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Complex Variables
2
cos ei d 2 cos z z 0 2
Using cosz:
we obtain:
Note: If an analytic function fails to assume a constant value over all the interior
points of a region, then it is not constant in any neighborhood of any interior point of
that region.
2
Complex Variables
Assume z0 is an interior point in R where |f(z)| gets
its maximum :
|f(z0)| = m
So on C0 for non constant and continuous |f(z)| we can find
a point z a point at the circle where |f(z)| < m or:
r
R
f z0 re i m
or
At an arc r we should have:
f z0 re i m b
b m
f z0 re i m
or
f z0 m
b
2
BUT !! |f(z0)| = m is the MAXIMUM and can not be . So our assumption is FALSE
The maximum must be on the boundary C
3
Complex Variables
THEOREM 13 (Minimum Modulus Theorem) Let a non-constant function f(z) be
continuous and nowhere zero throughout a closed bounded region R. Let f(z) be
analytic at every interior point of R. Then the minimum value of |f(z)| in R must occur on
the boundary of R.
EXAMPLE 2 Consider f(z) = ez in the region |z| 1. Find the points in this region where
|f(z)| achieves its maximum and minimum values.
Solution. Fist:
e x iy e x
| z - z0| = r and L= 2 r
or
4
Complex Variables
For the circle let:
or
and L= 2 r
ML
ML inequality:
The function is bounded : |f(z)| m or
Finally:
f ' z
f z
r2
1
M 2r Mr
2
m
M
r2
m
r
The contour can be chosen with r , or df(z)/dz = 0 which proofs the theorem.
This can be applied to prove the Fundamental Theorem of Algebra about complex
roots of polynomials:
pn ( z )
a z
i 0
Complex Variables
Divide the complex plane in two parts : R1 the disc |z| r and the rest R2 : |z|> r
Assume : there is no roots for pn(z) in the complex plane. Then the function pn-1(z) is
continuous and bounded in R1:
1
pn z M
In R2:
n
f ( z ) an z
n 1
f z pn 1 ( z )
pn 1 ( z ) ai z
i 0
and
pn 1 z ai
n 1
pn ( z ) an z n ai z i
so:
i 0
i 0
n 1
Let: A=Max{|ai|}: ai
i 0
pn ( z ) f z pn1 z
n 1
z i n 1 A z i n 1 nA
i 0
for
or
pn ( z ) an z z
n
n 1
n 1
ai z i n 1
i 0
z 1
1
nA
nA
n
n 1
n
1
n 1
p
(
z
)
a
z
nA
z
a
p
z
z
a
So:
n
n
n
n
z
z
1
nA
~
In its maximum (|z|= r )
pn1 z r n an
pn1 z M
r
Complex Variables
The Fundamental Theorem of Algebra suggests that pn(z) of degree n 0 with
complex root z0 can be factorized :
pn z z z0 qn1 z
and then
pn z an
z z
i
i 1
where zi (i =1,2,3,n) are complex numbers. So pn(z) can have no more than n distinct
roots