TEAM WORKING

individuals working together, one shared goal

one leader, followers
Advantages:
share resources (knowledge, tools)
discuss problems, shared solution
check each others work
take ownership of task at working level
feel of greater responsibility
healthy competition
identity, weakness and capabilities
Disadvantages:
work conformity, pressure of group views
shift handover
morale, one group work harder than the others
VISUAL ACUITY
=sharpness of vision
tired, accommodation reduced, visual acuity reduced
physical factors
imperfections in eyes
old age(presbyopia)
ingested substances
drugs, medicine, alcohol, cigarrettes
carbon monoxide, less blood to eyes, hypoxia
environmental factors
amount of light
glare
clarity of air, dust, fog , mist
object itself
size, contour
contrast
relative motion
distance
angle
CAPABILITIES, WEAKNESS, ADVANTAGES
capabilities
vision, hearing
information processing
attention, perception
judgement
decision making
weakness
physically fatigue, injuries, affected by temperatures
mentally fatigued, error, poor judgement, lack of skill and knowledge
social and emotional factors

age, poor vision and hearing

mental capabilities, degrade under stress
confirmation bias, reject other opinion
claustrophobia
advantages
situation awareness, decision making, prediction to situation
PRESSURE ON LAE
time and deadlines
actual pressure, specified deadline by external source
percieved
feels there are time pressure while there is not
self imposed
set themselves
break or end of shift
2 driving forces
deadline, responsibilies of safe work
may improve performance
excessive pressure
reduce care and attention
error
4 ENVIRONMENTAL FACTOR
interface, liveware and environment, cause stress
1)noise
short and long term
verbal communication, mask warning, damage hearing
above 90dB for 8hrs
annoyance, irritability
2)climate and temperatures
20C normal clothing
above 30C discomfort, decrease efficiency
heart rate, blood pressure, sweat increase
below 10C lost feeling, control of hands
3)fumes
fluid and chemicals
inhalation, health problem
eye irritation
4)illumination
too much or too low
mistake
increase time
lighting close to work
no glare

SHIFT WORK PROBLEM

fatigue,error
human body more sensitive at night
long night work, detrimental to health
high absence rate
more health problems
high error rate
fatigue
distrupted wake-sleep cycle
physical and phycological
cognitive(thinking) error, fatigue
physical error, injuries
distraction, poor morale
disrupted work-sleep cycles
high workload, poor performance
lower productivity
high attrition rate
workers left
fatigue, family stress
COMMUNICATION
methods
verbal
written
non verbal
body language
within team
before task
during task, discuss progress
after task, report completion
clear tranmission
ability to recieve
good comm maintain group cohesion
between teams
shift handover
passing written reports
tracibilityDIRTY DOZEN
12 human factors as error in maintenance
by gordon dupont
1)lack of communication
leave task uncompleted without communication verbal or writing
use logbook, remove doubt
discuss completed and uncomplete work
never assume
2)complacency
over confidence

error in judgement
expect faults
never sign what you dont do
never assume
careful with hazards
SHIFT HANDOVER
meeting between supervisor
accurate, reliable comm
walk through
meet and exchange detailed info
best is to examine actual job at work place
handing task
face to face
verbal or written comm
stage of job
deviation from normal clearly highlighted
handing task for later stage
written
avoid miscommunication
SHEL MODEL
understanding human factor
interrelationship between aviation system, resourses, environment, liveware
by edward 1972
SHEL, initial letters
software
maintainence procedures, manuals, checklist
bad software affect airworthiness
hardware
physical
tools, test eq
not enough, inappropriate, poor design affect maintenance
environment
temperature, weather, climate, structure
unconfortable affect safety of aircraft and personnel
liveware
personnel, interaction between liveware
shortage, lack of support, lack of teamwork affect safety