Complex Variables 2.

4 The Derivative and Analyticity

We can calculate the derivative by (if it does exist !!):
f ( z 0 z ) f ( z 0 )
z

1.

f ' ( z 0 ) lim

2.

v
v
u
u
f ' z0
i
i
x x0 , y0 y
y x , y
x
0 0

z z0

u
v
2( x 1);
2 x( y 1)
x
y
v
u
( y 1) 2 1;
1
x
y

u v

x y
v
u

y
x

when x 1; y 1

So:

Complex Variables
Sometimes it is straightforward: f(z) = zn; f(z) = nzn-1
So:

Complex Variables
Polynomial:
n 0 is an integer

Derivative:
For instance:
EXAMPLE 2 Find the derivative of the function f ( z ) z 2 z 2 2 z
wherever the derivative exists.

Solution: z 2 z 2 2 z x 2 y 2 2iyx x 2 y 2 2iyx 2x iy

So,

f ( z) u iv u 2 x 2 y 2 x ; v 2 y

v
u

4
x

2
;
2

x
y
C R when x 1; y 0
v
u
0;

4y

and f ' 1,0 2

2
Remark: z ' 2 z at any z
and

z '
2

x 1, y 0

2
3

Complex Variables
L'HOPITAL'S RULE:
If g(z0) = 0 and h(z0) = 0, and if g(z) and h(z) are differentiable at z0 with h'(z0) 0, then

First we observe that since

and if z = z0 +z:
Taking the limit z z0 (z 0 )
0

EXAMPLE 3 Find
Solution:

g ( z ) z 2i; h( z ) z 4 16; z0 2i; g z0 hz0 0

So : g ' ( z0 ) 1; h' ( z0 ) 4 z 3 h' (2i) 32i 0 lim i32

Complex Variables
Extension to the L'HOPITAL'S RULE:
If g(z) and h(z), their nth derivatives vanish at z0 , but hn+1(z0) 0, then

DEFINITION (Analyticity) A function f(z) is analytic at z0 if f(z) exists not only at z0

but at every point belonging to some neighborhood of z0
:

DEFINITION (Analyticity in a Domain) If a function is analytic at every point

belonging to some domain, we say that the function is analytic in that domain
Consider f(z) = |z|: only at z = 0 the function has its derivative and it is not analytic at
z0 or anywhere else.
EXAMPLE 4 For what values of z is the function f(z) = x2 + iy2 analytic?
Solution.

u x2; v y2
u
2x
x
v
2y
y

and

u
0
y
differentiable only if y x
v
0
NOT ANALYTIC ! everywhere 5
x

Complex Variables
THEOREM 5 If two functions are analytic in some domain, the sum, difference, and
product of these functions are also analytic in the domain. The quotient of these
functions is analytic in the domain except where the denominator equals zero. An
analytic function of an analytic function is analytic.

EXAMPLE 5
If f(z) is analytic at z0 and g(z) is not analytic at z0, then
h(z) = f(z) + g(z) is not analytic at z0. Prove.

Solution: Assume h(z) is analytic at z0. So h(z) - f(z) = g(z) must be analytic, which is
false.
Remark: Sum of two non analytic functions can be analytic !
DEFINITION (Entire Function) A function that is analytic throughout the
finite z-plane is called an entire function.

Examples:

f(z) = const
f(z) = zn
f(z) = polynomial

- entire function
- entire function
- entire function
6

Complex Variables
DEFINITION (Singularity) If a function is not analytic at z0 but is analytic for at least
one point in every neighborhood of z0, then z0 is called a singularity (or singular point)
of that function.
A rational function is a quotient of two entire functions

(m and n are nonnegative integers, ai and bi are constants).

Singular points - solutions of:
EXAMPLE 6 For what values of z
is not analytic?
Solution:

Singular points : z = i

EXAMPLE 7 The function f ( z ) e z is entire and

Indeed:

d z d z
e e
dz
dz

zz

g ( z) e z

is nowhere analytic.

d
z
dz
7

Complex Variables
In Polar Variables
{x, y} {r , }
x r cos

y r sin
f ( z ) u (r , ) iv r ,

YOU have to prove (Exercise 23) that C-R in the polar variables:
u 1 v

r r
v
1 u

r
r

and DERIVATIVES:

r0

v
u
f ' ( z)
i
cos i sin

v i
u
f ' ( z)
i
cos i sin
r

v
v
u

f ' ( z)
cos
sin i
sin
cos
r
r
r

1 v
u
1 u
v

f ' ( z)
cos
sin i
cos
sin
r

r0

r0

Complex Variables
EXAMPLE 8 Investigate the analyticity of
Solution :

u 1 v

r r
v
1 u

r
r

and
u
u
2r cos 2
2r 2 sin cos
r
;
v
v
2r sin 2
2r 2 sin cos
r

r0

2r cos2 2r sin cos

2r sin 2 2r sin cos

Try for the first equation:

So:
. Similarly :

, but the second this cannot satisfy.

We should try:
sin cos

tan 1 4; 5 4 ; r 0

yx

NOT ANALYTIC ! everywhere