RUNWAY

ORIENTATION

Runway Orientation

Orientation means in which direction R/W will be constructed.

Runways are always oriented in the direction of prevailing wind.

The reason is

The head wind i.e. the direction of wind opposite to the direction of
landing & take off.

Head wind provides greater lift on the wings and aircraft rises
above the ground much earlier and in the shorter length of R/W.

During Landing the head wind provides a breaking effect and the
aircraft comes to stop in a smaller length of R/W.

Landing and take off operations, if done along the wind direction,
would require longer runway length.

Cross Wind Component & Wind

Coverage

It is not possible to obtain direction of wind always parallel to the centre

line of Runway.

Aircraft not maneuver safely if the wind contains a large component at

right angle to the direction of travel.

If the direction of the wind is at some angle to the runway centre line then
its component

Along the direction of r/w will be

V Cos

and
V Sin

Normal (Right angle) component

Right angle component of wind Cross wind

Cross wind may interrupt the safe landing and take off of the
aircrafts.

V cos

Runway
Center Line

V sin
Cross Wind
Component

Maximum permissible cross wind component

depends upon the size of the aircraft and its
wing configuration.

FAA recommendations:

For small aircrafts V sin > 15 kmph

For mixed Traffic V sin > 25 kmph

ICAO Recommendations:

Airports serving big aircrafts, ICAO recommendation is:

V sin > 35 kmph

Wind Coverage: percentage of time in a year during which the

cross wind component remains within the permissible limits
specified by the ICAO & FAA is called wind coverage.

According to FAA, the runway handling mixed air

traffic should be so planned that for 95% of time in a
year, the permissible c.w.c. does not exceed 25 kmph.

For busy airports, the wind coverage may be increased

to as much as 98 to 100 percent.

Wind Rose Diagram

Direction, Duration and Intensity (Velocity) are graphically represented

by a diagram is called wind rose.

Use graphical procedure

To analyze the wind data for the determination of the best runway
orientation

Wind rose diagram wind covers angle 22.5 degree

Assume wind come from any pt. within 22.5 degree

Data 5 to 10 years

Data should be collected near to the site.

WIND DIRECTIONS

ANGLE SHOWING THE WIND COVERAGE

Types of Wind Rose Diagram

Type I:
Direction and
Duration

Type II:
Direction,
Duration and
Intensity (Velocity) of wind

WIND ROSE TYPE - I

Absence of wind velocity, not account for cross wind component.

Not so accurate

Radial Line Wind Direction

Each Circle Wind Duration

Frequency of wind is marked on radial line (Scale)

Plotted pt. are joined by straight line

The best runway longest line on wind rose diagram

Direction

Percentage of time with wind velocity in kmph

Total in each
direction percent

6.4-25

25 40

40 60

7.4

2.7

0.2

10.3

NNE

5.7

2.1

0.3

8.1

NE

2.4

0.9

0.6

3.9

ENE

1.2

0.4

0.2

1.8

0.8

0.2

0.0

1.0

ESE

0.3

0.1

0.0

7.1

SE

4.3

2.8

0.0

7.1

SSE

5.5

3.2

0.0

8.7

9.7

4.6

0.0

14.3

SSW

6.3

3.2

0.5

10.0

SW

3.6

1.8

0.3

5.7

WSW

1.0

0.5

0.1

1.6

0.4

0.1

0.0

0.5

WNW

0.2

0.1

0.0

0.3

NW

5.3

1.9

0.0

7.2

NNW

4.0

1.3

0.3

5.6

TOTAL

86.5

Calm Period = 100 86.5 = 13.5 %

Direction

Percentage of time with wind velocity in kmph

Total in each
direction percent

6.4-25

25-50

50-75

0.3

1.3

0.1

1.7

NNE

0.1

6.1

NE

7.6

0.2

12.8

ENE

2.1

1.2

0.1

3.4

1.6

0.5

2.1

ESE

3.7

0.8

0.1

4.6

SE

3.9

0.2

7.1

SSE

2.9

2.5

0.1

5.5

1.6

1.2

2.8

SSW

2.4

0.1

4.5

SW

3.2

2.5

0.1

5.8

WSW

5.6

4.5

0.2

10.3

2.6

1.6

0.2

4.4

WNW

2.5

1.6

4.1

NW

3.5

2.5

0.1

6.1

NNW

1.5

0.5

0.0

TOTAL

83.30

Calm Period = 100 83.30 = 16.70 %

Percentage of time during which the wind velocity is less than 6.4
kmph is called calm period.

Calm period does not influence the safe landing and take off
operation because of low wind intensity.

Here the calm period = 100 83.30 = 16.70 %

WIND ROSE TYPE - II

Wind

data:

Direction,

Duration, Intensity (Velocity)

Circle

Wind velocity

Radial

Line Wind Direction

% of frequency (percentage of time in a year during which

the wind having a particular intensity, blows from the
respective direction) appropriate segment

V < 6.4kmph (4mph) Calm Period

Separate Circle Calm Period

Procedure:
1. Draw three equi spaced
parallel lines on a transparent
paper strip in such a way that
distance b/w the two near by
parallel lines is equal to the
permissible
component.

cross

wind

2. This distance measured with the same scale with

which the wind rose diagram is drawn i.e. scale
should be same. As per FAA c.w.c. is 25 kmph
(15mph).

3. Place the transparent paper strip over the wind rose

diagram in such a way that the central line passes
through the centre of the diagram.

4. With the centre of the wind rose diagram, rotate the

tracing paper and place it in such a way that sum of
all the values indicating the duration of wind, within
the two outer parallel lines is maximum.

4. The r/w should be thus oriented along the direction

indicated by the central line.

5.

Wind coverage can be calculated by summing up all percentage

shown in the segment.

6.

The percentage values is assumed to be equally distributed over the

entire area of the segment.

7.

A fractional part of percentage appearing in a segment is also

counted and these fractions are determine by the judgment.

8. If the coverage provided by the single r/w is not

sufficient, two or more runways are planned in such a
manner that the total coverage provided by them is as
per FAA recommendation. (95% to 98 or 100%)

9. Thus the wind coverage = sum of all the segment

values covered by two outer parallel lines + calm
period.

Problem:
Direction

Percentage of time with wind velocity in kmph

Total in each direction

percent

6.4-25

25 40

40 60

7.4

2.7

0.2

10.3

NNE

5.7

2.1

0.3

8.1

NE

2.4

0.9

0.6

3.9

ENE

1.2

0.4

0.2

1.8

0.8

0.2

0.0

1.0

ESE

0.3

0.1

0.0

7.1

SE

4.3

2.8

0.0

7.1

SSE

5.5

3.2

0.0

8.7

9.7

4.6

0.0

14.3

SSW

6.3

3.2

0.5

10.0

SW

3.6

1.8

0.3

5.7

WSW

1.0

0.5

0.1

1.6

0.4

0.1

0.0

0.5

WNW

0.2

0.1

0.0

0.3

NW

5.3

1.9

0.0

7.2

NNW

4.0

1.3

0.3

5.6

TOTAL

86.5

Problem 2:
Direction

Percentage of time with wind velocity in kmph

6.4-25

25 40

40 50

50 -70

2.4

0.4

0.1

0.0

NNE

3.0

1.2

1.0

0.5

NE

5.3

1.6

1.0

0.4

ENE

6.8

3.1

1.7

0.1

7.1

2.3

1.9

0.2

ESE

6.4

3.5

1.9

0.1

SE

5.8

1.9

1.1

0.0

SSE

3.8

1.0

0.1

0.0

1.8

0.4

0.1

0.0

SSW

1.7

0.8

0.4

0.3

SW

1.5

0.6

0.2

0.0

WSW

2.7

0.4

0.1

0.0

4.9

0.4

0.1

0.0

WNW

3.8

0.6

0.2

0.0

NW

1.7

0.6

0.2

0.0

NNW

1.7

0.9

0.1

0.0

Calm Period = 8.1 %

The best runway orientation = 90 to 270

Runway designation = 09-27

Wind coverage = 90.8 % < 95%

Therefore,
To determine Secondary runway
(crosswind runway)

Orientation = 30 to 210 (Runway Designation 03 - 21)

Additional wind coverage = 6.2%
Total wind coverage for both primary & crosswind runway =
90.8+6.2 = 97% > 95%

1. Obstruction

Obstruction free approach is more essential than the

permissible cross wind component.

The site which providing fewer obstruction in the

approach zone is preferred over the one which provides
greater wind coverage.

2. Excessive Grading

R/w orientation may require some alteration if

the excessive grading and earth work is there in
the orientation obtained from wind rose
diagram.

3. Noise Nuisance

If highly developed residential areas, public

buildings etc. falls within the take off path in
orientation obtained from wind rose diagram
then the orientation is desired to alter.

MUMBAI AIRPORT

Gate Positions

Runway

Dumble

MUMBAI AIRPORT

Mumbai has two intersecting runways designated 09/27 and 14/32.

Runway 14/32, 2,925 metres (9,596 ft),[2] runs between terminals 1
and 2.

The main runway 09/27 is 3,445 m (11,302 ft)[2] (previously

designated as 3,489 m (11,447 ft)) intersects it south of the terminal
buildings.

Instrument landing system (ILS) approaches are available on all

runways, with runway 27 having CAT2 capabilities.

The ILS on 27 starts at 3,700 ft (1,100 m) and is 10.5 nautical miles

(19.4 km) long with a glide slope path of 3.3.

With regard to (truncated) use of both runways, only 11,303 ft

(3,445 m) is designated usable at 09/27 and 9,596 ft (2,925 m) at
14/32, especially for landings.

Runway 14 approach requires aircraft to backtrack and exit upon

landing as the turning pad at 32 end is unusable.

A parallel taxiway has been installed on runway

14/32 for aircraft landing and taxing which
saves time as well as runway occupancy.

END

I knot = 1 nautical mile/hour

1 nautical mile = distance covered on the

earth surface when it makes an angle of 1
minute at earth centre.

180 degree = Pi Radian

1 NM = 6400x(1/60x180)x3.14 = 1.852 km