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Strain
DEFINITIONS
Hookes law [FERM 18:1]: The relation of stress and strain is linear. The modulus of elasticity is
constant in the linear region.
Modulus of elasticity (a material property)
E = / = normal stress divided by the normal strain
Shear modulus (a material property) (EIT8 41:13)
G = / = shear stress divided by the shear strain
E
G=
2(1 + v )
Stress [FERM 18:1]: Force per unit area
Strain [FERM 18:1]: Fractional elongation
Normal [FERM 18:1]: Perpendicular to the surface
Shear [FERM 18:1]: Parallel to the surface
Poissons ratio (v) (a material property) [FERM 18:1]:
(lateral strain)/(longitudinal strain)
0 < v < 0.5
v = 0.3 for most metals
Mechanics of Materials - 1
PL
=
AE
a =
pD pressure diameter
=
4t
4 thickness
Mechanics of Materials - 2
x = (x + y) + (x - y)cos 2 + xysin 2
y = (x + y) - (x - y)cos 2 - xysin 2
xy = -(x - y)sin 2 + xycos 2
Mohrs circle of stress [FERM 18:4]
This is a graphical way of solving for the stresses in a plane given the stresses in two
perpendicular planes. To solve stress problems using Mohrs circle:
Tensile stress is positive
Compressive stress is negative
Clockwise couple shear stress is positive
Plot the center of the circle c = (x + y)
Plot (x, -xy) or (y, xy)
Draw Mohrs circle
Stress can be resolved into a different coordinate system
1+ 2
2
(x,-xy)
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Mechanics of Materials - 4
In the previous example problem, we found the radius of Mohr's circle (max)
zx =
zx
G
dz A
dz
The polar shear stress is:
T
Tr
z = Gr
=
GJ
J
(analogous to = Mc/I)
Mechanics of Materials - 5
Tr
J
4 4
J = (ro ri )
2
Mechanics of Materials - 6
Load (w), shear (V) and moment (M) relations [FERM 20:2]
w=
dV ( x)
dx
V2 V1 =
V =
x2
dM ( x )
dx
x1
For a beam deflected to a radius of curvature () a distance (y) from the neutral axis, the
axial strain due to bending is:
x = -y/
x = -Ey/ = -My/I
Bending stress is maximum when y = c, the distance from neutral axis to the extreme
fibers
[ M ( x)dx] dx
EI
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NOTE: If you have time in the lecture, a few words on the boundary conditions needed to
complete the two integrations would be useful.
Find the tip deflection of the beam shown. EI is 3.47 106 N-m2, the load is 11,379 N/m, and the
beam is 3.7 m long.
N
11,379 (3.7 m) 4
m
From the NCEES Handbook: = wo L =
= 0.077 m
8 EI
(8) (3.47 106 N m2 )
4
x
Rr
Rl
12 m
4m
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x
-666.7 N
12 m
4m
12
x
x
N
N
M = Sdx + Sdx = 800 + 1600 N 100 x dx = 800 N m + (1600 N )x 50 x 2
0
12
12
m 12
m
M = -800 Nm + (1600 N)x - (50 N/m)x2 - (1600 N)(12 m) +(50 N/m)(12 m)2
M = -12800 Nm + (1600 N)x - (50 N/m)x2
12 m < x 16 m
Or, let the right end of the beam be x = 0
Then, S = -(100 N/m)x; -4 m < x 0
0
0
N
N
M = Sdx = 100 x = 50 x2
x
x
m
m
The bending moment diagram is:
1422 Nm
x
-800 N m
12 m
4m
(2) The vertical shear for the section at the midpoint of the beam shown is:
(A) 0
(B) P
(C) P
(D) None of these
Mechanics of Materials - 9
2L
-P
P
L
P
2L
2L
(3) For the shear diagram shown, what is the maximum bending moment? The bending moment
at the ends is zero, and there are no concentrated couples.
(A) 8 kNm
(B) 16 kNm
(C) 18 kNm
(D) 26 kNm
2m
10 m
4m
6
Shear
(kN) 0
4
-4
-12
-14
Starting from the left end of the beam, areas begin to cancel after 2 m.
Starting from the right end of the beam, areas begin to cancel after 4 m.
The rectangle on the right has an area of 16 kNm.
The trapezoid on the left has area of ()(12 kN + 14 kN) (2 m) = 26 kNm.
This trapezoid is the largest bending moment.
Therefore (D) is correct.
Mechanics of Materials - 10
COLUMNS
Beam-columns (axially loaded beams) [FERM 21:1]
The maximum and minimum stresses in an eccentrically loaded column are
F Me
F Me
max = +
min =
A
I
A
I
where e = eccentricity, the distance from neutral axis to the point of application of the
force.
Mechanics of Materials - 11