of barium in settling particles

MARINE GEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATION IN THE TOMINI BASIN

27

Figure 12. Core samples of GRT-05-03 used in this study.

Letter A, B; C etc indicate analyzed sub-sample locations.

MARINE GEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATION IN THE TOMINI BASIN

28

Figure 13. Content of trace elements in 15 sub-samples of GRT-05-03

MARINE GEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATION IN THE TOMINI BASIN

29

Conclusion
Three tectono-stratigraphy sequences separated by unconformities in
Gulf of Tomini indicating the Late Neogene history and development
of the basins were identified. During the late Miocene, the basins
within the Gulf of Tomini seem to have been stable. However, here we
examine the emplacement of a large sediment gravity flow deposits,
resulting from the late Neogene collision between the East Sulawesi
Ophiolite Belt and a micro continent, the Banggai-Sula platform.
Collision system between Eastern Arm of Sulawesi and Banggai-Sula
micro continent since Pliocene forms a Gulf of Tomini and the basins
in it. Submarine sediment gravity flow deposits are the major
mechanism of sediment transportation and transfer from the slope to
deep-sea environments in Tomini and Gorontalo Basins.
Marine magnetic method applied in the Tomini Basin provides a data
information on magnetic intensity anomalies. The Tomini Basin is
underlain by oceanic-like crust and shows a nearly NE-SW symmetric
lateral lineation of susceptibilities values. The up-doming of slightly SENW structural style in the center of the basin with susceptibility value
of -0.11 to -0.12 cgs units possibly indicate a suspect thermal stretching
and active tectonism is in commencing. It implies that the earlier
basement in the basin is undergoing a thinning and differential
subsidence. The occurrences of relative susceptibility between several
rocks within the basement create susceptibility contrasts which are
either positive or negative. Geological model indicates that the entire
basement of Tomini Basin is characterized by an oceanic-like crust with
a basin axis at the center nearly an east-west direction and presents riftrelated basement graben. However, on the basis of gravity map and 2D
seismic data, the Tomini Basin in fact is subdivided into the north and
south sub-basinal structures.

MARINE GEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATION IN THE TOMINI BASIN

29

Within all sub-samples of Core GRT-05-03 were found opaque

minerals and micas possibly originated from metamorphic rocks (gneiss
and schist) derived from the terrenes serounding the Tomini Basin.
The general trace elements occurrence also indicates that sediments
were mostly originated from the eastern and the southern terrenes that
are composed mainly by ophiolite rocks. Barium concentration in deepsea sediments in Tomini Basin might be expected in areas of high
paleoproductivity and associated high barium. High content of Mn
within the surficial sediment coloum in Tomini Basin indicates anoxic
environment where Mn solubed and burried within anoxic sediment,
which then slowly migrated and accumulated in oxidized sediment
layers above.

MARINE GEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATION IN THE TOMINI BASIN

30

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Research Vessel Geomarin III

MARINE GEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATION IN THE TOMINI BASIN

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Biography
Dida Kusnida, born in Bandung, 15 September
1957. Graduated from Geological Engineering,
Bandung Institute of Technology in 1984 and
Master of Scince in Marine Geology from the Free
University of Amsterdam in 1989. Senior Scientist
in sedimentary gelogy at the Marine Geological
Institute of Indonesia. Works and involved in
marine geological and geophysical investigations
since 1984 until now.

Imelda Rosalia Silalahi, born in Jayapura, 19

October 1967. Graduated from Geological
Engineering, University of Pembangunan Nasional
(UPN) Veteran, Yogyakarta in 1992. Works in
Marine Geological Institute of Indonesia since
1993 until now as a marine geologist. Involved in
marine geological and geophysical investigations in
Indonesian waters and coastals since 1994 until
now.

Tommy Naibaho, born in Pematangsiantar, 26

August 1958. Graduated from Geological
Engineering, University of Pembangunan Nasional
(UPN) Veteran, Yogyakarta in 1987. Works in
Marine Geological Institute of Indonesia since
1993 until now as a sedimentologist. Involved in
marine geological and geophysical investigations in
I ndonesian waters and coastals since 1994 until
now.

Subarsyah, born in Garut, 20 April 1977.

Graduated from Geophysical and Meteorological
Engineering, Bandung Institute of Technology in
2000. Work at Geothermal Division Directorate of
Mineral Inventory 2001-2003. Works in Marine
Geological Institute of Indonesia since 2004 until
now as a geophysicist. Involved in marine geological
and geophysical investigations in Indonesian waters
and coastals since 2005 until now.