Ventilation

1 Introduction - Basic principles

Vladimr Zmrhal (room no. 814)

http://users.fs.cvut.cz/~zmrhavla/index.htm

Dpt. Of
Environmental
Engineering
1

Principle of ventilation
Ventilation

is intentional supply of outdoor air into the buildings (cars,
trains )

to dilute and remove indoor air contaminants

affect the indoor air quality

healthy buildings

Good indoor air quality (IAQ) is necessary for maintaining

health and high productivity !!!

Principle of ventilation
Natural ventilation

is driven by pressure differences across the building envelope,
caused by wind and air density differences because of
temperature differences between indoor and outdoor air

the flow of air through open windows, doors, grilles and
other planned building envelope penetrations
Mechanical (forced) ventilation

intentional movement of air into and out of building using
mechanical force

is driven by fans

Terminology
Nominal air exchange rate (ventilation rate)
.

V
I= e
Vr

[1/h]

Space air exchange rate

V
IS = s
Vr

Ve outdoor air volume air flow

rate [m3/h]

[1/h]

Vs = Ve + Vc

[m3/h]

Vc recirculation air flow rate

[m3/h]
Vrinterior volume of space [m3]
4

Terminology
Outside air fraction

X oa =

Ve

Ve

Vs

[-]

Ve + Vc

Percent outside air

.

X oa =

Ve

Ve + Vc

Xoa = 100 %

100

[%]

means no recirculation of return air

Terminology
Airflows
1 Outside air
2 Supply air
3 Return air
4 Exhaustt air
5 Recirculated air
6 Indoor air
7 Transfer air
8 Mixed air
9 By-pass air

Terminology
Air-Handling Unit

Heat and Pollutants

Sources of heat and pollutants

internal
- persons
- electronic appliances, lighting, technology, electric motors
- animals, biological processes in agriculture,

external
- outdoor air
- external climatic conditions

Indoor Contaminants

CO2

water vapour

combustion products

tobacco smoke

VOC

aldehydes

pesticides

asbestos

radon


9

Ventilation Requirements

hygienic for the people

technological for technology processes

biological agricultural processes

micro-biological

safety

fire

10

Parameters of the pollutants

Concentration of pollutants

mass [mg/m3]

volumetric [cm3/m3]

ppm (parts per million) 1 ppm = 10-4 %

number of particles in m3 clean rooms
Dimension of the particles

a = 0 100 m

11

Parameters of the pollutants

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Parameters of the pollutants

Conversion X [mg/m3]

Y [ppm] =

Y [ppm]

24,44
X [mg/m3 ]
M

molecular weight of the gass [g/mol]

Note:
1000 ppm = 0,1 % vol.

13

Mass Balance of the Ventilated Room

G
d + V

cs d = V

c d + Vr dc




source

supply

exhaust

storage

14

Mass Balance of the Ventilated Room

; steady state

G d + V cs d = V c d + Vr dc

G
G
V=
=
c cs PEL cs

solution

G + V c V c d = V dc

s
r

dc

c0

+ cs c

V
= d
Vr 0

V
15

Mass Balance of the Ventilated Room

G
+ cs c0
V
V
ln
=
G
+ cs c Vr
V

c = c 0e

V

Vr

G
cs + c0
Vr
V
= ln
V c + G c
s
V

V

G

V
+ + cs 1 e

Vr G
G
V
G
V
V=
r +
r
+
2 ( c c0 )
2 ( c c0 ) c c0
16

Concentration of the pollutant

V 0 m /h

Concentration c [g/m3]

V1

V2 = 2V1
V

G = const.

Time [h]

17

Thermal Balance of the Ventilated Room

Q
d + V c t s d = V
c t i d + V
r c dt



source

supply

exhaust

storage
18

Thermal Balance of the Ventilated Room

t ; steady state

Q d + V cts d = V ct i d + Vr cdt

Q
V=
c (ti ts )

specific heat of the air = 1010 [kJ/kgK]

density of the air = 1.2 [kg/m3]

19

Limit Concentrations
Maximum permission concentration (MPC)

cmax MPC
in any time !!
for and steady state

c max =

+ cs

V
20

10

Nvrh vtrn
Permission exposure limit PEL

for and steady state

G
V=
PEL c p

?!

WHY ?

c = PEL

21

Limit Concentrations
Permission exposure limit PEL

cavg =

cavg

c d
0

1
G
G
=
c0 cs (1 e I ) + + cs

I
V

cavg ,8 PEL
where = 8 hours
22

11

Limit Concentrations
Average concentration for periodical pollutant generation

cavg

1 n 1
Gi
G

I
i
=
c0,i cs (1 e ) + + cs i

V

tot i =1 Ii
Vi

i i

tot = i = 8 hours
i =1

23

Limit Concentrations

cmax < MPC

c prm PEL

!
24

12

Example 1
Permanent pollutant generation

Ventilation strategy:
1) cmax,1 > MPC
cavg,1 > PEL
!!! Ve
2) cmax,2 < MPC
cavg,2 < PEL
OK

25

Example 2
Variable pollutant generation

Ventilation strategy:
1) cmax,1 < MPC
cavg,1 > PEL
!!! Ve ,
2) cmax,2 > MPC
cavg,2 < PEL
!!! Ve ,

26

13

Example 3
Periodical pollutant generation

Ventilation strategy:
cmax < MPC OK
cavg > PEL !!!
!!! Ve ,

27

Hygienic aspects
Adition of the pollutants

for two and more chemical substance

c1
c
c
+ 2 + ... + n1 1
PEL1 PEL2
PELn
c1
c
c
+ 2 + ... + n 1
MPC1 MPC2
MPCn
V=

G1
G
+ 2 ; +...
PEL1 PEL2

Gn
PELn
28

14

Hygienic aspects
The pollutants with independent effect

Ve ,1 =

G1
G
;Ve ,2 = 2 ; ...
PEL1
PEL2

Ve ,n =

Gn
PELn

Ve = max (Ve ,1 ;Ve ,2 ; ... Ve ,n )

29

Carbon dioxide CO2

Mauna Loa
(Havaj)
> 380 ppm

30

15

Example1
Example 1: Pettenkoffers criterion
1 people exhale 0.42 m3/h of air
Concentration of CO2 in exhaled air is 4 % vol.
Concentration of CO2 in outdoor air CCO2 = 0.035 % vol. = 350 ppm
Max. concentration of CO2 in the room Cmax = 0.1 % vol. = 1000 ppm
Calculate volume air flow rate of outdoor air Ve = ? [m3/h]

31

Pettenkofers criterion
Max von Pettenkofer (1818 - 1901)

main metabolite: CO2 a water vapour

CO2 production depends on activity level - 16 dm3/h CO2 for
unsleeping person (10 dm3/h when sleeping)

CO2 concentration in indoor environments
informs about quality of ventilation

CL = 0.1 vol. % = 1000 ppm
Pettenkofer criterion

25 m3/h per person

32

16

Carbon dioxide CO2

360 - 400 ppm: concentration in outdoor air
800 - 1 000 ppm: recomended indoor air concentration
1 200 a 1 500 ppm: maximum (real) indoor air concentration
> 1 500 ppm: tideness, sleepiness, lethargy, headache
< 5 000 ppm: maximum safety concentration without health risk
> 5 000 ppm: sickness, higher pulsation (sick building syndromme SBS)
> 10 000 ppm: health hazards
> 40 000 ppm: dangerous to live
1 000 ppm = 0,1 % obj.

33

Ventilation Requirements

34

17

Ventilation Requirements
EN 15251 - Indoor environmental input parameters for design and
assessment of energy performance of buildings- addressing indoor
air quality, thermal environment, lighting and acoustics
Space

Occupancy
[m2/person]

Required air flow rate

[m2/h.person]

Office spaces

10

36

Land-scape office

15

36

Classroom

29

Kidergarten

30

Conference room

36

Department store

23

35

Ventilation Requirements
ASHRAE

10 cfm = 17 m3/h

36

18

Health Risk
Group 1

Group 2

Group 3

Risk of death or
sickness

Risk of respiratory
sickness

Risk of less important

sickness or discomfort

Radon

Fungi

Temperature

Carcinogenic VOC

Allergens

Noise

Asbestos

Dust particles

Lighting

Passive smoking (ETS)

NOx

Non-carcinogenic VOC

CO (high concentrations)

Ozone

CO (low concentrations)

37

Example 2
Example 2: Calculation of volume air flow rate
Mass flow of pollutant

G = 0.2 kg/h of FexOy

Permission exposure limit

PEL = 0,015 g/m3

Concentration in outdor air

cs = 0

Calculate volume air flow rate

V=?

38

19

Example 3
Example 3: Calculate time of ventilation after accident of NH3 in
machine room.
Volume of the machine room
Amount of escaped NH3
Max. permission concentration
Ventilation rate

Vr = 500 m3
m = 1.2 kg
MPC = 0.036 g/m3
I = 5 h-1

How long it takes achieving of MPC

=?

39

Thank you for your

attention

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