Complex Variables 4.

2 Complex Line Integration

Now: Smooth piece of a curve a smooth arc but in a complex plane.
So: ( X k ,Yk ) (Z k )
Accordingly:
(xk , yk ) z k xk iyk
OR
z k X k X k 1 iYk Yk 1

Consider a continuous function:

f ( z) u( x, y) iv( x, y)

DEFINITION (Complex Line Integral)

n

f z dz lim f z z
B

k 1

if the limit exists. When n , zk 0.

If f(z) is continuous in a domain containing the arc the limit always exists
1

Complex Variables
The integral depends on:
- A and B actual positions
- the specific path C used to connect A and B

The integral over a piecewise smooth contour sum of integrals over constituting arcs.
If f(z) = const:

zk
A f z dz const nlim

k 1

which graphically is just the vector sum of the n vectors one vector connecting A
and B
EXAMPLE 1 The function f(z) = z +1 is to be integrated from A : 0 + i0 to B : 1 + i
along the arc y = x2.
(a) One-term series approximation.
z1 1 i;
z1 x1 iy ( x1 )
f ( z1 )

when
x

1
2

1
1
i
2
4

3 1
i
2
4

1i

So:

z 1dz f z z
0i 0

1.25 1.75i

Complex Variables
(b) Two-term series approximation.

1
1
1
3
i ; z 2 i
2
4
2
4
1
1
3
9
z1 i ; z 2 i
4 16
4 16
5
1
7
9
f ( z1 ) i ; f ( z 2 ) i
4 16
4 16

z1

1i

z 1dz f z z
0i 0

f ( z2 )z2 1.0625 1.19375i

BUT! If n and zk 0 the limit should not depend on the choice of zk and zk
Convergence:

Complex Variables
In general for f ( z) u( x, y) iv( x, y)
n

f z dz lim ux , y ivx , y x
B

lim

iyk

k 1
n

ux , y x
k

vxk , yk yk i lim

k 1

vx , y x
k

u xk , yk yk

k 1

C f z dx C ux, y dx C vx, y dy i C vx, y dx C ux, y dy

Which gives:

C is for a specific direction along contour C

So, we have four real integrals to be taken:

f z dx ux, y ivx, y dx idy u dx vdy ivdx iudy

C

Complex Variables
EXAMPLE 2

1 2i

a) Compute

0i

taken along y( x) 1 x 2

z dz

b) Another contour.

Solution. a)
1 2i

0i

1 2i

z dz

y 2ixy dx idy
2

0i

1, 2

1, 2

0,1

2xy dx i x

1, 2

y dx 2 xy dy i
2

0,1

1, 2

0,1

y 2 dy

0,1

Integrals:

1, 2

0,1

y 2 dx x 2 1 x

1, 2

dx

2 2

x3 x5
23
2
4
1 x x dx x

3
5
15

0
1

2
32
2

2 xy dy 2 y y 1 dy 2 t t 1 dt 2 t 5 2 t 3 2
3
5
0 15
0,1
1
0

12

x2 x4
3
3
2 xy dx 2 x x dx 2
4
2
2
0,1
0
0

1, 2

1, 2

0,1

y dy
2

x 2 x3
11
y 1 y dy y

2
3
6

1
2

In total:
1 2i

0i

z dz

3 10
i
5
3
5

Complex Variables
Solution. b)
1 2 i

0i

1 i

z dz

z dz
2

1 2 i

0i

1 i

z dz z dz z dz
2

II

Integrals:
Along y =1 (dy = 0) u(x,y)=x2-y2 = x2-1; v(x,y)=-2yx = -2x
1

2
z
dz

(
x

1
)
dx

i
(

2
x
)
dx

i
I
0
0
3
2

Along x =1 (dx = 0) u(x,y)=x2-y2 = 1-y2; v(x,y)=-2y = -2y

2

2
z dz 2 y dy (1 y ) dx 3 i
2

II

In total:

z dz

4
3

7 7
i
3 3

Properties:

f z dz f z dz
f z dz f z dz
B

f z g ( z)dz f z dz g z dz
f z dz f z dz f z dz, Q lies on C
B

Complex Variables
Parametric:

x t
continuous with continuous derivatives in t a t tb

dz d
d

i
dt
dt
dt

So:

f z dz f z t

tb

ta

dz
dt
dt

EXAMPLE 3 Evaluate C z 2 dz ,
where C is the parabolic arc y = x2, 1 x 2.
The direction of integration is from (1, 1) to (2, 4).

Solution. Parametric:

Integral

x t , y t, 1 t 4
dz
1
z (t ) t it

i
dt 2 t
f ( z ) z 2 t t 2 2it 3 2

4
2
2
32
C z dz 1 t t 2it

i dt
2 t

5
4 t
1 t 3 2 i 2t t 2
2 2

dt 863 6i

Complex Variables
An upper bound of an unknown integral.
n

f z dz lim f z z

DEFINITION

k 1

if the limit exists. When n , |zk |(= sk) 0.

So:

dz lim

lim

k 1

Now we use:

z z
n 1

and

n 1

k 1

That

z z
n

n 1

n 1

f z z f z z f z z
k

k 1

k 1

As a limit

f ( z )dz

k 1

f ( z ) dz

If on C |f(z)| M and (M >0):

n

ML INEQUALITY
n

f z z f z z M z
k

k 1

k 1

k 1

z
k 1

ML

f ( z )dz ML

Complex Variables
0 i1

EXAMPLE 4 Find an upper bound on the absolute value of

integral is taken along the contour C, which is
the quarter circle |z| = 1, 0 arg z /2 .
Solution.
1z
First we find M that on C: e M
Observe: 1 z 1 xi y x x y i y x
e

But on C: z x 2 y 2 1

e1 z e x x

y2

e1 z e x x

y2

y2

e1 z dz

where the

1 i 0

ex

x
Maximum: x = 1 e e M
e1 z e
So

The length L the quarter circle circumstance /2

and

0 i1

e1 z dz e

1 i 0