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Questions for Internal Assessment.
1. List out the different methods used for assessment of IRI. Which method would be better
for assessment of IRI for Nepal considering economy, traffic volume, network level and
capacity of available resource person and compare with international practice?
The IRI is a standard roughness measurement related to measurements obtained by road
meters installed on vehicles or trailers. The IRI is a mathematical model applied to a
measured profile. The model simulates a quarter-car system (QCS), traveling at a
constant speed of 80 km/hr. The IRI is computed as the cumulative movement of the
suspension of the QCS divided by the traveled distance.
Different methods used for assessment of IRI
Reliable measurement of road roughness is therefore an importat activity in pavement
management .these can be grouped into three categories
The simplest method and are used static road profile measuring devices such as road and
level ,which measure surface undulation at regular interval
The second type of instrument in dynamic profile measuring devices such as high speed
Laser Profilometers, Ultrasonic Profilometers Roughometer
Third type instrument is response type road roughness measuring device . the standard
device(fifth wheel towed Bump Integrator) and non standard device (Vehicle Mounted
Bump Integrator). Response measurement is used directly as a roughness index in
standard devices but in non-standard devices response is converted to the standard
roughness measured by calibration .
For assessment of IRI considering economy, traffic volume, network level and capacity
of available resource person of Nepal response type roughness measuring device can be
used vehicle mounted Bump Integrator can be used to measuring the roughness and
calibration by Marline cycle is simple, cheap and quick method . This method give only
Roughness value but recent developed roughness measuring devices measured roughness
including pavement texture and cracks. Recent development advanced equipment give
roughness data quickly and directly in terms of IRI .

2. Nepal is facing funds for road maintenance, improvement and rehabilitation for road
network. Discuss different method for mobilizing funds for these activities and suggest
method that would be better for maintaining Nepalese roads considering self-sustained
and affordable policy. Suggest which level of service would be appropriate for Nepalese
context for national and local level roads and how to achieve?
3. Discuss different method available for prediction of road condition and suggest which
method would be better for Nepal and why?
Condition prediction models are used to analyze the condition and determine maintenance and
rehabilitation (M&R) requirements. straight-line extrapolation, regression (empirical), mechanistic
empirical, polynomial constrained least square, S shaped curve, probability distribution and Markovian
technique are used to predict the pavement condition.
straight-line extrapolation,

The simplest condition prediction is based on a straight-line extrapolation of the last two condition points.
This method is applicable only for individual pavement sections and does not lead to the development of
a model that can be used with other pavement sections.
Regression (Empirical) Technique
Regression analysis is used to establish an empirical relationship between two or more variables. Each
variable is described in terms of its mean and variance. Several forms of regression analysis are used, and
the simplest form is linear regression between two variables; the model is described as:
where:
Y = dependent variable, that is, condition indices
X= explanatory or independent variable, that is, time since last major rehabilitation
= prediction error
a, /?= regression parameters
The mean or estimated value of Y., E(Y), for each value of X. , can thus be determined
as:
where
Pavement The
values of a and are determined so as to minimize the sum of squared errors of the observed values Yi
from their estimate Yt that is, minimize s
Linear regression analysis can be performed for more than two variables, and in that case is known as
"multiple linear regression." It is assumed that the dependent variable, Y, is a linear function of the
independent variables, that is,
Nonlinear regression may be necessary when the relationship between Y and X is not linear

Mechanistic Empirical
A pure mechanistic approach to modeling is applicable only to calculating pavement response (i.e., strain,
stress, and deflection). This response is normally caused by forces created by traffic, climate, or a
combination of the two. Pure mechanistic models for calculating stress and strain cannot be classified as
prediction models. However, the calculated stress and strain can be used as input (independent variable)
to a regression (empirical) prediction model as presented in the previous section. A prediction model
developed using regression technique with pavement response as the dependent variable is called a
mechanistic-empirical model. An example of a mechanistic-empirical model is that used for predicting
asphalt pavement fatigue life (N),
N = A*(l/e)^B
Polynomial Constrained Least Squares
This is one of the most powerful techniques for predicting the change in a variable Y (i.e., PCI or
roughness) as function of one variable Jf(i.e., age or traffic).
A polynomial of degree, n:
is established such that a least squares fit is obtained and the desired constraint is met .
For example, when fitting PCI vs. age, it is desirable to ensure that the polynomial slope:

is nonpositive at any age (X) = 0, 1,. . . z when z is the highest age. Therefore, the polynomial coefficients
at, a, ..., an are determined such that

is minimized,.

S-Shape Curve
Similar to the polynomial constrained least squares, the S-shaped curve fitting techniqueis useful when
predicting the change in a variable, Y, as a function one variable, X. R. E. Smith (1986) used an S-shaped
model for relating PCI to pavement age. The model had the form
. The a constant controls the age at which the PCI is projected to reach 0
as shown in Figure 7-5. The j5 constant controls how sharp the curve bends as shown in Figure 7-6. The p
constant controls the location of the inflection point in the curve as shown in Figure 7-7. These three
constants are determined using regression analysis.

Probabilistic
A pavement condition measure such as the PCI or IRI can be treated as a random variable with
probabilities associated with its values. A probability distribution describes the probabilities associated
with all the values of a random variable The concept of survivor curves has been presented by R.L. Lytton
(1987). The probability drops off with time from a value of 1.0 down to 0 and it expresses the percentage
of pavement that remains in service with a PCI greater than a selected value. The use of probability
distribution in predicting pavement condition requires the knowledge of the distribution law for the
variable being predicted. This technique is particularly useful for individual distress prediction.
Figure 7-8. Cumulative Distribution Function.

Markovian
The Markovian technique has been described in detail by Butt (1991). In this technique, a pavement
condition measuring scale is divided into discrete intervals called condition states. For example, the PCI
(0 -100) can be divided into 10 condition states each 10 points wide. The PCI condition states will be used
to illustrate the Markovian technique; however, the same can be repeated for any other condition measure.
The technique is based on determining the probabilities associated with pavement in a given condition
state either staying in that state or deteriorating to the next state, after one duty cycle. The technique
requires developing a probability transition matrix to predict the way the pavement deteriorates with time.
Pavement deterioration is complicated phenomena and it depends on physical features of pavements ,
traffic ,construction technology and quality of materials ,ambient condition, environment so many factors.
. Different techniques used for prediction of pavement condition . Maintenance ,Rehabilitation and
reconstruction activities are based on the progression of pavement deterioration . Accuracy in prediction
of pavement condition is important for appropriate planning of maintenance rehabilitation and
reconstruction. Availability of condition survey data identified the technique to be used for prediction of
pavement condition. Linear extrapolation technique used only short term planning . S shaped curve,
probability distribution and Markovian technique required comprehensive data . For limited data
Regression method is best to predict the pavement condition .