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ELECTRICITY
An alternating current varies periodically with time in magnitude and direction. One
complete alternation is called a cycle and the number of cycles occurring in a second is
termed the frequency (f) of the alternating quantity.
-
If the lamp in figure above is lit ist from a.c. and the brightness noted, then if 0.3A d.c.
produces same brightness, then the r.m.s value of the a.c is 0.3A.
=I(
IO
2
1
I0
2
= 0.707 Io
b) Phase relationships
When d.c. flows through a resistor the current and p.d reach their peak at same
time. They are said to be in phase.
In the circuit above, current is seen to lead the p.d. across the capacitor by
current reaches its maximum value
p
2
p
2
i.e.
CAPACITIVE REACTANCE
Let a.p.d. V be applied across a capacitance C and its value at time to be given by
V = VO sin wt
Where Vo is it speak value and w = 2pf , where f is the frequency of the supply.
d (VC )
dV
=C
dt
dt
= C
d (VO siwt )
dt
d ( siwt )
=
dt
wCVO cos wt
CVO
p
2
radiant or 90o
Also I = Io Cos t
Where Io = VoC = peak current
VO
1
=
, fromabove
I O wC
But
Vrms VO
=
I rms I O
XC =
1
1
=
wC 2pf
X Ca
1
f
radians.
The applied p.d. V is equal and opposite to back e.m.f. for a pure indictor.
V = -E
V = - (- LwI O ) cos wt
V = wLI O cos wt
V = VO cos wt
VO = wLI O
VO
= wL = 2pfL
IO
SERIES CIRCUITS
When drawing phasor diagrams, a phasor representing a quantity that is same (common)
for all circuit components is drawn 1st . For series circuits it is the current phasor.
The p.d. VR across R is in phase with I, and that through C, VC lags behind by 90o
= I 2(R
+ X
V = I ( R 2 + X 2 C )1 / 2
Z=V/I= (R2+X2C)1/2 where Z is called the impedance of the circuit.
From the phasor diagram I LEADS by phase angle
tan j =
=
VC
VR
XC
R
EXAMPLE
1. A1000F capacitor is joined in series with a 2.5V, 0.30A lamp and 50Hz
supply. Calculate,
(i)
the p.d of the supply to light the lamp to its normal brightness.
(ii)
Solution;
(i)
XC =
1
= 10 / p
2pfC
V
= (R2+X2C)1/2
I
= (8.32+10/2)
= 8.9
The applied voltage to cause a current of 0.3A is
VR = IR
But VL = IX L = IwL
V2 = I2 (R2+XL2)
V =I (R2+XL2)1/2
Z = V/I = (R2+XL2)1/2
The phase angle by which I lag behind V is given by:
tan j =
VL
VR
EXAMPLE
A 2.0H inductor of resistance 80 is connected in series with a 420 resistor and
a 240V, 50Hz supply. Find
(i)
(ii)
the phase angle between the applied p.d and the current
Solution
(i)
Phase
tan j =
angle
between
and
is
given
by
VL X L
=
= 200p / 500
VR
R
j = 52 0
V leads I by 520
RESISTANCE, CAPACITANCE AND INDUTANCE
+ (V L - VC )
= I (R + ( X L - X C ) 2
2
Z=
V
= ( R 2 + ( X L - X C ))1 / 2
I
V L - VC
VR
X L - XC
R
10
ELECTRICAL RESONANCE
The impedance Z of an a.c circuit is given by
Z = R2 + (X L - X C )2
Z varies as the frequency varies because both XL and XC vary with frequency.
i.e.
X L = 2pfL And X C =
1
while R is independent of frequency.
2pfC
Z = R2 + (X L - X C )2
, Z decreases the
R (Z )
the current
varies as shown
The current has a maximum value at the frequency fo and this frequency is called
the resonant frequency of the circuit, given by XL = XC. This has a minimum
value equal to R (R = Z).
A series resonant circuit is called is called an acceptor circuit
2pf O L =
1
2p f O C
fo =
1
2p ( LC )
At values above and below f0 the current is smaller than the maximum.
11
At resonance VL and VC both are very much greater than the total p.d V applied
across the whole circuit.
I=
V
V
, V L = IX L and VL= ( X L )
R
R
VL X L
=
In practice, R is much less than XL
V
R
VL X L
=
V
R
EXAMPLE
A circuit consists of a 200H inductor of resistance 10 in series with a variable
capacitor and 0.10V, 1.0MHzsupply. Calculate;
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
Solution
1
=0.00013F
2p ( LC )1 / 2
(i)
f0 =
(ii)
V 0.10
=
= 1x10 - 2 A
R
10
VL = IX L = Ix 2pfL = 13V
Since VL = VC, then VC = 13 V
(iii)
VL
= 130
V
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2. A current given by the relationship I = 0.5 sin 100pt amperes flows through a 10
resistor.
(i)
What
is
the
frequency
of
the
current?
50Hz
(ii)
3. A 240V source of 50Hz is connected to a 2.0H inductor, what current is drawn from
the source if the resistance of the inductor is negligible?
0.38A
1.55A
5. An a.c voltage of 10V r.m.s and 5.0 KHz is applied to a resistor of 4.0 in series
with a capacitor of capacitance 10F.Calculate the r.m.s p.d across the resistor and
the capacitor. Explain why the sum of these p.ds is not equal to 10V. (assume
p 2 = 10)
7.8V
6. When a certain a.c supply is connected to a lamp, it lights with the same brightness as
it does with a 12.0V battery.
(i)
12V
(ii)
17V
(iii)
2.8 cm
13
the impedance
792
(ii)
the current
(iii)
0.0152A
power
developed?
0.098W
10. Calculate the resonant frequency for a series LCR circuit in which L= 0.01 H, C = 1.0
F and R = 20
1591Hz
(i)
(ii)
0.60 A
14