MatSE Sum 08

2008 SUMMARY OF ENGINEERING RESEARCH
A Report of Activities during 2007

This report is part of the larger 2008 Summary of Engineering Research, available on the Web at www.engr.uiuc.edu/research and on
CD-ROM. The Summary of Engineering Research represents the extensive engineering research program conducted in 2007 at the University
of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. Detailed statistics about research in the College of Engineering are included in the Directory of Engineering
and Engineering Technology Programs and Research, published by the American Society for Engineering Education, Washington, D.C.
How to use the Summary of Engineering Research: Research projects are listed by title, followed by the names of the investigators and
the sponsoring agencies. Projects are sorted by major topic areas. Project descriptions are brief. Additional information on each project may
be obtained from the investigator in charge (denoted by an asterisk). Mailing addresses are provided on the introductory page.
How to obtain publications: Please consult academic and public libraries for the journal articles, papers, and books listed in this report.
Information about technical reports is available from the Engineering Documents Center, Grainger Engineering Library Information Center,
1301 West Springfield Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801, USA. To search the center's collection on the Internet, please visit the website at
search.grainger.uiuc.edu/top. Copies of theses can be found at the University of Illinois Library, www.library.uiuc.edu, or may be purchased
from University Microfilms, 300 Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48106, USA, www.umi.com.
The 2008 Summary of Engineering Research is produced by the Office of Engineering Communications, University of Illinois at
Urbana-Champaign.
Tina M. Prow: Editor and Coordinator
Peggy Currid: Freelance Editor, Publications Sections
Jim Vattano: Graphic Designer
Thomas G. Habing: Research Programmer, Grainger Engineering Library Information Center
William H. Mischo: Engineering Librarian, Grainger Engineering Library Information Center
Please send queries and comments about the 2008 Summary of Engineering Research to the Engineering Communications Office, 303
Engineering Hall, MC-266, 1308 West Green Street, Urbana, IL 61801, USA, or email research@engr.uiuc.edu.
Abbreviation key for College of Engineering departments and major labs:
Aerospace Engineering (Aerosp. Engr.)

Agricultural and Biological Engineering (Ag. & Biol. Engr.)
Bioengineering (Bioengr.)
Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering (Chem. & Biomol. Engr.)
Civil and Environmental Engineering (Civil & Environ. Engr.)
Computer Science (Comput. Sci.)
Coordinated Science Laboratory (CSL)
Electrical and Computer Engineering (Elect. & Comput. Engr.)
Frederick Seitz Materials Research Laboratory (FS-MRL)
General Engineering (Gen. Engr.) or Industrial & Enterprise Systems Engineering (Indus. & Enter. Syst. Engr.)*
Information Trust Institute (ITI)
Materials Science and Engineering (Mat. Sci. & Engr.)
Mechanical and Industrial Engineering (Mech. & Indus. Engr.) or Mechanical Science and Engineering (Mech. Sci. & Engr.)*
Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory (MNTL)
Nuclear, Plasma, and Radiological Engineering (Nucl., Plasma, & Radiol. Engr.)
Physics
Theoretical and Applied Mechanics (Theoret. & Appl. Mech.)*
*In August 2006, the Industrial Engineering program was merged with the General Engineering Department, which became the Industrial and
Enterprise Systems Engineering Department. The Theoretical and Applied Mechanics Department merged with the Mechanical and Industrial
Engineering Department, which became the Mechanical Science and Engineering Department. Please check department links at
www.engr.uiuc.edu for current faculty lists.
The University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign is an equal opportunity and affirmative action institution. 2008
Materials Science and Engineering

I. M. Robertson, Head
201 Materials Science and Engineering Building
1304 W. Green St.
MC-246
Urbana, IL 61801-2920
333-1441
http://www.mse.uiuc.edu
mse@uiuc.edu
Progress in materials science and engineering enables
advances in key technologies that impact the social and
economic development of our nation. Materials usage is
constantly changing as new materials and systems replace
those that shaped our world. These changes generally
improve manufacturability and performance by allowing
for radical changes in design. The impact covers all areas,
including energy production, delivery and usage,
transportation, water purification, communication
technologies, electronics, sports, medicine, and so forth.
The future will see the development of new materials with
properties tailored to specific applications, and a reduction
in time from development to application as computer
simulation and modeling continues to impact processing
and performance evaluation strategies.
Critical to the successful development and application
of these new materials is the ability to correlate the
properties of each material with its structure and determine
how to use this knowledge to design, synthesize, process,
and apply the materials in a cost effective manner.
Structure, properties, processing, and application are the
basis of the research programs in this department. In all
research areas, there is strong synergy between the
experimental, theoretical, and computational programs.
In ceramics science and engineering, our research
activities are directed toward creating new ceramic
materials via controlled synthesis and assembly that
exhibit novel properties. Examples of ongoing research
include new synthetic precursors for the assembly of
ferroelectric and magnetic thin films, transformationweakened composites, and directed colloidal assembly of
3-D periodic structures for photonic, composite, and
scaffold architectures.
Research in the metals area extends from processing of
metallic structures with unique properties to materials
modeling of structure-property relations. Current activities
include fundamental studies on the properties of metallic
systems under extreme conditions, nonequilibrium
processing to synthesize novel metallic structures,

mechanical properties of interfaces in metals and
composite systems, materials modeling and simulation,
materials for hydrogen storage, hydrogen embrittlement of
metals, and development and application of advanced
characterization techniques.
In biomaterials, our research effort focuses on the
materials science of molecular biology and aims at a
coherent molecular level understanding of biopolymer
interactions, self-assembly, gene therapy, cystic fibrosis
and design of nano medicines for site specific drug
delivery.
Research in polymers encompasses a broad set of
interests, including synthesis of new polymers, the study
of polymers in confinement, organic electronics and
photonics, synthesis and processing of biopolymers,
polymers for water purification, and biomemetic systems.
Self-organizing systems and nanomaterials play key roles
in many of the research programs.
In electronic materials, the research spans from
fundamental studies of the growth of thin films of transition
metal nitrides, group-IV semiconductor alloys, Si-Ge
semiconductors, transition metal diborides, and solar cell
systems to adatom diffusion and deposition to form
nanoparticles. Novel approaches are being developed to
measure thermal properties and phase transformation
kinetics in thin films.
The nature of materials science and engineering
research requires an interdisciplinary approach that
extends beyond one department. Our research activities are
pursued in collaboration with groups in electrical,
mechanical, civil, environmental, and chemical
engineering, as well as physics, chemistry, and veterinary
medicine.
Faculty and Their Interests

John R. Abelson
Plasma-assisted deposition of semiconductor, dielectric,
and conductive thin-films for electronic applications; the
physics and chemistry of film growth; fabrication of
photovoltaic cells and thin-film transistors for
macroelectronics
Leslie H. Allen
Thin-film physics, microelectronic processing, interfaces,
nanoscale, size-dependent material properties,
nanocalorimetry
Robert S. Averback
Ion beam modifications of materials, ion beam analysis,
radiation damage, nanophase materials
Pascal Bellon
Far from equilibrium materials, simulations and modeling
of materials processing (energetic beams, plastic
deformation), electron microscopy
Paul V. Braun
Materials chemistry, polymers, biomaterials, organic and
inorganic self-assembly, electronic materials and
photonics
David Cahill
Epitaxial growth, scanning tunneling microscopy, ionsurface interactions, thermal properties of thin films,
strained layer heterostructures
Jianjun Cheng
Biomaterials, polymers, gene delivery, nanomedicine,
self-assembly
James Economy
Synthesis and characterization of advanced composites
thermosets and high surface area adsorption systems
Gert Ehrlich, Emeritus
Surface studies including crystal growth on the atomic
level, atomic interactions and clusters
Phillip H. Geil
Processing-morphology-property relationships in
polymers, blends, and composites
Steve Granick
Polymers and biopolymers, nanorheology/tribology,
surface spectroscopies
Joseph Greene, Emeritus
Thin-film physics, surface science, crystal growth,
electronic properties
Duane D. Johnson
Computer simulation of physical properties and processes
in materials and computational method development
Waltraud M. Kriven
Phase transformations in oxide ceramics (TEM, high-temp
XRD, and synchrotron), geopolymers, processingmicrostructure-property relations in structural ceramics
and composites, synthesis of oxide fibers, bioceramics,
electron microscopy
Jennifer A. Lewis
Colloidal assembly, phase behavior of complex fluids,
direct-write assembly, rheology, drying, film formation
Erik Luijten
Theoretical and computational statistical mechanics and
thermodynamics of materials, phase behavior of complex
fluids (polymers, ionic liquids, colloidal systems),
development of computational methods
David A. Payne
Electrical ceramics, dielectric materials, microstructureproperty relations, processing, characterization, ferroics,
crystal growth, materials chemistry, sol-gel, magneto
resistance
Ian M. Robertson
Radiation effects in materials, micromechanics and
micromechanisms of fracture in aggressive and
nonaggressive environments, electron microscopy
Angus A. Rockett
IV, IIIV, and chalcogenide semiconductors, materials for
solar cells, theory of crystal growth, defects in
semiconductors, contact metallurgies, solid phase reaction
kinetics, surface science, microelectromechanical systems
John A. Rogers
Electroactive polymers, plastic electronics, microfluidics,
elastomers, soft lithography
Kenneth S. Schweizer
Statistical mechanical theories of structure, self-assembly,
thermodynamics, phase transitions, rheology and
dynamical phenomena in macromolecular solutions, melts
and alloys, colloidal and nanoparticle suspensions, and
other complex fluids and soft materials
Jian-Ku Shang
Solid interfaces, composite materials adhesion, structural
ceramics, layered materials
Moonsub Shim
Nanoscale materials, chemistry and physics of lowdimensional systems, nanomaterial/biomolecule interfaces
and hybrid structures, semiconductor nanocrystals, carbon
nanotubes
Air Purification
Nancy R. Sottos
Experimental solid mechanics, micro- and nanomechanics, self-healing materials, composite materials,
thin film reliability
Use of fibers coated with polyethyleneimine has been

shown to have a high capacity for CO2 removal (~30% by
weight). Work continues to further optimize this system.
Dallas Trinkle
Atomistic and mesoscale modeling of mechanical behavior
of materials, defects, and defect interactions; development
of computational coupling techniques to extend
applicability of electronic-structure methods
John H. Weaver
Nanostructured materials; surface and interface
phenomena for metals, semiconductors, superconductors,
and insulators; ordered and disordered solids; clusters and
fullerene-based systems
Pierre Wiltzius
Colloidal self-assembly, photonic materials, novel
approaches to processing at sub-micron length scales,
liquid crystals, polymers, biopolymers, biomimetics,
aggregation phenomena, pattern formation, phase behavior
in soft condensed matter systems
Gerard C. L. Wong
Biopolymers, biomolecular materials, biological and
biomimetic self-assembly, gene therapy, synchrotron x-ray
probes
Jian-Min Zuo
Direct observation of chemical bonds in crystals; surface,
interface structures, and bonding and their effects on the
mechanic and electronic properties of advanced materials;
charge states, charge fluctuations, and low-dimensional
charged phases in complex oxides; advanced electron
microscopy and nanocrystallography
Advanced Fibers for Sequestration of CO2

J. Economy,* Z. Yue, G. Nangmenyi
University of Illinois
Biomaterials
Development of Nanoliter Calorimetry for
Biomaterials
L. H. Allen,* T. Siaf, M. Wheeler
National Science Foundation, EF 0304149
Miniaturized measurement instruments have been
developed in the field of MEMS. Their use in biological
studies will add a whole new dimension for investigations
in microbiology and protein research. The goal of this
project is to measure processes in biology, such as those
for protein folding and for ultrasmall volumes on short time
scales, with a new technique made possible via MEMS
membrane technology. Our group has developed the most
sensitive scanning calorimetry device to date for materials
characterization in metals and polymers: nanocalorimetry.
Controlled Ring-Opening Polymerization
J. Cheng,* H. Lu
Polypeptides are a class of important biomaterials. We
recently developed a group-transfer-ring-openingpolymerization (GTROP) method that allows facile
preparation of polypeptides with well-controlled
molecular weights and narrow polydispersities. This
method may also provide a way for the synthesis of
peptides with controlled sequence in large quantity, which
cannot be readily achieved using existing chemical and
biological methods.
Cytoplasmic Gene Delivery with Modulated
Copolymer Micelles
J. Cheng,* R. Tong
One of the major hurdles in gene delivery is endosomal
release of delivery vehicles. We are designing block
copolymer micelle with integrated membrane
permeability. The membrane permeability can be
specifically activated in response to endosomal pH change,
* Denotes principal investigator.
resulting in efficient intracellular trafficking and

cytoplasmic delivery of nucleic acid therapeutics.
Polymer-Drug Nanomedicines for Cancer Therapy
J. Cheng,* R. Tong
It is challenging to make nanoparticles with encapsulated
chemotherapeutics or proteins with high loading and
controlled release profiles. We developed nanoconjugation
technology that allows the facile incorporation of various
therapeutics molecules to degradable polymer
nanoparticles at any desirable loading. This technique will
facilitate the clinical translation of particulate
nanomedicine in cancer therapy.
Biomimetic Mineralization of 3-D Micro-Periodic
Structures
J. A. Lewis,* M. Xu, S. Parker
U.S. Army Research Office, DAAD19-03-1-0227; U.S. Air
Force Office of Scientific Research
We are developing concentrated polyelectrolyte inks for
the directed assembly of 3-D micro-periodic materials.
Specifically, we are using robotic deposition to guide
materials assembly in a layer-by-layer fashion. By
carefully controlling the ink and reservoir chemistry, we
can build complex, 3-D structures at the microscale (lattice
constant ~1 micron). Such structures then serve as
scaffolds for creating inorganic-organic hybrids via
biomimetic mineralization approaches. We are exploring
several pathways for fabricating these structures under
ambient conditions.
Nanoparticle Engineering of Colloidal Suspension
Stability for Drug Delivery
J. A. Lewis,* A. Mohraz
Hospira
We are exploring the use of novel nanoparticle species as
stabilizers for hydrophobic colloidal particles in aqueous
suspensions. Our specific aim is to identify new
mechanistic pathways for creating highly stable colloidal
suspensions for drug delivery applications.
Three-Dimensional Microvascular Networks
J. A. Lewis,* S. White,* W. Wu, R. Shephard
U.S. Air Force Office of Scientific Research,
F49620-00-1-0094; National Science Foundation, DMI
00-99360, DBR-01-177792
Three dimensional (3-D) microvascular networks with
pervasive, interconnected channels may find widespread
application in microfluidic devices, including those used
in biotechnology, autonomic materials, sensors, chemical
reactors, and fluidic-based computers. Although

microchannel arrays are readily constructed in twodimensions by lithographic techniques, their construction
in three-dimensions remains a challenging problem. The
3-D microvascular networks have been fabricated by
direct-write assembly of a fugitive organic ink that yields
a pervasive network of smooth cylindrical channels (~10
300 m) with defined connectivity. Research is being
pursued to optimize the processing technique, tailor
fugitive ink designs, and characterize the properties of
microvascular materials.
Polymer Translocation
E. Luijten,* L. Guo
National Science Foundation; U.S. Department of Energy,
NSF DMR 03-46914
This project aims to resolve the role of basic physical
properties, such as degree of polymerization, on the
behavior of polymers that translocate through a nanopore.
Specific parameters that are currently investigated include
polymer-pore interactions, polymer stiffness, pore
diameter and width, and ion flow within the pore.
Structural Properties of Flexible Polyelectrolytes
E. Luijten,* P. Y. Hsiao
U.S. Department of Energy, DE-FG02-07ER46471
In cooperation with the Frederick Seitz Materials
Research Laboratory
This project is concerned with the structure of flexible
polyelectrolytes in aqueous solutions. We aim to resolve
the controversy between competing theories for the
collapse and subsequent reexpansion of such chains under
the influence of multivalent salt.
Structure of Condensed Polyelectrolyte Phases
E. Luijten,* R. C. Guaqueta
We study the properties of condensed phases (bundles) of
like-charged polyelectrolytes. It is our aim to closely
mimic, by means of molecular dynamics simulations,
systems that are the subject of current experimental
research at University of Illinois. A central issue is the role
of counterion correlations and distributions within F-actin
bundles, and their effect on the structure of the condensed
phase.
Biomineralization and Biomolecular Templates for

Nanofabrication
G. C. L. Wong,* H. Liang, L. Yang, S. Slimmer,
A. Mishra
U.S. Department of Energy, Petroleum Research Fund;
National Science Foundation, Nanoscale Science and
Engineering Center
In this program, we will use self-assembled biomolecular
systems as nanoreactors for the formation of inorganic
compounds. The geometric confinement and charge
modulation afforded by these self-assembled "templates"
allow the synthesis of quantum dots and quantum wires of
controlled sizes, aspect ratios, and crystallographic
orientations.
Biophysical Approaches to Cystic Fibrosis Therapeutic
Strategies
G. C. L. Wong,* L. Sanders, S. Slimmer
Beckman Young Investigators Program; Cystic Fibrosis
Foundation, Cystic Fib Wong 0510
We aim to design new therapeutic technologies for cystic
fibrosis, CF, based on a fundamental biophysical
understanding of the cascade of events that contribute to
respiratory failure. Although CF is a systemic disorder
affecting a range of epithelial tissues, the major cause of
mortality is lung disease, characterized by persistent
bacterial infections and the accumulation of viscous
infected mucus in pulmonary airways. By understanding
the structure of interactions of CF mucus, we aim to restore
normal immunological function in the airways, as well as
design a new series of artificial antibiotics.
Self-Assembly of Condensed Biomolecular Phases
G. C. L. Wong,* T. E. Angelini, J. Butler, R. Coridan,
O. Rudko, A. Mishra
National Science Foundation, DMR 00-71761; U.S.
Department of Energy, DE-FG02-91ER45439
Research Laboratory
Like-charged polyelectrolytes condense into ordered
phases in the presence of multivalent ions. The physical
origin of the attractive interaction required for this
condensation has been intensely debated, but no clear
consensus has emerged. Counterion correlations appear to
play a key role. In this project, we aim to elucidate the
nature of these interactions by mapping out the behavior of
multivalent ions on the surfaces of biological
polyelectrolytes.
Biosensors
Phospholipid Bilayers at Substrates for Polymer
Adsorption
S. Granick,* L. Zhang
U.S. Department of Energy, DE-FG02-02ER 46019
Research Laboratory
A largely unsolved problem in soft materials is to
understand how surface reconstruction competes with the
rate of adsorption. Here, we form supported phospholipid
bilayers and investigate the subsequent adsorption of
charged macromolecules. The stark contrast with wellknown views of polymer adsorption onto surfaces whose
structure is frozen and unresponsive is relevant not just
from biological and biophysical standpoints but also for
formulating many cosmetics and pharmaceutical products.
The Materials Science of Phospholipid Bilayers
S. Granick,* A. J. Gewirth,* L. Zhang, V. Feng
U.S. Department of Energy, DE-FG02-02ER 46019
Research Laboratory and the Department of Chemistry
Supported lipid bilayers on planar substrates provide
model systems to study different physical phenomena on
2-D surfaces with the advantage of a well-defined planar
geometry and, on the practical side, they provide an
environment in which to study polypeptides and membrane
proteins. In this study we quantify, using AFM (atomic
force microscopy), how the microstructure of a simple
class of these films evolves during the phase
transformation process, from liquid crystalline (fluid) to
solid (gel) phase.
Ceramic Synthesis and Processing

Structural Transformation of Synthetic Metakaolin
and its effect on Geoplymerization
W. M. Kriven,* P. E. Driemeyer
Air Force Office of Scientific Research Grant/Contract
Title: Geopolymer Porous Nanoceramics for Structural,
Smart, and Thermal Shock Resistant Applications
Structural evolution of synthetic metakaolin has a direct
effect on geopolymerization. The objective of this work is
to develop a fundamental understanding of this evolution
through the use of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)
analysis along with x-ray pair distribution function (PDF)
method. Once the coordination environment of Al has been
determined, attempts will be made to vary this between 4-,

5-, and 6-fold thus allowing a better understanding of this
effect on geopolymerization. The geopolymers formed will
be characterized and their setting time (rate of
geopolymerization) will be measured. These studies will
help to further our understanding of how geopolymers
form.
Concentrated Nanoparticle Inks for Directed Assembly
of 3-D Periodic Structures
J. A. Lewis,* R. Rao, J. Yoshikawa
National Science Foundation, Nanoscale Science and
Engineering Center, DMR-01-177792
We are developing concentrated nanoparticle inks for the
direct-write assembly of 3-D periodic structures.
carefully controlling interparticle forces, we can create
nanoparticle inks with a tailored viscoelastic response
needed for building complex, 3-D structures that may find
potential application as structural or functional composites.
Directed Colloidal Assembly of 3-D Periodic
Composites
J. A. Lewis,* R. Rao
National Science Foundation, Division of Design,
Manufacturing, and Innovation, DMI-00-99360
We have developed concentrated colloidal inks for the
direct-write assembly of 3-D periodic composites.
carefully controlling interparticle forces, we can create
colloidal inks with a tailored viscoelastic response needed
for building complex, 3-D structures that when infilled
with a second interpenetrating phase may find potential
application as structural or functional composites.
Patterning Colloidal Films via Evaporative
Lithography
J. A. Lewis,* D. J. Harris
Research Laboratory
We are studying the effects of film composition and drying
parameters on the ability to create patterned colloidal films.
By controlling interparticle forces and local evaporation
kinetics, we are fabricating colloidal films with patterned
features at length scales ranging from millimeters to
microns.
Complex Fluids
Colloidal Assembly of Microsphere-Nanoparticles
Mixtures
J. A. Lewis,* A. Chan, J. Gilchrist
U.S. Department of Energy, National Nanoscale Initiative,
DE-FG02-01ER45941
Research Laboratory
A new mechanism for regulating the stability of colloidal
suspensions has been discovered, known as nanoparticle
haloing. Colloidal microspheres suspended under
conditions near their isoelectric point were stabilized by
the addition of highly charged nanoparticles. Such species
segregated to regions near negligibly charged
microspheres leading to their effective charge build up. At
even higher nanoparticle volume fractions, system stability
was reversed due to attractive depletion interactions. By
engineering the strength of energetic and entropic
interactions via nanoparticle additions, we have assembled
colloidal fluid, gel, and crystalline phases from binary
microsphere-nanoparticle mixtures whose structure and
flow behavior varies dramatically.
Flow Dynamics of Colloidal Fluids and Gels in
Microchannels
J. A. Lewis,* M. Roberts, K. Christiansen
NSF Center for Nanoscale Chemical-ElectricalMechanical Manufacturing Systems (NanoCEMMS), NSF
DMI 03-28162
We are investigating the effects of colloid size, volume
fraction, and interparticle interactions on the flow and
jamming behavior of colloidal fluids and gels in
microchannels of varying size and geometry. To
systematically probe how the velocity profile and 3-D
structure of the flowing colloidal media are affected by
such parameters, we are employing a combination of
microparticle imaging velocimetry (-PIV) and confocal
microscopy.
Microfluidic Assembly of Patterned Hydrogel Drops
and Colloidal Granules
J. A. Lewis,* R. Shepherd, J. Conrad
NSF Center for Nanoscale Chemical-ElectricalMechanical Manufacturing Systems (NanoCEMMS), NSF
DMI 03-28162
The microfluidic assembly of colloid-filled hydrogel drops
and dried granules of varying shapes and compositions is
described. Drops are formed by shearing a concentrated
colloidal microsphere-acrylamide suspension in a
continuous oil phase using a sheath-flow device. Silica

microspheres are synthesized with different fluorescent
cores to allow direct visualization of the process. Both
homogeneous and Janus (hemispherically distinct) spheres
and disks are produced by confining the assembled drops
in microchannels of desired geometry. To preserve their
drop structure, photopolymerization of an acrylamidebased hydrogel solution is carried out immediately after
drop-breakup. Representative drops and granules are
imaged using fluorescence and scanning electron
microscopy, respectively. Our approach offers a facile
route for assembling colloid-filled hydrogel drops and
dried granules with controlled morphology and
composition.
being developed. The complex and subtle interplay of

entropic and enthalpic driving forces in determining
particle dispersion and aggregation processes is
systematically elucidated. The specific role of competing
intermolecular attractions, nanoparticle size, number and
length of grafted tethers, and tether placement on the
particle surface are explored as a function of volume
fraction and temperature. A theory for polymer
nanocomposites based on these self-assembling hybrid
particles is also under development, and applications to
experiments and simulations are carried out.
Structure and Rheology of Biphasic Colloidal Mixtures

J. A. Lewis,* S. Rhodes, A. Mohraz, K. Schweizer
NSF, Nanoscale Science and Engineering Center,
DMR-01-177792
Carbon Fiber/BN Matrix Composites

J. Economy*
National Science Foundation, SBIR SBC EKOSTSTAGR
We are investigating the structure and rheological

properties of biphasic colloidal mixtures composed of both
attractive and repulsive particles. Our aim is to understand
the static and dynamic properties and, ultimately, to
provide guidelines for the next generation of 3-D inks for
direct-write assembly.
Phase Behavior of Charged Colloidal Mixtures
E. Luijten,* J. Liu
Intel Corporation
This project pursues a fundamental understanding of
binary colloidal mixtures in which the constituents exhibit
large size and charge asymmetries. Recent experimental
research has provided evidence for a new mechanism for
colloidal stabilization in these systems, which may open
wide areas of applications. Our research focuses on the
development of computational techniques for the
investigation of such fluid mixtures. The advantage of the
simulation approach is that the various stabilized phases
are accessible at the molecular level, permitting a
simultaneous study of structural and thermodynamic
properties. The resulting insight can contribute to the
rational design and tailoring of colloidal suspensions.
Structure and Self-Assembly of Tethered
Nanoparticles
K. S. Schweizer,* A, Jayaraman
National Science Foundation, Nanoscience and
Engineering Center for the Directed Assembly of
Nanostructures
A microscopic theory for the structure and spatial ordering
of hybrid polymer tethered nanoparticle suspensions is
Composites
A simplified processing route to boron nitride matrix

composites utilizing a novel preceramic polymer,
borazine, has been developed. The friction and wear
behavior, including the mechanisms of wear, are under
examination. This composite appears to have a major
opportunity for use as aircraft brakes.
Carbon Fiber/Polyester Matrix Composites
J. Economy,* T. Martin
NASA: Clark Atlanta University
Readily curable polyester resins containing ethynyl and
diethynyl end groups are being synthesized for preparing
ultra-high temperature polymer matrix composites.
High Performance Blends with Improved Wear
Resistance
J. Economy,* J. Zhang
It has been found that the aromatic thermosetting
copolyester will form blends with teflon or ultrahigh
molecular weight polyethylene. Preliminary results show
that the polyester greatly increases the stiffness and wear
resistance of both teflon and the UHMWPE.
High Performance MMC's Consisting of Single Crystal
Flakes of Aluminum D-borides in Aluminum
J. Economy,* T. Martin
Conditions for preparing high aspect ratio flakes of AlB2
in Al at volume loadings of 35-40% have been defined.
Work is under way to prepare and characterize such
composites, since they should display planar mechanical
properties far in excess of any known materials to date.
Computer Simulation and Modeling of

Materials
Genetic Programs for Multiscale Modeling in
Materials and Chemistry
D. D. Johnson,* D. Goldberg, T. Martinez
National Science Foundation, ITR DMR 0325939; U.S. Air
Force Office of Scientific Research, F49620-00-0163
Genetic algorithms (GA) and programs (GP) are used to
regress functional relationships across spatial and temporal
scales. In chemistry, excited-states reactions control many
technologically and biological processes. We use multiobjective GAs to fit semi-empirical quantum chemical
potentials to achieve high accuracy of static and dynamic
processes compared to high-level quantum chemistry
calculations, but ~1000 times faster. For multi-timescale
modeling, GP is used to determine an approximate function
representing the entire potential energy surface of the
physical problem based on only a small sample of
calculated data using molecular dynamics (MD). Results
are then combined with kinetic Monte Carlo to scale 15
orders in simulation time (~9 orders over MD).
O(N) Coupling of Atomistic and Continuum Models for
Multiscaling in Length Scales
D. D. Johnson,* R. Haber
National Science Foundation, ITR/AP, DMR-01211695
Scaling from atomistic (quantum mechanical, empirical,
and other) methods to continuum (finite-element) methods
is investigated using flux-balance laws within a common
mathematical framework using atomistic methods and
Discontinuous Galerkin finite-element methods so as to
span length scales with a simulation. Within this common
framework momentun, angular momentun and energy are
conserved. Object-oriented (modular) concepts are being
used to create a code based on these ideas.
Ordering in Size-Mismatched Alloys: Comparison to
Characterization Experiments
D. D. Johnson*
Research Laboratory
In high-T multicomponent alloys, as atoms move about
defining equilibrium, big atoms replace small atoms,
and vice-versa, and the environment of the site responds
appropriately, producing strain fluctuations along with the
concentration and/or magnetic fluctuations, which
characterization experiments can measure at the nanoscale
but not uniquely interpret in such complex material. These

factors limit understanding as well as intelligent tailoring
of a materials properties. We are developing a
thermodynamic density-functional-theory of static
correlations (and Kanzaki forces) in alloys to predict and
explain the origin ordering in size-mismatched,
multicomponent alloys for direct interpretation of diffuse
scattering experiment.
Structure, Topology, and Properties of Catalytic
Metallic Nanoclusters
D. D. Johnson,* R. Nuzzo (Chem.)
Research Laboratory
Metallic and bimetallic nanoclusters play an important role
in fuel cell and catalysis applications. Researchers plan
joint DFT-based and empirical-based simulations to
predict structure, topology, and electronic properties of
such clusters, as well as to explain ongoing experiments in
these materials by Nuzzo et al., and their apparent selforganization.
Thermodynamic Density-Functional Theory of
Correlations in Complex Solids
D. D. Johnson*
National Science Foundation, ITR DMR-0312448
We are developing a density-functional theory-based
thermodynamic theory of correlations to predict and
understand the atomic, magnetic, and charge (static and
dynamic) correlations in multicomponent alloys with
multi-sublattice disorder based on system-specific
electronic-structure effects. The theory is based on
dynamical mean-field theory included in KKR electronicstructure method, allowing system-dependent prediction
of phase transformations and their origins.
Computer Simulation of Materials

Advanced Algorithms for Colloidal Systems
E. Luijten,* S. Barr, J. Liu
National Science Foundation; U.S. Department of Energy,
NSF DMR 03-46914
In this project, novel Monte Carlo algorithms are
developed that permit the computer simulation of colloidal
suspensions and other fluids with constituents of large size
asymmetry. Particular emphasis is placed on electrostatic
interactions and on the ability to incorporate phase
separation phenomena in multicomponent fluids.
Design of High-Nitrogen Steels

H. Sehitoglu (Mech. Sci. & Eng.), D. D. Johnson*
National Science Foundation, DMR-0313489
We are combining experiments on mechanical properties
directly with the DFT Greens function methods to help
design improved high-nitrogen steels, which have large
increases in yield stresses, by determining the electronic
origins for stability and increased mechanical responses.
Electrical Ceramics
Characterization of PMN-PT System
D. A. Payne,* A. Sehirlioglu, P. D. Han
Research Laboratory
Crystals in the PMN-PT system are under investigation.
The thermal, thermoelastic, dielectric, and
electromechanical properties were measured as a function
of composition, orientation, and poling state.
Compositions in the morphotropic phase boundary region
were chosen. Differential scanning calorimetry,
dilatometry, and dielectric electromechanical
measurements were used to determine the properties for
the rhombohedral, tetragonal, and cubic phases as a
function of temperature.
Electro-Thermal Imaging of Ferroelectric Materials
D. A. Payne,* A. Sehirlioglu, P. D. Han, J. T. Mackin,
C. E. Deiter
U.S. Department of Energy, DE-FG02-07ER 46453, DEFG02-07ER 46471
Research Laboratory
A new method, electro-thermal imaging, was developed to
observe polarization reversal in ferroelectric materials. The
method is based on a temperature change induced by an
applied electric field. An infrared camera was used to
detect the temperature change with respect to background.
Using software, thermal maps of the ferroelectric material
are created. For the first time, polarization reversal was
observed remotely by electro-thermal imaging. The poling
direction was also determined due to a 180 phase shift in
the response between domain states with opposite
polarization directions.
Preparation and Characterization of Ta2O5-TiO2

Ceramics
D. A. Payne,* G. L. Brennecka
Research Laboratory
Previous work has shown that TiO2 additions can
significantly enhance the dielectric constant of crystalline
Ta2O5. There is still question as to the exact mechanism
behind the improved dielectric properties, but it appears to
be related to the stabilization of a high-temperature
monoclinic phase (rather than the orthorhombic phase of
Ta2O5 that is stable at room temperature). Current work
on compositions across the Ta2O5-TiO2 system is focused
on phase stability and microstructure evolution in pursuit
of high dielectric constant materials whose properties are
stable over a wide range of temperatures and frequencies.
Small amounts of TiO2 result in a single-phase material
with a unique oriented laminar microstructure, while phase
separation is observed for high-TiO2 compositions. This
study is currently focused on investigating sintering and
phase transformation behavior as well as detailed dielectric
characterization.
Materials Chemistry
Metal Boride Thin Films: Synthesis of New Molecular
Precursors and Growth by Remote-Plasma CVD
J. R. Abelson,* Y. Yang, N. Kumar, S. T. Lazarz,
G. S. Girolami* (Chem.), D. Kim, W. Noh, C. Spicer
National Science Foundation 0420768; Intel
We synthesize new single-source precursors and deposit
thin films of the "metallic ceramic" compounds ZrB2,
HfB2, and CrB2 that are technologically attractive as hard,
wear-resistant coatings and as diffusion barriers in ULSI
microelectronics. We also deposit films of the 39K
superconductor MgB2. Our approach, remote-H2 plasma
chemical vapor deposition, combines the best features of
the chemical and physical deposition routes: the high rate
and conformal coverage characteristic of CVD, and the low
substrate temperature characteristic of PVD. The research
includes analysis of the growth chemistry using real-time
spectroscopies and evaluation of the resulting film
properties and performance.
Synthesis and Characterization of Nanostructured

Alloys with Enhanced Mechanical Properties
J. R. Abelson,* N. Kumar, P. Bellon,* A. Chaterjee
National Science Foundation, NSF-DMR 03-54060
Metal diboride thin films are developed into a novel hard
coating technology. We have demonstrated superhard
films of HfB2: with a grain size of only 5 nm, the films
have a nanoindentation hardness of 40 GPa, exceeding the
bulk value of 29 GPa. The Young's modulus of the films
is adjusted by alloying with nitrogen during growth. Recent
work explores the wear properties using pin-on-disc tests,
including the formation of chemically mixed layers at the
wear interface, as well as nanoscratch methods.
Polyelectrolyte Inks for Directed Assembly of 3-D
Periodic Structures
J. A. Lewis,* M. Xu, S. Parker
Research Laboratory
We are developing concentrated polyelectrolyte inks for
the direct-write assembly of 3-D micro-periodic materials.
carefully controlling electrostatic forces between anionic
and cationic polyelectrolytes, we can create polyelectrolyte
inks with a tailored viscoelastic response needed for
building complex, 3-D structures at the microscale (lattice
constant ~1 micron). Such structures may serve as
templates for nanoparticle assembly, photonic band gap
materials, or as scaffolds for tissue engineering.
Sol-Gel Inks for Direct-Write Assembly of 3-D MicroPeriodic Structures
J. A. Lewis,* E. Duoss, M. Twardowski
U.S. Army Research Office, DAAD19-03-1-0227
We are developing concentrated sol-gel inks for the
directed assembly of 3-D micro-periodic materials.
carefully controlling the ink and reservoir chemistry, we
can build complex, 3-D structures at the microscale (lattice
constant ~1 micron). Such structures may serve as
templates for nanoparticle assembly, photonic band gap
materials, or as scaffolds for tissue engineering.
10
Synthesis and Assembly of Photoresponsive Colloids

J. A. Lewis,* A. Mohraz, J. Conrad, J. Moore
Research Laboratory
Colloidal suspensions enjoy widespread use in
applications ranging from advanced materials to drug
delivery. By tailoring the interactions between particles,
one can design colloidal fluids, gels, or crystals needed for
ceramic, coating, ink, photonic, and pharmaceutical
materials. One common strategy is to alter their
electrostatic interactions by varying either the pH or ionic
strength of the solution in which they are suspended.
However, problems such as non-uniform mixing and
disruption of suspension microstructure arise when acid,
base, or electrolyte species are added. The ability to tailor
electrostatic interactions between colloids with spatial and
temporal control in the absence of chemical additions
would not only alleviate these problems, but also open new
possibilities in colloidal assembly. In this project, we focus
on a new approach for modulating the surface charge of
colloidal particles, and hence their electrostatic
interactions, by irradiation with UV light. Specifically,
photo-cleavable self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) are
being developed that enable us to create photoresponsive
colloids. Currently, we are investigating their surface
properties as a function of SAM chemistry, UV exposure
time, and solution properties as well as exploring their
phase behavior, 3-D structure, and assembly.
Decreasing Crystallization Temperature of Sol-Gel
Thin Films
D. A. Payne,* J. F. Carroll III
Research Laboratory
Currently, crystallization temperatures for sol-gel derived
layers of PbTiO3 and Pb(ZrXTi1-X)O3 are greater than 500
C. An investigation is under way for quantifying the effects
of materials chemistry, crystallization techniques, and
presence of seed layers on crystallization temperature. The
ability to crystallize thin films at temperatures below 500
C allows for integration on soft materials. Presently,
polymeric films thermally degrade in the temperature
range of 400C to 500C. Thus, the ability to integrate
functional electrical ceramics on a soft substrate will add
a new dimensionality to thin film processing, flexible
substrates.
Materials For Energy Systems

Thermal Conductance of Interfaces and the Thermal
Conductivity of Multilayer Materials
D. G. Cahill,* C. Chiritescu, Y. K. Koh
Office of Naval Research, N00014-05-1-0250
We are studying the transport of heat across solid-solid
interfaces and the thermal conductivity of nanostructured
materials. Our objective is to explore the connections
between interface structure and transport as well as the
possibility of producing materials with a significant
fraction of localized vibrational modes. The thermal
conductivity of thin films, multilayers, and individual
interfaces is characterized by picosecond time-domain
thermoreflectance (TDTR). We have recently observed
ultralow thermal conductivities in nanoscale multilayers of
refractory metals and alumina and in thin films of
disordered layered crystals, e.g., WSe2 prepared by
sequential evaporation of the elements. The frequency
dependence of the thermal conductivity measured by
TDTR is used to determine the distribution of phonon
mean-free-paths in epitaxial semiconductors.
DislocationRadiation Obstacle Interactions:
Developing Improved Mechanical Property
Constitutive Models
I. M. Robertson,* M. Briceno
U.S. Department of Energy, DE-FG07-04ID14595
In cooperation with B. D. Wirth, University of California
at Berkeley
Current predictive models of mechanical properties of
irradiated materials capture only basic trends and fail to
predict details of the response especially close to the elastoplastic transition. This shortcoming is attributable to the
methods used to average responses to make the problems
tractable. In this project, the fundamental physical
mechanisms controlling dislocation interactions with
dislocation loops, voids, helium bubbles, and radiationinduced or modified precipitates are determined through a
combination of atomistic modeling and dynamic in situ and
static ex-situ TEM experiments.
Hydrogen Embrittlement of Pipeline SteelsCauses
and Remediation
I. M. Robertson,* M. May, P. Sofronis,* D. Johnson*
U.S. Department of Energy, DE-FG36-05GO15045
Transport of hydrogen from production facilities to local
distribution centers is one of the challenges facing the
move to a hydrogen-based economy. One possibility is to
use the existing natural gas pipeline infrastructure. This
project is focused on assessing the susceptibility of these

pipeline steels to hydrogen embrittlement and, if
necessary, finding a means to inhibit the ingress of
hydrogen. The goal of the project will be realized through
a combination of modeling and experimentation.
Reversible Hydrogen Storage MaterialsStructure,
Chemistry, and Electronic Structure
I. M. Robertson,* D. Johnson,* D. Graham
U.S. Department of Energy, DE-FC36-05GO15064
In collaboration with the Metal Hydrides Center of
Excellence, Sandia National Laboratory
To realize the goal of using hydrogen as the fuel for
automotive applications, a solution to the storage of
hydrogen in a lightweight system must be developed.
Currently, no material or system meets the targets
established by the Department of Energy. This research
effort seeks to understand the bonding, structural, and
chemical changes occurring during the hydriding/
dehydriding cycles for candidate complex hydride,
lightweight metal hydride systems, and destabilized binary
hydrides, and to determine the susceptibility of the system
to impurity additions. The goals of this project will be
achieved through a combination of first-principles
calculations and materials characterization.
Mechanical Behavior of Solids

Determining the Mechanical Constitutive Properties of
Metals as a Function of Strain Rate and Temperature:
A Combined Experimental and Modeling Approach
I. Robertson,* C. Smith, B. Miller;
J. Lambros* (Aerosp. Engr.); A. Beaudoin,* H. Padilla,
S. Varadhan (Mech. Sci. & Engr.)
U.S. Department of Energy, DE-FG03-02NA00072
The focus of this program is to develop a physical-based
plasticity model of the response of polycrystalline material
under extreme thermomechanical loading conditions. A
key element will be the interaction of the deformation
processes with grain boundaries. Information on
microstructure evolution will be obtained by combining
high strain rate testing with quasi-static tests in situ in the
TEM. The experimentally determined deformation
mechanisms and processes will form the basis of a
constitutive model describing the mechanical response
across grain boundaries. This will be implemented in
plasticity codes for polycrystalline systems and the
predictions verified experimentally.
11
Dynamics of Dislocation-Particle Interactions: A

Combined Modeling and Experimental Approach
I. M. Robertson,* B. D. Wirth,* G. Liu
National Science Foundation, DMR-02-44562
Fluid-Assisted Cracking in Ceramics

J. K. Shang,* D. Yao, D. Zhu
U.S. Air Force Office of Scientific Research,
F49620-93-0241
The objective of this program is to combine dynamic

testing in the transmission electron microscope and largescale molecular dynamic simulations to determine the
fundamental processes governing dislocation-obstacle
interactions. Specifically, this program focuses on
dislocationprecipitate interactions. This information will
be used as input to mesoscopic length scale models to
predict mechanical properties of alloy systems.
Kinetics and mechanisms of fluid-assisted cracking are

examined in Si3N4 and Al2O3 ceramics to elucidate the
synergistic effect of stress and surface chemistry on
microfracture. Three different techniques are being used to
measure this effect: the repeated indentation technique,
which follows the development of indentation cracks
leading to surface microfracture; small crack experiments
where the growth of penny-shaped surface cracks is
monitored; and fracture mechanics technique with
through-thickness cracks. Possible influences of fluid
viscosity, temperature, grain size, grain boundary phase,
and loading rate on cracking kinetics are investigated.
Visualization and Quantification of Deformation

Processes Controlling the Mechanical Response of
Alloys in Aggressive Environments
I. M. Robertson,* Y. Matsukawa
U.S. Department of Energy, Basic Energy Sciences, DEFG02-07ER46433
The focus of this project is to reveal the fundamental
mechanism controlling the mechanical response of
irradiated materials as a function of temperature.
Specifically, the project emphasizes dislocation
interactions with grain boundaries at temperature and
dislocation interaction with pre-precipitation clusters in
FCC metals. The project relies heavily on direct
observation of the interactions by straining samples insitu in the transmission electron microscope.
Relaxation and Mechanical Properties of Polymer
Glasses
K. S. Schweizer,* K. Chen
National Science Foundation, Nanoscience
Interdisciplinary Research Team
Predictive, microscopic theories for the segmental
relaxation, physical aging, and linear and nonlinear
mechanical response of polymer glasses are being
developed. Phenomena such as strain or stress induced
yielding and plastic flow, elasticity softening, coupled
aging and mechanical rejuvenation, and large deformationinduced strain hardening are studied. Both the general
physical, and material-specific chemical, aspects are of
interest. A theory for the stress acceleration of the alpha
relaxation process has also been developed, and results are
compared with new experiments and computer
simulations.
12
Fracture Mechanisms of Particulate-Reinforced Metal

Matrix Composites
J. K. Shang,* G. Liu
The fracture mechanisms of particulate-reinforced metalmatrix composites are examined in several aluminum- and
titanium-matrix composites at room and elevated
temperatures. Most composite systems show a lowtemperature fracture behavior controlled primarily by the
reinforcing particles, with the matrix playing an inactive
role in resisting the crack growth. The fracture properties
of these composites are characterized by low fracture
toughness, relatively flat R-curves, and weak dependence
on the composition and microstructure of the matrix alloy.
It is shown that a more efficient use of the matrix plasticity,
which makes the fracture process more matrix-dominated,
can lead to significant improvement in the fracture
properties of these composites.
Mechanisms of High-Temperature Crack Growth in
Ceramic-Matrix Composites
J. K. Shang,* D. Yao
National Science Foundation, MSS 91-11141
The ability of ceramic materials to withstand hightemperature and hostile environments offers great
prospects for potential major improvements in the design
performance of high-temperature components in chemical
processing, power generation, and industrial waste
recovery applications. Their use as structural materials,
however, has been limited primarily because of their poor
fracture toughness and lack of damage tolerance. The
purpose of this program is to examine the fundamental
micromechanisms of high-temperature subcritical crack
growth in three classes of ceramic-matrix composites
chosen to reflect different primary room temperature

toughening mechanisms, namely, crack deflection, crack
trapping, and crack bridging.
Tensile/Compressive Fatigue Analysis of Mullite Fiber/
Aluminum-Magnesium Alloy Metal Matrix
Composites
J. K. Shang,* C. Huang
Chrysler Motors Corp.
The fatigue behavior of mullite fiber reinforced Al-Mg
alloy matrix composites is examined as a function of Mg
concentration and fiber volume fraction. The primary
objective is to understand the role of the interface in the
fatigue crack initiation and growth processes. Several
reaction products are found at the fiber/matrix interface in
the as-received composite. Research is in progress to
evaluate the effect of the interfacial reaction on the fatigue
properties of the composite.
Microelectronics Packaging Materials

and Processes
Development of New Low (Ultralow) K Dielectric
Materials for Microelectronic Devices
J. Economy,* J. Zhang
High performance and low (ultralow) dielectric constant
materials are required for the next generation of electronic
devices. Several good thermally stable and low dielectric
constant polymers, such as aromatic thermosetting
polyester and hyperbranched thermosetting
poly(imide-ester)s, have been developed in our group.
Current studies are focused on developing a nanoporous
poly(diethynylbenzene) as an ultralow k material.
Polyester Lubricants
J. Economy,* W. Xiao
A family of sterically hindered aliphatic polyesters was
synthesized with excellent thermal and hydrolytic stability
for use in magnetic recording. These polyesters have very
low glass transition temperatures, low coefficient of
friction, and greatly reduced stiction compared to
polyperfluoroether.
Microstructure Characterization
Nanoscale Order in Amorphous Solids: Structure,
Transformations, and Electronic Properties
J. R. Abelson,* S. N. Bogle, T. Li
National Science Foundation, DMR-06-05890
This focused research group is a broad-ranging effort to
understand nanometer-scale medium range order (MRO)
in amorphous semiconductors and glassy materials,
including its origins, structure, and electronic effects. We
employ the fluctuation electron microscopy technique to
evaluate whether solids that appear to be amorphous in
diffraction in fact contain MRO. We have demonstrated
that amorphous silicon cannot be described by the
continuous random network model, but is paracrystalline,
defined as the small grain size limit of nanocrystallinity.
We are currently investigating the MRO in compounds,
including chalcogenide glasses and transition metal
diborides.
Structure and Thermal Transformation of
4SiO2Al2O3M2O11H2O (M = K, or Cs) Metakaolinbased Geopolymers
W. M. Kriven,* J. L. Bell
Air Force Office of Scientific Research, Grant/Contract
Title: Geopolymer Porous Nanoceramics for Structural,
Smart, and Thermal Shock Resistant Applications
The structure and thermal evolution of
4SiO2Al2O3M2O11H2O (M = K, or Cs) geopolymers
was characterized using a variety of techniques. The
objectives of this work were to understand: the short to
medium-range atomic structure of unheated geopolymer
and how it compared with compositionally equivalent
crystalline and zeolitic phases; how the atomic structure
evolved on heating; and how the physical/microstructure
evolved on heating. Atomic structural studies were carried
out using synchrotron x-rays at the Argonne National Lab
Advanced Photon Source using the x-ray pair distribution
function method. Microstructural studies were carried out
using SEM, TEM, BET, pycnometry, and thermal analysis.
Microstructural Acoustics and Picosecond Ultrasonics
J. A. Rogers*
Picosecond pulsed lasers provide a convenient source of
acoustic waves with frequencies in the GHz range and with
wavelengths between one and several hundred microns.
This project seeks to develop and use these laser-based
tools to study the high frequency acoustic responses of
structures with characteristic dimensions that are similar to
13
the acoustic wavelengths: thin films and membranes,

multilayer stacks, phononic crystals, microfluidic
networks, and so forth. Analysis of these measurements
yields intrinsic mechanical and thermal properties on
micron length scales. These methods also can be used for
basic studies of phononic bandgaps and other interesting
acoustic phenomena.
Atomic Structure and Growth of Metal Nanoparticles
J. M. Zuo*
National Science Foundation, NSF-DMR-04-49790
We are investigating the structure of nanosized atomic
aggregates. The problem is important because embryonic
clusters or particles form at the early stage of phase
transformations and the cluster structure affects the phase
transformation and microstructure evolution. Metal
particles are also important industrial catalyst. In this
project, we are combining processing with new approaches
to atomic resolution imaging for 3-D structure
determination of metal nanoparticles. A goal of the project
is to use the structural knowledge as a feedback to growth
to improve the properties of the nanoparticles and metals
in general. Materials that we are studying include the model
system of noble metals and transition metal alloys.
Electron Nanodiffraction and Nanocrystallography
J. M. Zuo*
U.S. Department of Energy, Quantitative Electron
Nanocrystallography
We are developing electron crystallographic techniques for
the structural determination of individual nanostructures
and to measure strain in semiconductor materials and
devices. Our research takes advantage of the spatial
resolution offered by a nanometer-sized coherent electron
probe and quantitative diffraction information obtained
from high angular resolution achieved with a parallel
illumination. Using this approach, we have developed
techniques for the structure determination of individual
carbon nanotubes, small crystals, and precise measurement
of strain in semiconductor devices. The results of our
research are published in several journal articles. Current
projects include the study of defects in nanotubes, 3-D
imaging of nanocrystals, and imaging organic molecules.
The electron diffraction techniques we developed are
applicable for characterization of metals, semiconductors,
organic crystals, and biological macromolecules.
14
Nanoscience and Technology

Cl Insertion on Si(100)-(2X1): Etching Under
Conditions of Supersaturation
A. Agrawal, R. E. Butera, J. H. Weaver*
National Science Foundation, NSF-DMR-03-01821
With contributions from B. R. Trenhaile, A. W. Signor, and
J. S. Palmer
We use scanning tunneling microscopy to show that Cl2
dosing of Cl-saturated Si(100)-(2X1) surfaces at elevated
temperature leads to uptake beyond saturation and
allows access to a new etching pathway. This process
involves Cl insertion in Si-Si dimer bonds or backbonds,
diffusion of the inserted Cl, and ultimately desorption of
SiCl2. Investigations into the etch kinetics reveal that
insertion occurs via a novel form of Cl2 dissociative
chemisorption that is mediated by dangling bond sites.
Upon dissociation, one Cl atom adsorbs at the dangling
bond while the other can insert.
Development of MEMS Based Nanocalorimeter
L. H. Allen*
National Science Foundation, DMR-0108694 (Research);
NSF DMR -9803019 (Equipment); ACS-PRF #37027-AC7
Researchers are developing a new materials
characterization technique that is potentially a very
powerful method for directly obtaining quantitative values
for small enthalpy of reactions at interfaces, surfaces, and
near surface regions. This device operates at ultrafast
heating (105 K/s) and scanning (1-scan/s) rates and is
sensitive to nanometer thick films of material. This is a
collaborative effort with the NNF facility at Cornell
University (Ithaca, New York). To date we have achieved
monolayer sensitivity, real-time in-situ characterization
technique. Progress has been made not only in the
fabrication of the device but also in quantitative techniques
in analysis of heat capacity, or thermoelectrical
characterization of the device.
Thermodynamics of Nanostructures and Buried
Interfaces Using Scanning Nanocalorimetry
L. H. Allen*
National Science Foundation, DMR 0108694
This project aims to investigate a variety of basic materials
issues in thin films and at interfaces, such as coalescence
during initial stages of film growth and silicide formation
with restricted dimensions. The research also seeks to
reveal new thermodynamic information about behavior of
materials at nanometer length scales. The research will
contribute basic materials science knowledge at a
fundamental level to important aspects of electronic/

photonic materials.
Photoluminescence of CdSe Quantum Dots and Rods
from Buffer-Layer-Assisted Growth
V. N. Antonov, P. Swaminathan, J. A. N. T. Soares,
J. S. Palmer, J. H. Weaver*
U.S. Department of Energy Division of Materials Sciences,
DE-FG02-01ER45944; Center for Microanalysis of
Materials; Laser and Spectroscopy Facility of the
Frederick Seitz Materials Research Laboratory; U.S.
Department of Energy, DE-FG02-91-ER45439
With acknowledgement of A. S. Bhatti and S. G. Bishop for
stimulating discussions
The traditional colloidal routes of fabrication of II-VI
semiconductor quantum dots have been difficult to
integrate with silicon technology. Here, we demonstrate
that CdSe quantum dots and rods can be self-assembled
and delivered in ultrahigh vacuum conditions on almost
any substrate by means of buffer-layer-assisted growth
(BLAG), where the buffer is thin solid Xe film. We
determine the diffusivity of the particles on the buffer, and
demonstrate the significance of the ionicity of the CdSe.
Photoluminescence spectra are compared to the previous
studies of colloidal CdSe structures. This study opens the
door for the synthesis of tunable II-VI heterostructures.
Double Direct Templating of Periodically
Nanostructured ZnS Hollow Microspheres
P. V. Braun,* A. Wolosiuk, D. Gough
National Science Foundation, DMR-0117792
In this project, we are developing a "double direct
templating" approach to obtain hollow ZnS 500 nm
diameter microspheres perforated with a periodic array of
uniform 2-3 nm diameter pores and to demonstrate the
entrapment of Au nanoparticles and biological
macromolecules within these microspheres. In double
direct templating, a lyotropic liquid crystal templates the
mineralization of ZnS on the surface of a silica or
polystyrene colloidal template. Removal of the templates
results in a periodically mesostructured ZnS hollow
capsule. The regular controlled pore structure of the shell
wall opens the possibility for the encapsulation of
nanoparticles, polymers, and biological macromolecules.
Micro/Nanofluidic Techniques for Patterning

Materials from the Liquid Phase with Nanometer
Resolution
J. A. Rogers*
National Science Foundation, NSF-DMI-03-28162
Advances in micro/nanofluidic networks that incorporate
active valving and pumping schemes with 3-D
architectures offer possibilities, when combined with
nanoscale nozzles, for printing solution phase inks with
high resolution. This effort seeks to develop the
engineering and scientific knowledge for building these
types of systems and for using them to build unusual
electronic and photonic devices.
Unconventional Techniques for Nanofabrication
J. A. Rogers*
New tools for fabricating structures with micron and
nanometer dimensions are critical to the progress of
nanoscience and nanotechnology. This project seeks to
develop soft lithographic methods for nanofabrication and
to use them for building structures that are needed for basic
and applied studies. Our recent efforts focus on the
development and use of these methods for building
nanophotonic systems and for constructing organic
transistors and diodes that have nanometer or molecular
scale dimensions.
Chemically Tunable Nanoelectronic and
Nanoelectromechanical Systems
M. Shim,* J. H. Back, C.L. Tsai
National Science Foundation, CCF 05-06660
This project aims to establish a fundamental understanding
of interfacial/surface effects on the electronic and
mechanical properties of nanoscale materials incorporated
into devices. With this understanding, surface chemistry to
control the highly environment-sensitive responses of
nanoscale materials will be developed. Combined
computational (in collaboration with other groups) and
experimental efforts will advance knowledge in physics
and chemistry at the nanoscale surfaces and interfaces.
Simple yet effective chemical means to tune the electronic
characteristics of carbon nanotube transistors and
resonators are being explored. These chemically tunable
nanotubes will provide versatile building blocks suitable
for developing engineering concepts and designs for novel
nanoelectronic and electromechanical architectures.
15
Synthesis and Characterization of Anisotropic

Nanocrystal Heterostructures
M. Shim,* H. McDaniel
American Chemical Society Petroleum Research Fund
This project aims to develop a generalized approach to
design and to synthesize heterostructures of nanocrystals
with anisotropic geometries. Two or more electronically
coupled crystalline inorganic components of nanometer
size with separately tunable composition, size, shape, and
surface chemistry may lead to unprecedented capabilities
in clean energy conversion and environmental
remediation. In particular, fundamental studies to elucidate
formation of interfaces between inorganic materials of
nanometer dimensions with special attention to the role of
interfacial strain on the determination of the overall
heterostructure geometry are being carried out.
Synthesis, Carrier Injection, and Surface
Functionalization of 1-D Nanostructures
M. Shim,* K. T. Nguyen, T. Ozel
National Science Foundation, DMR 03-48585
We examine how molecular adsorption and the changes in
the local chemical environment influence electronic
properties of carbon nanotubes. Issues such as phonon
softening and Fano lineshapes due to peculiar electronphonon coupling in metallic carbon nanotubes and
diameter dependent doping in semiconducting nanotubes
are being examined with respect to effects of ambient
oxygen adsorption. Basic understanding of such chemical
effects on the electronic properties is leading to processing
strategies with which we can overcome major hurdles such
as electronic inhomogeneity and overly sensitive
properties in developing nanotube-based nano- and macroelectronics.
Cd-Based II-VI Semiconductor Nanostructures
Produced by Buffer-Layer-Assisted Growth:
Structural Evolution and Photoluminescence
P. Swaminathan, V. N. Antonov, J. A. N. T. Soares,
J. S. Palmer, J. H. Weaver*
U.S. Department of Energy Division of Materials Sciences,
DE-FG02-01ER45944; U.S. Department of Energy, DEFG02-91ER45439
In cooperation with the Center for Microanalysis of
Materials and the Frederick Seitz Materials Research
Laboratory, and A. S. Bhatti and S. G. Bishop
The II-VI semiconductor nanostructures exhibit interesting
optical properties due to quantum confinement of their
charge carriers. Here, we discuss the assembly of
nanostructures of CdS, CdSe, and CdTe using bufferlayer* Denotes principal investigator.
16
assisted growth with Xe buffers. Both compact clusters and

ramified wires can be synthesized by varying the Xe buffer
layer thickness. Analysis of the nanostructure size
distributions and densities makes it possible to calculate
their diffusion parameters on the desorbing Xe. Clear
differences in the effective activation energies for diffusion
for CdS, CdSe, and CdTe can be attributed to differences
in London dispersion interactions. Photoluminescence
measurements indicate changes from 3-D to 2-D
confinement as compact particles are replaced by ramified
wires. Laser power dependent measurements yield the low
temperature exciton lifetime, and temperature dependent
measurements indicate that optical phonons play a
dominant role in the decay of the signal above 50 K and
defect states play a dominant role below 50 K.
Germanium Growth on Br-terminated Si(100)
B. R. Trenhaile, G. J. Xu,* J. H. Weaver*
National Science Foundation; Center for Microanalysis of
Materials, U.S. Department of Energy, Division of
Materials Science, DE-FG02-91ER45439
Research Laboratory and V. Petrova, S. Burdin, and E.
Sammann
The consequences of Ge deposition on Br-terminated Si
(100) were studied with scanning tunneling microscopy at
ambient temperature after annealing at 650 K. One
monolayer of Br was sufficient to prevent the formation of
Ge huts beyond the critical thickness of 3 ML. This is
possible because Br acts as a surfactant whose presence
lowered the diffusivity of Ge adatoms. Hindered mobility
was manifest at low coverage through the formation of
short Ge chains. Further deposition resulted in the
extension and connection of the Ge chains and gave rise to
the buildup of incomplete layers. The deposition of 7 ML
of Ge resulted in a rough surface characterized by
irregularly shaped clusters. A short 800 K anneal desorbed
the Br and allowed Ge atoms to reorganize into the more
energetically favorable hut structures produced by
conventional Ge overlayer growth on Si(100).
Oxygen Atoms on Si(100)-(2X1): Imaging with
Scanning Tunneling Microscopy
B. R. Trenhaile, A. Agrawal, J. H. Weaver*
National Science Foundation
A. W. Signor
The authors use scanning tunneling microscopy to study
the initial stage of oxidation for H2O exposed Si(100).
Following H2O dissociation and saturation of the surface
with Cl, a mild anneal allows the oxygen to insert into the
Si dimer bonds. Bridge-bonded oxygen atoms appear as a

dark spot in the center of the dimer. The density of these
split dimer defects correlates with the c-type defect
density on the clean surface. These results also show how
to produce nearly defect-free halogen-terminated Si(100).
Phonon-Activated Electron-Stimulated Desorption of
Halogens from Si(100)=(2X1)
B. R. Trenhaile, V. N. Antonov,* G. J. Xu, A. Agrawal,
A. W. Signor, R. E. Butera, K. S. Nakayama,
J. H. Weaver*
National Science Foundation; Department of Energy DEFG02-91-ER45439
Research Laboratory, R. S. Crandall and A. M. Wodtke
Spontaneous desorption of Cl, Br, and I from n- and p-type
Si(100)-(2X1) was studied with scanning tunneling
microscopy at temperatures of 620800 K where
conventional thermal bond breaking should be negligible.
The activation energies and prefactors determined from
Arrhenius plots indicate a novel reaction pathway that is
initiated by the capture of electrons that have been excited
by phonon processes into Si-halogen antibonding states.
This configuration is on a repulsive potential energy
surface, and it is sufficiently long lived that desorption can
occur, constituting phonon-activated electron-stimulated
desorption. Surprisingly, the Arrhenius plots for
differently doped samples crossed and, above a critical
temperature, the reaction with the largest activation energy
had the highest rate. This is explained by large entropy
changes associated with the multiphonon nature of the
electronic excitation. For Cl desorption from p-type Si,
these entropy changes amounted to 34kB. They were 19kB,
13kB, and 8kB for Br desorption from p-type, lightly doped
n-type, and heavily doped n-type Si, respectively. The
desorption rates for I were nearly three orders of magnitude
larger than the rates observed for Cl and Br. Here, the Si-I
antibonding states overlap the conduction-band minimum,
so that conduction-band electrons with this energy can be
captured by the Si-I antibonding states. Together, these
results reveal that a complex relationship exists between
phonons and electronic excitations during chemical
reactions at surfaces.
Anomalous Photoluminescence Behavior from

Amorphous Ge Quantum Dots Produced by BufferLayer-Assisted Growth
J. H. Weaver,* A. S. Bhatti,* V. N. Antonov,
P. Swaminathan, J. S. Palmer
National Science Foundation International Program; U.S.
Department of Energy, Division of Materials Sciences,
DE-FG02-01ER45944
The authors present photoluminescence results from
amorphous Ge quantum dots formed using buffer-layerassisted growth. Their sizes, shapes, and densities were
controlled by varying the thickness of the Xe buffer layer,
with sizes varying from 2 to 8 nm. A relatively weak signal
was observed at ~3 K at ~0.91 eV that was independent of
size and was insensitive to laser intensity. Its temperaturedependent magnitude showed a Berthelot-type behavior
that they associate with hopping of carriers between
radiative tail states and shallow nonradiative states. These
findings are similar to those from porous semiconductors.
Phase Transformation
Phase and Microstructure Evolutions During
Energetic Laser Processing
R. S. Averback,* P. Bellon,* B. Gundrum, S. Odunuga
U.S. Department of Energy, National Nuclear Security
Administration, DE-FG03-02NA00070
In collaboration with Lawrence Livermore National
Laboratory
Solid-laser interactions can drive a material into
nonequilibrium states. In this program, we study three such
situations to better understand material behavior in
extreme states and to investigate the potential use of laser
processing for material synthesis. Using experiments and
computer simulations, we investigate the formation of
nanocomposites in thin multicomponent solids after laserinduced surface melting; the extended plastic deformation
that takes place during repeated laser peening and its
consequence on phase changes; and the evolution of alloy
phases during very high energy laser irradiation.
Mechanical Mixing in Alloys During Ball Milling and
Friction Wear
P. Bellon,* J. Weninger, T. Tyler, A. Kuhl, D. Narbutas
This grant explores the processes leading to mechanical
mixing in metallic alloys during high-energy ball milling
and during dry sliding wear. A major objective is to
elucidate the atomistic processes leading to mechanical
17
mixing, and their competition with thermal decomposition

in the case of alloys with positive heats of mixing. For that
purpose we use analytical and high-resolution electron
microscopy as well as atom probe field ion microscopy for
characterization of the selected alloys processed under
controlled conditions. Taking advantage of the similarities
between ball milling and friction wear, we apply this
knowledge toward the development of self-lubricated
materials.
In-situ High Temperature Phase Transformations in
Ceramics
W. M. Kriven,* P. Sarin
Title: Phase Transformations in Ceramics
This research aims is to provide a comprehensive
foundation of knowledge of known and yet to be
discovered phase transformations in one and two
component oxide ceramic systems. Various oxide ceramic
systems are being explored and include rare earth titanates,
niobates, and phosphate compounds. Potential phase
transformations are first screened by routine thermal
analysis techniques. In order to understand the mechanisms
of phase transformations, the lattice parameters, thermal
expansion coefficients, and unit cell volume/shape changes
at transformation are determined by in-situ high
temperature (up to 2000C in air) XRD studies, which are
conducted using a lamp furnace and synchrotron radiation.
Phase Transformations and Phase Equilibria in the
Hafnia-Tantala-Titania System
W. M. Kriven,* R. P. Haggerty, Z. Apostolov
National Science Foundation DMR Grant/Contract Title:
Phase Transformations and Phase Equilibria in the
Hafnia-Tantala-Titania System
We are working to explore the hafnia-tantala-titania
(HfO2-Ta2O5-TiO2) system, specifically to understand the
technologically important phase transformations in hafnia
and tantala, as well as the mechanisms of stabilization of
their known stabilizers, Ta2O5 and TiO2, respectively. In
addition, we are investigating the binary Ta2O5-HfO2 and
ternary HfO2- Ta2O5-TiO2 systems, in the search for new
phase transformations. A quadrupole lamp furnace
(capable of 2000C in air) and a curved image plate detector
(capable of 30 sec read times) enable accurate data to be
collected with high resolution.
18
Transformation Weakening of Enstatite Interphases in

Forsterite Fibrous Monoliths and Laminated
Composites for Enhanced Toughness
W. M. Kriven,* S. Sheridan
Title: Phase Transformations in Ceramics
Extruded fibrous monolithic composites with three-layer
textures and tape-cast laminated composites are fabricated
using forsterite (2MgOoSiO2) as a matrix and enstatite
(MgOoSiO2) as a transformation weakenable interphase.
The powders are synthesized via the polyvinyl alcohol
(PVA), organic steric entrapment method. Sintered
composites are mechanically tested and evaluated to
determine the extent to which the volume contracting
(-5.6%) and shear induced protoenstatite (PE)-toclinoenstatite (CE) phase transformation contributes to
crack deflection within the interphase, and thereby, overall
toughening of the composite. The PE to CE transformation
in enstatite gives rise to "transformational plasticity" with
a minimum debonding shear strength of 95 MPa.
Photonic Materials
Holographic Assembly of Nanoparticles in Polymer
Dispersed Liquid Crystals
P. V. Braun,* J. Busbee, A. Griffith
Army Research Office, DAAD19-03-1-0227
Holographic polymer dispersed liquid crystals (H-PDLCs)
have been of significant interest for a number of years
because of the potential for optically switchable windows,
variable lasers, and other optical devices. To date, the
majority of these devices have been formed from all
organic based materials. We are using chemically
functionalized nanoparticles to modulate the optical
properties in ways not possible using only organic
materials.
Templated Synthesis of Waveguides in 3-D Photonic
Band Gap Materials
P. V. Braun,* S. Pruzinsky, G. Gratson, J. A. Lewis
Photonic band gap structures are being created through the
infilling of the interstitial space of colloidal crystals with
optically active, high refractive index materials. The
colloidal crystal template is formed through the gravityassisted self-organization of a water-based suspension of
nearly monodisperse colloidal particles. Following
assembly, the solvent is removed. Then the waveguide
structure is deposited into the colloidal crystal though
multiphoton direct writing. High refractive index colloidal
material is deposited into the interstitial space through

ALD or CVD. Following the deposition of the high
refractive index material, the colloidal template is removed
to increase the refractive index contrast. Theoretical
studies indicate these waveguide structures should be
highly effective for the manipulation of light.
Nanoparticle-Mediated Epitaxial Assembly of
Colloidal Crystals
J. A. Lewis,* S. Rhodes, R. Kershner, P. Braun
Colloidal crystals are being epitaxially assembled onto
patterned substrates produced by focused ion beam
milling. Nanoparticle species are utilized to both provide
colloidal stability as well as create robust crystals. Current
efforts focus on creating photonic crystals with a targeted
optical response at visible wavelengths.
High Speed Liquid Crystal Devices
J. A. Rogers*
National Science Foundation, GOALI Program
This project seeks to understand fundamental issues and
practical considerations that define upper limits for the
operating speed of liquid crystal based modulators and
switches. It includes a component that focuses on inventing
unusual means to use liquid crystals for tunable fiber and
integrated optical devices.
Microfluidic Networks and Photonics
J. A. Rogers*
National Science Foundation
This project seeks to exploit pumped microfluidics for new
classes of tunable photonic devices. It includes basic study
and development of means to fabricate microfluidic
networks and phenomena, such as electrowetting, that can
be used to pump the fluids. With proper designs, the motion
of the fluids can be coupled to the optical properties of basic
photonic elements such as planar waveguides and optical
fiber. In another approach, it is possible to construct
directly these and other elements (e.g., microlenses) out of
fluidic structures whose shapes can be dynamically
adjusted. These types of technologies have capabilities that
can complement those of existing conventional systems.
Polymers
Characterization of Plastic Cross-Ties and Rail
Insulators
P. H. Geil,* G. Guo, R. A. Williams
American Association of Railroads
We have developed (and applied) techniques for
determining the composition and structure of plastic crossties currently being used on U.S. railways. This has now
been expanded to characterization of the plastic insulators
used with concrete cross-ties. Primary concern is the cause
and prevention of failures.
Deformation of Low Density Polyethylene and
Polymethyl Methacrylate
P. H. Geil,* G. Guo,
B. Ginzburg* (Res. Inst. Mech. Eng. Problems,
Russian Acad. Sci., St. Petersburg, Russia)
Program OE-13, Russian Academy of Science
Contrary to our early demonstration of micronecking
during deformation of high density polyethylene and
polyoxymethylene, there are current suggestions in the
literature that deformation of linear low density
polyethylene (LLDPE) occurs by a mosaic block process,
the blocks having played a role in the initial crystallization
process. Having access to a unique LDPE sample that
forms well developed spherulites and lamellae, we are
characterizing its deformation by TEM, AFM, and SAXS.
For both LDPE and PMMA, our co-investigator has shown
changes in the deformation process with the addition of
fullerene; the origin and mechanism is being sought by
TEM.
Molecular Motion during Annealing Polymer Single
Crystals
P. H. Geil,* G. Guo, R. A. Williams,
S. Maganov* (Veeco Instruments)
AFM studies of annealing of linear polyethylene single
crystals on HOPG graphite suggest the polymer molecules
form fingers extending out from the crystals as well as on
the crystal surface. Research by TEM and electron
diffraction characterization is under way.
19
Processing and Structural Characterization of ZeinBase Films

P. H. Geil,* G. Padua (Food Sci. & Human Nutr.)
Illinois Council on Food and Agriculture Research;
Illinois Corn Marketing Board
Zein, a protein from corn plasticized with oleic acid, has
been shown to be suitable for the production of thin films
with potential application as packaging. Optimization of
the properties is being sought by variations in processing
techniques (including protein unfolding, orientation, and
cross-linking as well as typical plastics film production
processes). Structural characterization by WAXS, SAXS,
and TEM of orientation, molecular conformation, and
morphology is being carried out to aid in the process
improvement. Examination of the potential of the
nanoscale self-assembly of zein for directed cell growth is
also in progress.
Soft Materials
Polymer Studies in Thin-Film Microelectronics
L. H. Allen,* M. Y. Efremov, E. A. Olsen, M. Zhang,
S. Zhang
ACS-PRF, 37027-AC7
Polymer material is used extensively in microelectronics
including nm thick resists (photoresist) for image
patterning and self- assembled monolayers (SAMs) thin
coating for microelectronics. It can also be used as an
active component in terabit/in2 storage devices such as the
millipede where the thermal (at ultrafast heating rates)
properties of nanometer thick polymers (e.g., polystyreve
and PMMA) are of critical importance. We use a recently
developed MEMS device, the nanocalorimeter, to study
the thickness dependence of glass transition temperature in
ultrathin polymer films. This new technique is 1000 times
more sensitive than conventional DSC systems. Our
preliminary results show that it has the capability to
measure polymer films with thickness of only 1.5 nm.
Mesoporous Polymers
P. V. Braun,* Y. J. Lee
Research Laboratory
This work is focused on the synthesis and characterization
of polymeric materials that contain a regular distribution
of nanometer-sized pores. The polymers are synthesized in
a lyotropic liquid crystalline media. Under the appropriate
conditions, the characteristic dimensionality and structure
20
of the lyotropic liquid crystal is imparted to the polymer

during the synthesis. Researchers are exploring routes to
both bulk and thin-film materials. The focus is on
synthesizing conducting polymers via oxidative processes;
however, other polymerization routes may also be
applicable.
Photonic Crystal-Based Chemical Sensors
P. V. Braun,* Y. J. Lee
We demonstrate the synthesis, swelling kinetics, and
optical diffraction of inverse opal hydrogel sensors with a
pH sensitivity of 0.01 pH units using touching colloidal
crystal templates. Among the advantages for this system
are facile diffusion and thus relatively rapid response due
to an interconnected pore structure and good mechanical
stability. The mesoporous hydrogels were based on
HEMA-AA copolymers and exhibited pH-dependent
shifts in optical diffraction that were regulated by the AA
concentration.
Self-Assembly of 3-D Multifunctional Ceramic
Composites for Photonics and Sensors
P. V. Braun,* P. Wiltzuis, A. Wolosiuk, M. George,
M. Shyr, R. Barry
We are studying new routes for the self-assembly of
ceramic composites including colloidal self-assembly.
Examples include self-assembly of spherical ceramic
objects that are on the order of 0.5 to 1 micrometer in
diameter, multiphoton writing of ceramic waveguide
structures inside of colloidal crystals, and biologically
directed assembly, for example by using DNA or proteins.
The resulting structures have the potential to modulate light
in unique ways, and they may serve as the basis for
chemical and biological sensors.
Self-Healing Materials
P. V. Braun,* S. H. Cho, S. White, N. Sottos*
U.S. Air Force Office of Scientific Research
A new environmentally stable self-healing system has been
developed based on the polycondensation of PDMS. This
system is stable to water and oxygen, and uses a low-cost
stable tin catalyst system. Healing efficiencies of up to 50%
have been observed slightly above room temperature.
Studies of Surface Diffusion
P. V. Braun,* C. Heitzman, H. Tu
Arnold and Mabel Beckman Foundation
The diffusive transport of small molecules and ions in one
and two dimensions on a surface is being studied as a
function of surface chemistry. Gold surfaces have been

coated with oligo(ethylene oxide) and alkane thiol
molecules, and silica surfaces have been functionalized
with molecules of varying length and bulkiness. The
surface is then dosed with a submonolayer coating of
fluorescent molecules, and the diffusion of the molecules
is studied via laser scanning confocal microscopy.
Advanced Fuel Cell Membranes
J. Economy,* J. Wang
Research is being carried out on advanced membranes and
catalysts for fuel cells. Work is concentrated on
synthesizing novel polymer membranes for proton
exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFC) to reduce cost and
improve performance.
Flame Resistant Materials Design of Improved
Insulating Fibers
J. Economy,* S. Bender
Exceptions to the Conventional No-slip Boundary

Condition of Continuum Hydrodynamics
S. Granick,* J. S. Wong
National Science Foundation, CMS0119626; U.S.
Department of Energy, DE-FG02-02ER46019
Research Laboratory
Viscous flow is familiar and useful, yet the underlying
physics is surprisingly subtle and complex. Recent
experiments and simulations show that the textbook
assumption of "no slip at the boundary" can fail massively
when walls are sufficiently smooth. The reasons appear to
involve materials chemistry interactions that can be
controlled, especially wettability and the presence of trace
impurities, even of dissolved gases. Modulation of the noslip boundary condition in a modified surface forces
apparatus can result in surprisingly large energy savings
(by orders of magnitude) in viscous flow of Newtonian
fluids.
The goal is to develop flame resistant insulating fibers that

will not melt at 700C. Such fibers will protect large
buildings from the problems associated with 9/11.
Fluorescence Correlation Spectroscopy (FCS) of

Confined Fluids
S. Granick,* L. Hong, J. Zhao
High Modulus LCP Fibers

J. Economy,* J. Wang

Research Laboratory
High performance fibers derived from liquid crystalline

polyesters are under development. They should display
properties far superior to Kevlar fibers and at much lower
costs.
Confocal Raman Studies of Confined Fluids
S. Granick,* S. C. Bae
Research Laboratory
For the first time, Raman spectroscopy is being employed
to study the structure and dynamical responses of fluids
within nanometer-thin films. Using a modified surface
forces apparatus, the orientation of fluids and the
modification of their structure under shear deformations
are being studied. By discriminating the vibrational
responses of different functional groups along the same
molecule, the relative orientation of different functional
groups is discriminated.
It is not unusual to postulate that liquids undergo a phase

transition when they are confined between two solids to be
molecularly thin. We investigate this hypothesis
experimentally using the technique of fluorescence
correlation spectroscopy, which as implemented here
quantifies the translational diffusion rates of probe
molecules embedded at nanomolar concentration within
the fluids. An extraordinary dependence on the normal load
and on the shear rate is under investigation.
How Water Meets a Hydrophobic Surface
S. Granick,* A. Poynor
Research Laboratory and the Department of Physics
The ubiquitous presence of water in intimate contact with
hydrophobic solids has been predicted to produce a
nanometer-thick vapor layer. This is tested experimentally
using an ultrasensitive phase-modulated ellipsometer with
a thickness resolution of 0.01 nm. To investigate the power
spectrum of capillary waves as the dewetted layer
fluctuates in and out of contact with the solid is especially
interesting.
21
Nanofluidics
S. Granick,* L. Zhang, L. Hong, S. C. Bae
Sum-Frequency Generation Studies of Confined Fluids

S. Granick,* J. Turner, S. C. Bae

Research Laboratory

Research Laboratory and the Department of Chemistry
The directed flow of fluids contained within small channels

constitutes an emerging theme of modern chemistry and
materials science. New applications are proliferating, for
example in the fields of microfluidics, chemical analysis,
and protein crystallization. Most prior work has concerned
channels whose cross-section dimensions are on the order
of micrometers to hundreds of micrometers. It is also
attractive to consider the potential for directed flow of
molecules contained within molecularly thin layers. This
we accomplish by embedding small molecules within
adsorbed polymers (layers that are one molecule thick) and
studying the diffusion rate using fluorescence correlation
spectroscopy.
The surface sensitive nonlinear spectroscopic method of

sum-frequency generation is being applied in the
broadband mode using femtosecond lasers, in order to
resolve those molecules immediately at solid-liquid
interfaces where the environment lacks a center of
symmetry. It is being applied in particular to
implementation within a modified surface force apparatus.
Polymer Fillers and the Role of Interfacial Rheology

S. Granick,* A. L. Demirel
National Science Foundation, International Programs,
INT-9810529
The dynamics of polymers at the solid-liquid interface

underlies numerous applications including rheology and
steric stabilization, yet surprisingly little is known from
direct measurement. In these studies, we measure
translational diffusion directly using fluorescence
correlation spectroscopy. Studies of the polyethylene oxide
system show a surprising transition from relatively rapid
diffusion, to far slower diffusion, as the surface coverage
increases.
In this collaborative effort, researchers study the role of

polymer-solid interfacial interactions by relating
measurements on model systems (at the University of
Illinois) with measurements of systems of immediate
practical importance (Koc University, Istanbul, Turkey).
Variables of interest include polymer molecular weight,
degree of crystallinity, and intensity of polymer-filler
interaction.
Self-Assembled Monolayers of Organo-Siloxane
Surfactants
S. Granick,* L. Hong, Y. Yu
In collaboration with the 3M Corporation and the
Frederick Seitz Materials Research Laboratory
The facile and efficient construction of perfect selfassembled organic monolayers on solid supports is a
springboard for numerous scientific and technological
applications. Here we focus on the chemistry of
alkylsiloxanes with a view toward producing molecular
smoothness and absence of topographical defects in the
resulting monolayers.
22
Surface Diffusion of Adsorbed Polymers

S. Granick,* L. Hong, J. Zhao
Research Laboratory
Phase Behavior of Multicomponent Polymeric Systems

and Advanced Simulation Techniques for Polymer
Liquids
E. Luijten,* L. Guo
Petroleum Research Fund; Materials Computation Center
An understanding of the miscibility of polymer blends and
solutions is of considerable importance for the production
of polymeric materials with improved properties. In the
current project, binary and ternary polymer solutions are
investigated by means of advanced computer simulations.
Variation of the degree of polymerization leads,
particularly in the ternary case, to rich phase diagrams,
which are only accessible through the use of new
simulation methods that are being developed within the
framework of this project. This project is currently being
expanded to the investigation of gelation phenomena in
triblock copolymer solutions.
Polymer Adsorption and Diffusion Near Interfaces

E. Luijten,* W. Roh
U.S. Department of Energy
This project is concerned with the basic factors that govern
surface adsorption of polymers. By means of computer
simulations, a systematic investigation is performed on the
role of adsorption strength, chain flexibility, and degree of
polymerization and solvent quality, and their influence on
the maximum attainable surface coverage as well as on the
interfacial diffusion of individual molecules.
Dynamics and Viscoelasticity of Biphasic Particle
Suspensions, Gels, and Glasses
K. S. Schweizer,* D. Viehman
National Science Foundation, Nanoscience and
Engineering Center for the Directed Assembly of
Nanostructures
New theories for the dynamics of binary mixtures of
repulsive and sticky spherical nanoparticles and colloids
are being developed. A primary goal is to understand how
intermolecular forces modify elastic and viscous
properties, including kinetic transitions to a glass or gel
state. The theory is combined with Brownian dynamics
simulation methods to investigate time-dependent
properties associated with particle diffusion and relaxation,
which can be probed by dynamic light scattering or timeresolved confocal microscopy. Applications of the theory
as a guide for the design of novel nanoparticle inks for
direct-write assembly are pursued.
Dynamics of Nonspherical and Patchy Colloidal
Suspensions, Gels, and Glasses
K. S. Schweizer,* R. Zhang, G. Yatsenko, M. Tripathy
U.S. Department of Energy-Basic Energy Sciences, Soft
Materials Cluster
Research Laboratory
Microscopic theories for the slow glassy or gel-like
dynamics and elasticity of suspensions of nonpsherical
and/or chemically heterogenous colloids are developed.
Studies encompass the effect of particle shape, including
rods, disks, and molecular aggregates, and the strength and
range of interparticle attractive forces on viscoelastic
properties. A theory for the coupled translational and
rotational dynamics of elongated colloids is being
constructed, and the possibility of forming plastic glasses
explored. The connection between kinetic vitrification and
granular jamming is also being studied.
Structure and Microphase Separation of Janus

Colloids
K. S. Schweizer,* M. Tripathy
U.S. Department of Energy-Basic Energy Sciences, Soft
Materials Cluster
Research Laboratory
An equilibrium statistical mechanical theory for the
structure and mesoscale ordering of chemically
heterogeneous Janus colloids is being developed. The role
of particle composition and the strength and range of
excluded volume, Coulomb, and hydrogen-bonding
interactions on equilibrium phase behavior are of primary
interest. The possibility such particles may undergo a
nonequilibrium gel transition is also being investigated.
Structure, Phase Transitions and Dynamics of Polymer
Nanocomposites
K. S. Schweizer,* L. B. Hall, J. Yang
U.S. Department of Energy-Basic Energy Sciences via Oak
Ridge National Laboratory
Statistical mechanical theories are developed and applied
to understand the thermodynamics, structure, scattering
patterns, phase transitions, and dynamics of mixtures of
hard spherical nanoparticles and soft polymers. Studies
include the role of particle size, concentration, polymer
chemistry and chain length, and interfacial cohesion on
equilibrium properties. Nonspherical fillers such as rodlike carbon nanotubes, disks, and molecular shapes are
investigated with the goal of understanding how filler
dispersion and interfacial interactions depend on the
nanoparticle effective dimensionality and geometry.
Comparison with experimental studies of phase behavior,
thermodynamic properties, and small and wide angle
scattering patterns is carried out.
Computational Design of Holographic Structures
P. Wiltzius,* J. W. Rinne
Holographic lithography has emerged as a promising route
to the fabrication of three-dimensional (3-D) periodic
materials having photonic band gaps. As such, the goal of
this project is to design the experimental beam parameters
of a holography experiment to produce a preconceived 3-D
structure. To this end, we have employed a class of
computational search algorithms, genetic algorithms
(GAs), to search for beam parameters capable of producing
3-D structures having large photonic band gaps.
23
Elastomeric Ink for Three Dimensional Writing

P. Wiltzius,* R. A. Barry
Robocasting has enjoyed recent success as a tool for
building complex three dimensional structures for
photonics and other applications. We have developed a
novel ink for creation of three dimensional structures via
the robocasting method. The ink precursor material is
formed by the noncovalent interaction of its three primary
ingredients, acrylamide, water and glycerol, and is very
firm before being thinned to its extrusion state. When
finished, this ink shear thins readily to allow easy flow
through a Robocaster extrusion nozzle, but increases in
viscosity when out of the tip to hold its shape. It is
crosslinked by UV light exposure during or shortly after
the structure is drawn and is elastomeric in this stage. It can
also be further processed by heating, which hardens the
structure into a rigid form from whatever shape it was in at
the time of heating.
Fluorescent Photonic Crystal
P. Wiltzius,* A. Brzezinski
Photonic crystals fabricated entirely from a fluorescent
material are relevant to organic light emitting diode devices
and also help provide physical insight. Solid angle resolved
spectroscopy of such structures reveal emission patterns
that are highly dependent upon the crystal lattice, material
properties, group velocity effects, and structural defects. A
model has been constructed to enable the characterization
of these effects and to facilitate the engineering of devices
with, for example, specific emission patterns.
Multibeam Holography and Two-Photon
Polymerization
P. Wiltzius,* A. Brzezinski, Y. C. Chen, V. Ramanan
Holographic lithography is a versatile and simple
technique for the creation of large area, defect-free, three
dimensional photonic crystals. Three dimensional
photonic crystals of various geometries are written in an
organic photoresist through concurrent exposure of
multiple non coplanar beams of laser radiation. The
photoresist properties and the processing conditions are
optimized to achieve photonic crystals with excellent
optical properties. Modeling of the optical response of
these structures helps in understanding their behavior and
in recognizing the quality of the crystals. Subsequent to the
fabrication of these crystals in the photoresist, two-photon
polymerization with a confocal scanning microscope is
used to write waveguides and other defect structures into
24
the photonic crystals. These crystals are then converted to

high quality silicon-air crystals by using a low pressure
chemical vapor deposition method.
Surfaces and Interfaces

Synthesis and Characterization of Nanostructured
Alloys with Enhanced Mechanical Properties
P. Bellon,* J. R. Abelson,* S. Jayaraman, A. Chaterjee
National Science Foundation, DMR 0354060-; CECMVitry (CNRS France)
This collaboration is to carry out synthesis and
characterization of nanostructured diborides of zirconium,
titanium, and chromium for super-hard coatings with low
friction coefficients and low wear rates. The following
areas are investigated: novel synthesis techniques, in
particular by CVD of mixed phase materials;
characterization of structure and defects in amorphous and
nanocrystalline films through advanced TEM techniques;
and analysis of the friction and wear behavior using the
driven systems approach as a theoretical framework. Our
goal is to produce an improved understanding of how
microstructure varies with stoichiometry, with transition
metals, CVD conditions, and wear parameters.
Strongly Driven Transformations in Materials
D. G. Cahill,* K. Kang, X. Zheng
Research Laboratory
In collaboration with the research groups of Peter
Abbamonte (Physics) and Jim Zuo (Material Science and
Engineering), we are developing new approaches for
studying the interaction of ultrafast optical pulses with
materials, ultrafast energy transport at interfaces, and
ultrafast melting and crystallization. Pump-probe
measurements of Raman vibrational spectra enable
measurements of the evolution of electron and phonon
temperatures on picosecond time-scales and thus allow us
to determine electron-phonon and phonon-phonon
coupling constants. Optical third harmonic generation is
uniquely sensitive to the symmetry of a condensed phase
and enables probing of phase transitions with 100
femtosecond time resolution.
Thermal Transport at Solid-Fluid Interfaces and the

Critical Heat Flux
D. G. Cahill,* J.-Y. Park, C.-K. Min, S. Granick
Office of Naval Research prime, subcontract U. Virginia
GG10919-127973
Research Laboratory
Management of extreme heat fluxes is a critical issue in
high power microelectronics, solid-state lighting, and
semiconductor power controls. Heat fluxes in such
applications can approach 1000 W cm2, comparable to the
heat transfer in a rocket nozzle. The limit to heat transfer
between a solid and fluid is known as the critical heat flux;
beyond the critical-heat flux, a continuous vapor layer
forms at the interface that blocks the transfer of heat. We
are using ultrafast optical techniques to study the basic
microscopic mechanisms that control the critical-heat-flux
and explore methods for modifying the physics and
chemistry interface that will improve heat transfer from
solids to fluids in two-phase flows.
Atomistics of Growth and Transport at Metal and
Semiconductor Surfaces
G. Ehrlich,* G. Antczak, S. Koh, K. Kyuno, S. C. Wang
U.S. Department of Energy, DE-FG02-07ER46453, DEFG02-07ER46471
Research Laboratory
The individual atomic events contributing to the growth of
crystals and films are being explored on the atomic level.
Through the use of the field ion microscope, single atoms
are visualized, and processes such as condensation,
diffusion, nucleation, and incorporation into the lattice are
examined quantitatively to reveal how structure and
chemical composition affect growth processes.
Microstructure and Properties of Interfaces
J. K. Shang,* Z. Zhang, J. Ryan, C. Zhang, Z. Xing,
L. Lei
U.S. Department of Energy; Ford Motor Co.; U.S. Air
Force Office of Scientific Research, FAMI-15-81014;
Federation of Advanced Materials Industries
Experimental and theoretical studies are carried out to
understand the relationship between microstructure and
mechanical properties of bimaterials interfaces.
Researchers have developed new experimental techniques
to measure mechanical properties of interfaces and applied
these techniques to metal-ceramic, metal-polymer, glassceramic, and bimetals interfaces. The research team is
developing model interfacial microstructures at graphite-
epoxy, alumina-aluminum, polyimide-copper, epoxymetal, and solder-copper interfaces by chemical, physical,

electrochemical, and metallurgical surface-modification
techniques. Researchers are modeling several salient
mechanisms of crack growth, such as crack sliding, crack
interlocking, and crack tip plasticity, along model
interfaces.
Thermal Behavior of Materials

Mapping Thermophysical Properties with High Spatial
Resolution
D. G. Cahill,* X. Zheng
General Electric Global Research
We are developing and applying methods for mapping the
thermophysical properties (thermal conductivity, heat
capacity, and thermal expansion) of materials with 3
micron spatial resolution. These techniques are based on
pump-probe measurements of optical reflectivity with
picosecond time-resolution. We use diffusion multiple
samples prepared at GE Global Research to efficiently
explore the properties of binary and ternary alloys over the
entire range of compositions. Data for thermal conductivity
are being used to identify the substitutional sites of a third
element in an intermetallic compound and to probe the
range of compositions that produce ordered phases.
Thin-Film Electronics
Ge-Sb-Te Phase Change Materials: Optical and
Electronic Properties, Structural Transformations,
and Nanostructures
J. R. Abelson,* B. S. Lee, K. Darmawikarta,
S. Bishop* (Elec. & Comput. Engr., Physics)
National Science Foundation, NSF-DMR 04-12939
We synthesize and analyze the phase-change chalcogenide
Ge2Sb2Te5 and related alloys that are used as nonvolatile
data storage media: they can be reversibly transformed
from an amorphous semiconducting state to a crystalline
semimetallic state, which dramatically changes the optical
reflectivity (as employed in RW-CVDs) and electrical
conductivity (as proposed for flash memory devices). The
goals are to understand the relationship between
nanostructure, transformation kinetics, and the resulting
electronic properties.
25
Investigation of Kinetics and Thermodynamics

Properties During Reactions/Growth in Metal Systems
in Devices: Silicides and W Deposition
L. H. Allen,* Z. Ma (Intel), D. Allman (LSI Logic Corp.)
Intel Corporation; LSI Logic Corporation
Metallization plays an important role in state-of-the-art
ULSI metallization process technology not only for S/D/
gate contacts but also for interlayer interconnects. As
device size decreases material challenges abound,
including size-dependent silicide reaction and nanopipe
diffusion paths for CVD W deposition. Using a new
materials characterization tool, a nanocalorimetry, we are
currently probing a model/metastable silicide system
(Au/Si).
Cu(In,Ga)Se2 Heterojunction Solar Cells for Extreme
High-Efficiency Photovoltaic Concentrators
A. Rockett,* D. X. Liao, C. M. Mueller
National Renewable Energy Laboratory, U.S. Department
of Energy, NREL AAT-1-30620-05
The objective of this project is to demonstrate the potential
for use of CuInSe2 and related materials as the 1.00 eV
energy-gap material in multijunction extremely high
efficiency solar cells. Intermediate objectives include
demonstration of solar cells based on p-CIS/n+-GaAs and
p-CIS/n-Ge heterojunctions as components of
multijunction high-efficiency solar cell devices.
Next-Generation Processing Methods for Cu(In,Ga)
Se2 Heterojunction Solar Cells
A. Rockett,* A. Hall, D. Hebert
National Renewable Energy Laboratory, U.S. Department
of Energy, NREL ACQ-1-30619-07
A key goal of this research is to develop a low-temperature
deposition process capable of producing device-quality
chalcopyrite semiconductors for solar cell applications.
This is an enabling technology for multijunction solar cells.
To accomplish this, a unique next-generation method for
low-temperature deposition of CIGS based on the ionized
physical vapor deposition (IPVD) technique will be
developed. IPVD has been shown to dramatically reduce
required temperatures in other thin-film coatings. IPVD is
a modified sputtering approach. It supplies energy to the
growing film surface though the working gas rather than
by heating the substrate.
26
Atomic-Scale Mechanisms of Crystal Growth

A. Rockett*
This program seeks to improve understanding of the
atomic-scale structure in thin films. The current focus is on
point defects and their consequences for electronic
properties of semiconductors. The program includes both
theoretical and experimental approaches based on density
functional theory and physical vapor deposition,
respectively.
Plastic and Molecular Electronics
J. A. Rogers*
Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency; The
Grainger Foundation; Petroleum Research Fund;
National Science Foundation; U.S. Department of Energy;
DuPont
Certain classes of organic materials, ranging from small
molecules to polymers to carbon nanotubes and graphite,
show interesting electronics properties. Some of these
materials may offer application possibilities as thin film
transistors for flexible electronic devices. In addition,
many of the materials and processing approaches
developed for this area are important for a variety of
emerging carbon-based nanoelectronic systems that might
have roles in future high density memories or processors.
This project focuses on fundamental and applied aspects
related to the active organic materials and the lithographic
methods that are used to pattern circuits out of them.
Printable Forms of Single Crystal Inorganic
Semiconductors for Flexible Electronics
J. A. Rogers*
Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency
The goal of this project is to fabricate thin film electronics
with nearly-single-crystal performance onto flexible
substrates. Using reactive magnetron sputtering, we
deposit insulating a-SiNx and semiconducting a-Si thin
films onto polymeric substrates at low temperatures. The
a-Si layers are transformed into crystalline Si using
excimer laser processing in the sequential lateral
solidification mode (by James Im at Columbia University),
and devices are processed at the Sarnoff Laboratories. We
analyze the Si layer quality and evaluate the test devices.
Water Purification
Materials Physics of Reverse Osmosis and
Nanofiltration Membranes
D. G. Cahill,* X. Zhang, H. Yan, T. Matthews
NSF-STC Center of Advanced Materials for the
Purification of Water with Systems (WaterCAMPWS), NSF
agreement CTS-0120978
In cooperation with the Department of Mechanical
Sciences and Engineering
Reverse osmosis (RO) and nanofiltration (NF) membranes
are widely used to dealinate and decontaminate water
supplies for human use. The active layer of commercial RO
or NF membrane is typically an aromatic polyamide layer,
on the order of 100 nm thick, formed by interfacial
polymerization on a porous polysulfone support. The
nanoscale dimensions and inhomogeneous morphology of
the active layer greatly hinders basic understanding of the
physics and chemistry that govern the separation of salt
ions and small molecule contaminants. We are developing
and applying novel methods for probing these nanoscale
complex materials. We use Rutherford backscattering
spectroscopy to measure the partitioning of ions and heavy
metal contaminants; techniques of fluorescence
microscopy to determine the local transport rates; and
measurements of interfacial stress to quantify the
mechanical interactions of water and contaminates with the
polymer matrix.
Activated Microporous Membranes
J. Economy,* J. Ince
NSF Science and Technology Center, NSF CTS-01-20978
STC
These membranes possess continuous pore structures on
the order of 10-20 ngstroms with carefully controlled
pore chemistry (acidic versus basic character) analogous
to activated carbon materials currently produced by this
group. When pore size and hydrophilic surface chemistry
are optimized, this should allow water molecules to pass
and exclude salt. These activated membranes should have
numerous advantages over reverse osmosis, such as
lowered pressure drop, increased flow rate, greater
strength, and fouling resistance.
Advanced Materials for Selective Removal of Trace

Contaminants from Water
J. Economy,* Z. Yue
STC
The objective is to develop a series of new and improved
adsorption materials to facilitate the removal of trace
contaminants from water. The research will focus on the
preparation of activated carbon on fiberglass with high
surface areas and tailored pore sizes and pore chemistries
for specific removal of trace contaminants. Some work
will also be carried out to extend the use of chemical
activation of fibers to the preparation of activated granules.
Contaminants under investigation include atrazine,
CHCl3, MTBE, trichloroethylene and NOM.
Antibacterial Fibers
J. Economy,* G. Nangmenyi
STC
Highly efficient bactericides were developed by
chemically depositing colloidal-sized silver particles on
fiberglass. Such systems can quantitatively remove
microorganisms, such as e. coli and aremonus, from
contaminated water. The bactericides can be easily
regenerated to full activity. This system is now being
further optimized.
Desalination via Alkane Hydrate Formation
J. Economy,* Z. Yue
The objective is to examine the formation and
decomposition of gas hydrates (clathrates) as a source of
clean water and to develop a number of low-cost processes
for actually preparing potable water from seawater.
Design of Advanced Membranes with Enhanced
Desalination Characteristics
J. Economy,* J. Wang, C. Ba
STC
The objective is to develop a low-cost, durable membrane
for desalination that greatly outperforms current state-ofthe-art reverse osmosis (RO) membranes. Our long-term
research goal is to develop advanced desalination
membranes with high water flux, good solute rejection, and
improved resistance to fouling.
27
Ion Exchange Fiber Selectivity

J. Economy,* J. Ince
STC
The primary research goals of this program are the tailoring
and optimization selectivity of Ion Exchange Fiber (IEF)
for monovalent over divalent species. This can be
accomplished by incorporation of pendant molecules with
the ionogenic groups. Furthermore, by varying the size and
functionality of the pendant molecules and ionogenic
groups, respectively, the degree and nature of the
selectivity can be controlled. An immediate application of
this concept is removal of nitrate and arsenate in the
presence of sulfate. These ion exchange fibers in the form
of belts will also be explored for removal of membrane
foulants such as Humic acids and other natural organic
matter.
Novel Polymeric Chelating Fibers for Selective
Removal of Mercury and Cesium from Water
J. Economy,* C. Ba
STC
The objective is to develop a new simple and cost-effective
method for selective removal of mercury and cesium
contaminates from water to levels below ppb. The
chelating fibers are prepared by coating a low-cost glass
fiber substrate with prepolymers, followed by curing the
prepolymer coating to produce a stable insoluble crosslinked structure on the fiber surface.
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28
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Strohman, M. J., Vrasich, C. R., Luijten, E., and
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UHMWPE/aromatic thermosetting copolyester blends
in unlubricated sliding. Wear, 262:7-8, 943-948 (Mar.
2007) (http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wear.2006.10.010).
Jiang, H. Q., Khang, D. Y., Song, J. Z., Sun, Y. G.,
Huang, Y. G., and Rogers, J. A. Finite deformation
mechanics in buckled thin films on compliant supports.
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the
United States of America, 104:40, 15607-15612 (Oct.
2007).
Jiang, H. Q., Sun, Y. G., Rogers, J. A., and Huang, Y. G.
Mechanics of precisely controlled thin film buckling on
elastomeric substrate [art. no. 133119]. Applied Physics
Letters, 90:13, 33119 (Mar. 2007) (http://dx.doi.org/
10.1063/1.2719027).
Jones, A. S., Rule, J. D., Moore, J. S., Sottos, N. R., and
White, S. R. Life extension of self-healing polymers with
rapidly growing fatigue cracks. Journal of the Royal
Society Interface, 4, 395-403 (2007) (http://dx.doi.org/
10.1098/rsif.2006.0199).
Kang, S. J., Kocabas, C., Kim, H. S., Cao, O.,

Meitl, M. A., Khang, D. Y., and Rogers, J. A. Printed
multilayer superstructures of aligned single-walled
carbon nanotubes for electronic, applications. Nano
Letters, 7:11, 3343-3348 (Nov. 2007).
Kaszonyiova, M., Rybnikar, F., and Geil, P. H. Structure
and morphology of isotactic poly(butene-1) phase III.
Journal of Macromolecular Science: Physics, 46:1,
195-205 (Jan.-Feb. 2007) (http://dx.doi.org/
10.1080/00222340601044391).
Keller, M. W., White, S. R., and Sottos, N. R. A selfhealing poly(dimethyl siloxane) elastomer. Advanced
Functional Materials, 17:14, 2399-2404 (Sep. 2007)
(http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adfm.200700086).
Kocabas, C., Pimparkar, N., Yesilyurt, O., Kang, S. J.,
Alam, M. A., and Rogers, J. A. Experimental and
theoretical studies of transport through large scale,
partially aligned arrays of single-walled carbon
nanotubes in thin film type transistors. Nano Letters,
7:5, 1195-1202 (May 2007) (http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/
nl062907m).
Mack, N. H., Wackerly, J. W., Malyarchuk, V.,
Rogers, J. A., Moore, J. S., and Nuzzo, R. G. Optical
transduction of chemical forces. Nano Letters, 7:3,
733-737 (Mar. 2007) (http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/
nl0629759).
Malyarchuk, V., Stewart, M. E., Nuzzo, R. G., and
Rogers, J. A. Spatially resolved biosensing with a
molded plasmonic crystal [art. no. 203113]. Applied
Physics Letters, 90:20, 3113 (May. 2007) (http://
dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2740591).
Maudlin, T., Rule, J. D., Sottos, N. R., White, S. R., and
Moore, J. S. Self-healing kinetics and the stereoisomers
of dicyclopentadiene. Journal of the Royal Society
Interface, 4, 389-393 (2007).
Mauldin, T. C., Rule, J. D., Moore, J. S., Sottos, N. R.,
and White, S. R. Self-healing kinetics and the
stereoisomers of dicyclopentadiene. Journal of the Royal
10.1098/rsif.2006.0200).
Menard, E., Meitl, M. A., Sun, Y. G., Park, J. U.,
Shir, D. J. L., Nam, Y. S., Jeon, S., and Rogers, J. A.
Micro- and nanopatterning techniques for organic
electronic and optoelectronic systems [review].
Chemical Reviews, 107:4, 1117-1160 (Apr. 2007).
Nam, Y. S., Jeon, S., Shir, D. J. L., Hamza, A., and

Rogers, J. A. Thick, three-dimensional nanoporous
density-graded materials formed by optical exposures
of photopolymers with controlled levels of absorption.
Applied Optics, 46:25, 6350-6354 (Sep. 2007) (http://
dx.doi.org/10.1364/AO.46.006350).
O'Brien, D. J., Sottos, N. R., and White, S. R. Curedependent viscoelastic poisson's ratio of epoxy.
Experimental Mechanics, 47:2, 237-249 (Apr. 2007)
(http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11340-006-9013-9).
Park, J. U., Hardy, M., Kang, S. J., Barton, K., Adair, K.,
Mukhopadhyay, D. K., Lee, C. Y., Strano, M. S.,
Alleyne, A. G., Georgiadis, J. G., Ferreira, P. M., and
Rogers, J. A. High-resolution electrohydrodynamic jet
printing. Nature Materials, 6:10, 782-789 (Oct. 2007).
Potisek, S. L., Davis, D. A., Sottos, N. R., White, S. R.,
and Moore, J. S. Mechanophore-linked addition
polymers. Journal of the American Chemical Society,
129:45, 13808-13809 (Nov. 2007) (http://dx.doi.org/
10.1021/ja076189x).
Rogers, J. A. Slice and dice, peel and stick: Emerging
methods for nanostructure fabrication. ACS Nano,
1:3, 151-153 (Oct. 2007).
Rule, J. D., Sottos, N. R., and White, S. R. Effect of
microcapsule size on the performance of self-healing
polymers. Polymer, 48:12, 3520-3529 (Jun. 2007) (http://
dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2007.04.008).
Saltzman, E. J. and Schweizer, K. S. Short time
properties, dynamic fragility and pressure effects in
deeply supercooled polymer melts [art. no. 205123].
Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter, 19:20,
5123-5135 (May. 2007) (http://dx.doi.org/
10.1088/0953-8984/19/20/205123).
Sottos, N., White, S., and Bond, I. Introduction: Selfhealing polymers and composites. Journal of the Royal
10.1098/rsif.2006.0205).
Sun, Y. G. and Rogers, J. A. Structural forms of single
crystal semiconductor nanoribbons for highperformance stretchable electronics. Journal of
Materials Chemistry, 17:9, 832-840 (Mar. 2007) (http://
dx.doi.org/10.1039/b614793c).
37
Toohey, K. S., Sottos, N. R., Lewis, J. A., Moore, J. S.,

and White, S. R. Self-healing materials with
microvascular networks. Nature Materials, 6:8,
581-585 (Aug. 2007) (http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/
nmat1934).
Wang, J. F., Severtson, S. J., and Geil, P. H. Brittle-ductile
transitions and the toughening mechanism in paraffin/
organo-clay nanocomposites. Materials Science and
Engineering: AStructural Materials, Properties,
Microstructure and Processing, 467:1-2, 172-180 (Oct.
2007) (http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2007.02.112).
Wang, J. W., Yue, Z. R., and Economy, J. Preparation of
proton-conducting composite membranes from
sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone) and
polyacrylonitrile. Journal of Membrane Science,
291:1-2, 210-219 (Mar. 2007) (http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/
j.memsci.2007.01.021).
Soft Materials
Bae, S. C. and Granick, S. Molecular motion at soft and
hard interfaces: From phospholipid bilayers to
polymers and lubricants [review]. Annual Review of
Physical Chemistry, 58, 353-374 (2007) (http://dx.doi.org/
10.1146/annurev.physchem.58.032806.104527).
Desai, T. G., Keblinski, P., Kumar, S. K., and Granick, S.
Modeling diffusion of adsorbed polymer with explicit
solvent. Physical Review Letters, 98, 128301 (2007).
Graca, M., Bongaerts, J. H. H., Stokes, J. R., and
Granick, S. Friction and adsorption of aqueous
polyoxyethylene ("Tween") surfactants at
hydrophobic surfaces. Journal of Colloid and Interface
Science, 315:2, 662-670 (2007).
Graca, M., Turner, J., and Marshall, M. Mica sheets with
embedded metal nanorods: Chemical imaging in a
topographically smooth structure. Journal of Applied
Physics, 102:6, 164909 (2007).
Hong, L., Cacciuto, A., Luijten, E., and Granick, S.
Clusters of amphiphilic colloidal spheres. Langmuir,
24, 621 (2007).
Hooper, J. B. and Schweizer, K. S. Real space structure
and scattering patterns of model polymer
nanocomposites. Macromolecules, 40:19, 6998-7008
(Sep. 2007) (http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ma071147e).
38
Jiang, S. and Granick, S. Janus balance of amphiphilic

colloidal particles. Journal of Chemical Physics, 127,
161102 (2007).
Lin, R. and Rogers, J. A. Molecular-scale soft imprint
lithography for alignment layers in liquid crystal
devices. Nano Letters, 7:6, 1613-1621 (2007).
Sen, S., Xie, Y. P., Kumar, S. K., Yang, H. C.,
Bansal, A., Ho, D. L., Hall, L., Hooper, J. B., and
Schweizer, K. S. Chain conformations and bound-layer
correlations in polymer nanocomposites [art. no.
128302]. Physical Review Letters, 98:12, 8302 (Mar.
2007) (http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.
98.128302).
Song, J. S. and Granick, S. Open questions about
polymer friction. Journal of Polymer Science B: Polymer
Physics, 45, 3237-3239 (2007).
Yu, Y., Anthony, S. M., Zhang, L. F., Bae, S. C., and
Granick, S. Cationic nanoparticles stabilize
zwitterionic liposomes better than anionic ones.
Journal of Physical Chemistry C: Nanomaterials and
Interfaces, 111:23, 8233-8236 (Jun. 2007) (http://
dx.doi.org/10.1021/jp072680z).
Zhang, L. and Granick, S. Inter-leaflet diffusion
coupling when polymer adsorbs onto one sole leaflet of
a supported phospholipid bilayer. Macromolecules,
40:5, 1366-1368 (2007).
Zhang, L., Dammann, K., Bae, S. C., and Granick, S.
Ligand-receptor binding on nanoparticle-stabilized
liposome surfaces. Soft Matter, 3:3, 551-553 (2007).
Zhao, J. and Granick, S. How polymer surface diffusion
depends on surface coverage. Macromolecules, 40:4,
1243-1247 (2007).
Structural Ceramics
Park, G. S., Bae, S. C., Granick, S., Lee, J. H.,
Bae, S. D., Kim, T., and Zuo, J. M. Naturally formed
epitaxial diamond crystals in rubies. Diamond and
Related Materials, 16:2, 397-400 (Feb. 2007) (http://
dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.diamond.2006.08.031).
Surfaces and Interfaces

Agrawal, A., Butera, R. E., and Weaver, J. H. Cl insertion
on Si(100)-(2x1): Etching under conditions of
supersaturation [art. no. 136104]. Physical Review
Letters, 98:13, 6104 (Mar. 2007).
Butera, R. E., Abhishek A., and Weaver, J. H. Coveragedependent chemisorption of CL on Si(114). Surface
Science, 602, 475-480 (2007) (www.elsevier.com/locate/
susc).
Mia, B., Cahill, D. G., and Marias, B. J. Physicochemical integrity of nanofiltration/reverse osmosis
membranes during characterization by Rutherford
backscattering spectrometry. Journal of Membrane
Science, 291, 77-85 (2007).
Putnam, S. A., Cahill, D. G., and Wong, G. C. L.
Temperature dependence of thermodiffusion in
aqueous suspensions of charged nanoparticles.
Langmuir, 23:18, 9221-9228 (Aug. 2007) (http://
dx.doi.org/10.1021/la700489e).
Sperling, B. A. and Abelson, J. R. Kinetic roughening of
amorphous silicon during hot-wire chemical vapor
deposition at low temperature [art. no. 024915].
Journal of Applied Physics, 101:2, 24915 (Jan. 2007)
(http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2424527).
Zhang, L., Liu, W., Shen, Y. R., and Cahill, D. G.
Competitive molecular adsorption at liquid/solid
interfaces: A study by sum-frequency vibrational
spectroscopy. Journal of Physical Chemistry, 111:5,
2069-2076 (2007).
Zhang, X. J., Cahill, D. G., Coronell, O., and
Marinas, B. J. Partitioning of salt ions in FT30 reverse
osmosis membranes [art. no. 181904]. Applied Physics
Letters, 91:18, 81904 (Oct. 2007) (http://dx.doi.org/
10.1063/1.2802562).

Chiritescu, C., Cahill, D. G., Nguyen, N., Johnson, D.,
Bodapati, A., Keblinski, P., and Zschack, P. Ultra-low
thermal conductivity in disordered, layered crystals.
Science, 315, 351-353 (2007).
Highland, M., Gundrum, B. C., Koh, Y. K.,

Averback, R. S., and Cahill, D. G. Ballistic-phonon heat
conduction at the nanoscale as revealed by timeresolved x-ray diffraction and time-domain
thermoreflectance [art. no. 075337]. Physical Review B,
76:7, 5337 (Aug. 2007).
Koh, Y. K. and Cahill, D. G. Frequency dependence of
the thermal conductivity of semiconductor alloys [art.
no. 075207]. Physical Review B, 76:7, 5207 (Aug. 2007).
Sarin, P., Yoon, W., Haggerty, R. P., Bhorkar, N. C.,
Chiritsecu, C., and Kriven, W. M. Effect of transitionmetal-ion doping on high temperature thermal
expansion of 3:2 mullite: an in-situ, high temperature,
synchrotron diffraction study. Journal of the European
Ceramic Society, 28, 353-365 (2007).
Wang, Z. H., Carter, J. A., Lagutchev, A., Koh, Y. K.,
Seong, N. H., Cahill, D. G., and Dlott, D. D. Ultrafast
flash thermal conductance of molecular chains.
Science, 317:5839, 787-790 (Aug. 2007).
Zheng, X., Cahill, D. G., Krasnochtchekov, P.,
Averback, R. S., and Zhao, J. C. High-throughput
thermal conductivity measurements of nickel solid
solutions and the applicability of the WiedemannFranz law. Acta Materialia, 55:15, 5177-5185 (Sep.
2007) (http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2007.05.037).
Berfield, T. A., Ong, R. J., Payne, D. A., and
Sottos, N. R. Residual stress effects on piezoelectric
response of sol-gel derived lead zirconate titanate thin
films [art. no. 024102]. Journal of Applied Physics,
10.1063/1.2422778).
Koh, C. T., Liu, Z. J., Khang, D.-Y., Song, J., Lu, C.,
Huang, Y., Rogers, J. A., and Koh, C. G. Edge effects in
buckled thin films on elastomeric substrates. Applied
Physics Letters, 91, 133113 (2007).
Park, G. S., Kwon, J. H., Kim, M., Yoon, H. R., Jo, W.,
Kim, T. K., Zuo, J. M., and Khang, Y. Crystalline and
amorphous structures of Ge-Sb-Te nanoparticles [art.
no. 013524]. Journal of Applied Physics, 102:1, 013524
(Jul. 2007) (http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2752550).
39
Pimparkar, N., Cao, Q., Kumar, S., Murthy, J. Y.,

Rogers, J., and Alam, M. A. Currentvoltage
characteristics of long-channel nanobundle thin-film
transistors: A "bottom-up" perspective. IEEE Electron
Device Letters, 28:2, 157-160 (2007).
Siebentritt, S., Eisenbarth, T., Rockett, A., Albert, J.,
Schubert-Bischoff, P., and Lux-Steiner, M. C. Epitaxially
grown single grain boundaries in chalcopyrites [art. no.
016004]. Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter, 19:1,
16004 (Jan. 2007) (http://dx.doi.org/
10.1088/0953-8984/19/1/016004).
Yang, Y., Jayaraman, S., Sperling, B., Kim, D. Y.,
Girolami, G. S., and Abelson, J. R. In situ spectroscopic
ellipsometry analyses of hafnium diboride thin films
deposited by single-source chemical vapor deposition.
Journal of Vacuum Science and Technology A: Vacuum
Surfaces and Films, 25:1, 200-206 (Jan.-Feb. 2007) (http://
dx.doi.org/10.1116/1.2409939).
Book Chapters
Materials Chemistry
Zuo, J. M. High-energy electron diffraction. In
Encyclopedia of Inorganic Chemistry: Handbook on
Application of Physical Methods in Inorganic and
Bioinorganic Chemistry. (Robert H. Crabtree, ed.) John
Wiley & Sons, Chichester, UK (2007).

Sun, Y. and Rogers, J. A. Printable semiconductors for
flexible electronics. In McGraw-Hill 2007 Yearbook of
Science and Technology, pp. 192-197. McGraw-Hill, New
York, NY (2007).
Papers Presented at
Conferences and
Symposia
Jia, D., Kim, D. K., and Kriven, W. M. Organic steric
entrapment (PVA) technique for preparation of a pore
self-forming, macro-/mesoporous, gehlenite ceramic.
31st International Conference on Advanced Ceramics and
Composites (Daytona Beach, FL, Jan. 2007).
Developments in Porous, Biological and Geopolymer
Ceramics: Ceramic Engineering and Science Proceedings,
Vol. 28(9), 67-76 (2007).
Krivin, W. M., Gordon, M., Ervin, B. L., and Reis, H.
Corrosion protection assessment of concrete
reinforcing bars with a geopolymer coating. 31st
International Conference on Advanced Ceramics and
Vol. 28(9), 373-381 (2007).
Composites
Aragon, A. M., Hansen, C. J., Wu, W., Geubelle, P. H.,
Lewis, J., and White, S. R. Computational design and
optimization of a biomimetic self-healing/cooling
material. 15th SPIE International Symposium: Smart
Structures and Materials: Behavior and Mechanics of
Multifunctional and Composite Materials (San Diego, CA,
Mar. 2007). Proceedings of the 15th SPIE International
Symposium: Smart Structures and Materials: Behavior and
Mechanics of Multifunctional and Composite Materials,
Vol. 6526, 65261 (2007) (http://dx.doi.org/
10.1117/12.717064).

Dadfarnia, M., Robertson, I., Muralidharan, G.,
Sofronis, P., Somerday, B. P., and Stalheim, D. Numerical
simulation of hydrogen transport at a crack tip in a
pipeline steel. 6th International Pipeline Conference
(Calgary, AB, Sep. 2006). Proceedings of the 6th
International Pipeline Conference, Vol. 3 (Part A),
193-199 (2007).
40
Dadfarnia, M., Sofronis, P., Robertson, I.,

Somerday, B. P., Muralidharan, G., and Stalheim, D.
Micromechanics of hydrogen transport and
embrittlement in pipeline steels. 2006 American Society
of Mechanical Engineers International Mechanical
Engineering Congress and Exposition (Chicago, IL, Oct.
2006). Proceedings of the Materials Division, the
American Society of Mechanical Engineers International
Mechanical Engineering Non-Destructive Evaluation
Division and the ASME Pressure Vessels and Piping
Division 741-750 (2007).
Kim, D. K., Bell, J. L., Kriven, W. M., and Kelsey, V.
Concepts for energy absorption and dissipation in
ceramic armor. 31st International Conference on
Advanced Ceramics and Composites (Daytona Beach, FL,
Jan. 2007). Advances in Ceramic Armor III: Ceramic
Engineering and Science Proceedings, Vol. 28(5), 57-70
(2007).
Bell, J. L., Kriven, W. M., Johnson, A. P. R., Caruso, F.,
and van Deventer, J. S. J. Laser scanning confocal
microscopy analysis of metakaolin-based geopolymers.
31st International Conference on Advanced Ceramics and
Vol. 28(9), 273-282 (2007).

Cook, L., Cavicchi, R., Allen, L., and Green, M. Thinfilm nanocalorimetry: A new approach to the
evaluation of interfacial stability for nanoelectronic
applications. 2007 International Conference on Frontiers
of Characterization and Metrology for Nanoelectronics
(Gaithersburg, MD, Mar. 2007) (2007).
Polymers
Braun, P. V., Wolosiuk, A., Son, D., and Gough, D. V.
Double direct templating of periodically
nanostructured inorganic hollow microspheres. 233rd
American Chemical Society National Spring Meeting
(Chicago, IL, Mar. 2007). Polymeric Materials: Science
and Engineering Preprint (2007).
Gough, D., Wolosiuk, A., and Braun, P. Templated

microreactors: A synthetic approach to enzyme
entrapment. 23 (Chicago, IL, Mar. 2007) (2007).
Hamilton, A. R., White, S. R., and Sottos, N. R.
Characterization of microvascular networks for selfhealing using fluorescent digital image correlation.
2007 Society for Experimental Mechanics Annual
Conference and Exposition (Springfield, MA, Jun. 2007).
Proceedings of the 2007 Society for Experimental
Mechanics Annual Conference and Exposition, Vol. 2,
1076-1079 (2007).
Theses
Bohra, F. Crystallization study of ultrathin HfO2 films
for future high-K gate dielectric applications. M.S.
thesis, J. M. Zuo, advisor (2007).
Yoon, W. Growth of textured mullite fibers using
polycrystalline precursors. Ph.D. thesis, W. M. Kriven,
advisor (2007).
Materials Chemistry
Yang, Y. Chemical vapor deposition of metal boride
and oxide thin films from borohydride bonded
precursors. Ph.D. thesis, J. R. Abelson, advisor (2007).

Chan, A. T. Nanoparticle engineering of colloidal
suspension behavior. Ph.D. thesis, J. A. Lewis, advisor
(2007).
Slavik, G. J. Fibrous scaffold fabrication for cartilage
engineering applications. M.S. thesis, B. T.
Cunningham, advisor (2007).
Polymers
Hong, L. Interaction and dynamics of colloids and
polymers. Ph.D. thesis, S. Granick, advisor (2007).
41
Kim, T. Correlation of structure and electrical

transport properties of carbon nanotubes and bundles
in field-effect transistors. Ph.D. thesis, J. M. Zuo, advisor
(2007).
Mohammed, F. M. Foundations of ohmic contact
formation on aluminum gallium nitride/gallium nitride
heterostructures. Ph.D. thesis, I. Adesida, advisor
(2007).
Cho, B. P incorporation during SI(001): P gas-source
molecular beam epitaxy: Effects on film growth
kinetics, surface morphology, and the self-organization
of GE quantum dot overlayers. Ph.D. thesis, J. E.
Greene, advisor (2007).
Water Purification
Wu, P. Antimicrobial materials for water disinfection
based on visible-light photocatalysts. Ph.D. thesis, J.-K.
Shang, advisor (2007).
Patents
Rogers, J. A. and Menard, E. Composite Patterning
Devices for Soft Lithography [Utility Patent Grant], #
US 7195733, Mar. 2007.

Economy, J. and Huang, Y. Thermosetting Aromatic
Dielectric Material, # US 7,211,642, May 2007.
Zhu, Z., Sun, Y., Rogers, J. A., Ko, H. C., Lee, K. J., Nuzzo,
R. G., Khang, D., Meitl, M., and Menard, E. Printable
Semiconductor Structures and Related Methods of
Making and Assembling [Utility Patent Application], #
US 11421654, Feb. 2007.
42
Awards and Honors

John R. Abelson
IBM University Partnership Award, 1995-1997
Fakultetsopponent (External Examiner), University of
Linkoping, Sweden, 1995
Xerox Award for Faculty Research, University of Illinois
College of Engineering, 1996
Engineering Council Award for Excellence in Advising,
University of Illinois, 1997
Incomplete List of Teachers Ranked as Excellent,
University of Illinois, 2000, 2002
Fellow, American Vacuum Society, 2004
Leslie H. Allen
Racheff Professor of Materials Science, University of
Illinois College of Engineering, 1991-1993
Outstanding Teacher List, University of Illinois,
1993-1996, 1998, 2001, 2003
Advisors List for Advising Excellence, University of
Illinois, 1999, 2002
Outstanding Scholar Faculty Recognition, Alpha Delta Pi,
University of Illinois, 1999
Robert S. Averback
Distinguished Lecturer, American Vacuum Society
Senior U.S. Scientist Award
Alexander von Humboldt Award, 1993
Donald Burnett Teacher of the Year Award, University of
Illinois Materials Science and Engineering Department,
2002
Fellow, American Physical Society, 2002
Donald W. Hamer Professor of Materials Science and
Engineering, University of Illinois, 2003
Board of Directors, Materials Research Society,
2004-2007
Treasurer, Materials Research Society, 2005
Pascal Bellon
Faculty Early Development Program (CAREER) Award,
National Science Foundation, 1998
General Electric Scholar, University of Illinois College of
Engineering, 1998
General Electric Fellow, University of Illinois College of
Engineering, 1999
Collins Fellow, Academy of Excellence in Engineering
Education, 2000, 2001
2000
Paul V. Braun
Beckman Young Investigator Award, 2001
3M Nontenured Faculty Award, 2001
Robert Lansing Hardy Award, TMS, 2002
Willett Faculty Scholar Award, University of Illinois, 2002
Accenture Engineering Council Award for Excellence in
Advising, 2003
Incomplete List of Teachers Ranked as Excellent by Their
Students, University of Illinois, 2005
Burnett Teaching Award, University of Illinois
Department of Materials Science and Engineering, 2005
University Scholar, University of Illinois, 2006-2009
Advising, University of Illinois, 2006
Advising, 2007
Accenture Multi-year Faculty Achievement Award,
David Cahill
Fellow, American Vacuum Society
Peter Mark Memorial Award, American Vacuum Society,
1998
University Scholar, University of Illinois, 2000-2003
Willett Faculty Scholar Award, University of Illinois,
2002-2004
Donald B. Willett Professor of Engineering, University of
Illinois, 2005-2010
Jianjun Cheng
Competitive Award, Prostate Cancer Foundation,
2007-2008
Faculty Early Career Development Program (CAREER)
Award, National Science Foundation, 2008-2013
James Economy
Member, National Academy of Engineering
Applied Polymer Science Award, American Chemical
Society, 1985
Chemical Pioneer Award, American Institute of Chemists,
1987
Turner Alfrey Visiting Professorship, Michigan Molecular
Institute, 1992
President, University Materials Council, 1993-1994
President, Macromolecular Division of International
Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC),
1994-1998
Trull Lectureship, University of Texas, 1998
H. F. Mark Award in Polymers, 1998
Fellow, American Chemical Society Polymer Materials &

Science Division, 2001
Paul J. Flory Polymer Research Prize, American Chemical
Society, 2001
Fellow, American Academy of Arts and Sciences, 2003
Founders Award, Fiber Society, 2005
Gert Ehrlich, Emeritus
Member, National Academy of Sciences
Fellow, New York Academy of Sciences
Fellow, American Physical Society
Medard W. Welch Award, American Vacuum Society,
1979
Kendall Award in Colloid or Surface Chemistry, American
Ceramic Society, 1982
Fellow, J. S. Guggenheim Foundation, 1984
Senior U.S. Scientist Award, Alexander von Humboldt
Foundation, Germany, 1992
Tau Beta Pi Daniel C. Drucker Eminent Faculty Award,
University of Illinois College of Engineering, 2002
Phillip H. Geil
Doctor Honorus Causa, Technical University of Brno,
Czech Republic
Editor, Journal of Macromolecular Science (Physics),
1963Senior Faculty Fellowship, Japanese Society for
Preservation of Science, 1988-1989
Harold A. Morten Distinguished Visiting Professor,
University of Akron, Department of Polymer
Engineering, 1995
Steve Granick
SM Young Faculty Award, 1988
Fellow, Center for Advanced Study, University of Illinois,
1990-1991
Award for Special Creativity, National Science
Foundation, 1993
Distinguished Polymer Lecturer, Lehigh University, 1993
Sabbatical Scholar, Kyoto University, Japan, 1994
Key Tribology Lecturer, Tsinghua University, China, 1996
University Scholar, University of Illinois, 1997
Founder Professor of Engineering, University of Illinois
Chaire Paris Sciences, City of Paris, France, 2002
Chair-Elect, Division of Polymer Physics, American
Physical Society, 2005
43
Associate, Center for Advanced Study, University of

Illinois, 2005
Chair, Division of Polymer Physics, American Physical
Society, 2006
Vice-Chair, Gordon Research Conference on Liquids,
2007
Keynote Lecture, Fourth International Conference on

Advanced Materials (ICAMP-4), Sydney, Australia,
2007
Invited Keynote Lecture, Third International Conference
on Alkali Activated Materials, Research, Production and
Utilization, Prague, Czech Republic, 2007
Joseph Greene, Emeritus

Honorary Doctor of Science, Linkoping University,
Sweden
John Thornton Award, American Vacuum Society, 1991
Tage Erlander Prize in Physics, Swedish Natural Science
Research Council, 1992
Technical Excellence Award, Semiconductor Research
Corp., 1994
R. F. Bunshah Prize International Conference on
Metallurgical Coatings and Thin Films (ICMCTF), 1995
Sustained Outstanding Research in Metallurgy and
Ceramics Award, U.S. Department of Energy, 1996
Jennifer A. Lewis
Incomplete List of Teachers Ranked as Excellent,
University of Illinois, 1992-1994, 1999
Arnold O. Beckman Research Award, University of
Illinois, 1994
Burnett Teaching Award, University of Illinois
Department of Materials Science and Engineering, 1994
Engineering Council Advisors List for Outstanding
Advising, University of Illinois, 1994, 1995
Presidential Faculty Fellow Award, National Science
Foundation, 1994
Materials Research Society Travel Award for Young
Scientists, International Conference on Advanced
Materials (ICAM), 1995
Schlumberger Foundation Award, 1995
College of Engineering, 1996, 2001
Faculty Research Award, Allied Signal Foundation, 1998
Willett Faculty Scholar Award, University of Illinois, 2002
Brunaeur Award, American Ceramic Society, 2003
Associate Editor, Journal of the American Ceramic
Society, 2004
Editorial Advisory Board, Langmuir, 2004
Hans Thurnauer Professor of Materials Science and
Engineering, University of Illinois, 2004Fellow, American Ceramic Society, 2005
National Science Foundation Advance Lecturer, Case
Western Reserve University, 2005
Featured Public Lecture, Boulder School for Condensed
Matter and Materials Physics, 2006
Plenary Talk, International Conference on Ceramic
Processing Science, 2006
Meeting Chair, 2007 Spring Materials Research Society
Meeting, 2007
Plenary Talk, Composites at Lake Louise, 2007
Plenary Talk, Society of Rheology, 2007
Penn Engineering Grace Hopper Lecture, 2007
Duane D. Johnson
Research Fellowship Award, SERC, 1985
National Research Council Fellowship Award, 1986
Award for Excellence, Sandia National Laboratories, 1993
Collins Scholar, Academy of Excellence in Engineering
Education, 2001
Sigma Xi Lecturer, Naval Research Laboratory (Edison
Chapter), 2003
Whos Who in U.S. Science, 2004
Bliss Faculty Scholar, University of Illinois, 2005-2007
Whos Who in America, 2005
Member, American Physical Society, Division of
Computational Physics, 2005
Waltraud M. Kriven
Fellow, American Ceramic Society, 1995
Lifetime Member, America's Registry of Outstanding
Professionals
Lifetime Member, Honored Member, Strathmore's Who's
Who
Brunauer Award, American Ceramic Society, 1988, 1991
America's Registry of Outstanding Achievers, 2003-2004
Member, World Academy of Ceramics, 2004
Empire Who's Who of Women in Education, 2006
Academician, World Academy of Ceramics, 2004
44
Erik Luijten
Racheff Assistant Professor, 2001-2003
Collins Scholar, Academy of Excellence in Engineering
Education, 2001-2002
Helmholtz Award, International Association for the

Properties of Water and Steam, 2003
Faculty Early Career Development (CAREER) Program
Award, National Science Foundation, 2004
David A. Payne
Fellow, American Ceramic Society
Fellow, International Academy of Ceramics, Italy
Fellow, Institute of Materials, U.K.
Fellow, Institute of Ceramics, U.K.
Richard M. Fulrath Award, University of California at
Berkeley, 1986
Mitsui Toatsu Chemical Co. Chair, University of Tokyo
Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology,
1989-1992
Henry Award for Best Paper in Electrical Ceramics,
American Ceramic Society, 1995
Centennial Fellow, College of Earth and Mineral Sciences,
Pennsylvania State University, 1996
Norbert J. Kreidel Memorial Lecture Award, 1996
International Prize, Japan Fine Ceramics Association,
2001
Distinguished Lecturer, Institute of Electrical and
Electronics Engineers Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics, and
Frequency Control Society, (IEEE UFFC), 2001-2002
Senior Member, IEEE, 2002
Outstanding Educator Award, Ceramic Educational
Council American Ceramic Society, 2003
Ferroelectrics Recognition Award, IEEE Ultrasonics,
Ferroelectrics, and Frequency Control Society, 2004
Chartered Scientist (CSci.), Institute of Materials, Minerals
and Mining (IOM3), 2005
Robert M. Sosman Award, American Ceramics Society
(ACerS), 2007
Director, American Ceramic Society, 2007
Ian M. Robertson
Senior Associate, Pembroke College, Oxford University
SERC Visiting Fellowship, Oxford University
Prize for Outstanding Research in Metallurgy and
Ceramics (with H. K. Birnbaum), U.S. Department of
Energy, 1984
1992
Illinois, 2005
Angus A. Rockett
Everett Teaching Award, University of Illinois College of
Engineering, 1993
1998
Stanley H. Pierce Award, University of Illinois College of
Engineering, 2002
Outstanding Advisors list, University of Illinois, 1997,
1998, 2000, 2001
Knight of St. Patrick, University of Illinois College of
Engineering, 2007
John A. Rogers
Junior Fellow, Harvard University Society of Fellows,
1995-1997
TR100 Award, Technology Review Magazine, 1999
Robert B. Woodward Scholar, Harvard University, 2001
Best of the Best Award, R&D Magazine, 2001
R&D 100 Award for Technical Innovation, 2001, 2002
Team Innovation Award, American Chemical Society,
2002
Unofficial List of Teachers Ranked Excellent by Their
Students, University of Illinois, 2005, 2006
Distinguished Lecturer, University of Texas at Austin,
2006
One of the Top 15 Innovators in Nanotechnology for 2005,
NASA Technology Briefs, 2005
One of the "10 Coolest Technologies That Youve Never
Heard Of," for stretchable silicon, PC Magazine, 2005
Third Place Winner, Best Professional Science Film,
Materials Research Society, 2005
2007 Dorn Lecturer, Northwestern University Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, 2005
Daniel Drucker Eminent Faculty Award, University of
Illinois College of Engineering, 2007
Baekeland Award, American Chemical Society, 2007
Zhongguancun Forum, Institute of Physics, Chinese
Academy of Sciences, 2007
Elected to the Defense Science Research Council, Defense
Advanced Research Projects Agency, 2007
Elected Fellow, Center for Advanced Study, University of
Illinois, 2007
Co-organizer (with V. Bulovic, S. Coe-Sullivan and I.
Kymmissis), Fall 2007 MRS Symposium: Flexible
Electronics and Optoelectronics, 2007
45
Co-organizer (with S. Lacour, T. Someya and B.

Morrison), Spring 2007 MRS Symposium: Materials
and Technology for Flexible, Conformable, and
Stretchable Sensors and Transistors, 2007
Faculty Early Career development (CAREER) Program

Kenneth S. Schweizer
Sandia National Laboratories Award for Excellence, 1990
John H. Dillon Medal, American Physical Society,
Division of High Polymer Physics, 1991
R&D 100 Award for Technical Innovation, 1992
Outstanding Scientific Accomplishment in Materials
Chemistry Award, U.S. Department of Energy Award,
1996
Donald Burnett Teaching Award, University of Illinois
Materials Science and Engineering Department, 1997
Sabbatical Scholar, Max Planck Institute for Polymer
Research and University of Mainz, Germany, 1998
G. Ronald and Margaret H. Morris Professor of Materials
Science and Engineering, University of Illinois, 2001William L. Everitt Award, University of Illinois, 2002
Top Paper of the Year Award, Journal of Physics
Condensed Matter, 2003
Tau Beta Pi Daniel P. Drucker Eminent Faculty Award,
Polymer Physics Prize, American Physical Society, 2008
Nancy R. Sottos
Young Investigator Award, Office of Naval Research,
1992
Outstanding Engineering Advisor Award, University of
Illinois, 1992, 1998, 1999, 2002
Award for Excellence in Undergraduate Research,
Honorable Mention, University of Illinois, 1999
Robert E. Miller Award for Excellence in Teaching,
University of Illinois Department of Theoretical and
Applied Mechanics, 1999
Tech Museum of Innovation Award Finalist, Technology
Benefiting Humanity, 2001
Best Paper Award, American Society for Composites,
2002, 2003
Editorial Board Member, Composites Science and
Technology, 2002Presidential Citation for Outstanding Achievement,
University of Delaware, 2002
Senior Technical Editor, Experimental Mechanics, 2003Hetenyi Award, Society for Experimental Mechanics,
2004
Donald Biggar Willett Professor of Engineering,
Fellow, Society of Engineering Science, 2007
University of Delaware, Department of Mechanical
Engineering, Distinguished Alumni, 2007
Advisory Committee, Department of Mechanical
Engineering, University of Delaware, 2007SciAm 50, Scientific American, 2007
International Advisory Board, Experimental Mechanics,
2008
Jian-Ku Shang
Donald Burnett Teaching Fellowship, University of
1996
Donald Burnett Excellence of Undergraduate Teaching
Award, University of Illinois Materials Science and
Engineering Department, 1995
Incomplete List of Teachers Cited as Excellent by
Students, Fall 1994
List of Top 10% of Engineering Advisors, 1995-1996
Overseas Outstanding Young Investigator Award,
National Science Foundation of China, 2003
Distinguished Visiting Professorship, Institute of Metal
Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 2002-2008
Commencement Speaker, Graduate School, Institute of
Metal Research, 2007
Excellent Paper Award, IEEE International Conference
Electronic Packaging Technology, Shanghai, China,
2007
Moonsub Shim
Norton Prize, W.W. Norton & Company, 2000
Racheff Assistant Professor, University of Illinois,
2002-2004
46
Dallas Trinkle
TMS/JIM Young Leader International Scholar Award,
2008
John H. Weaver
G. J. Lapeyre Award, Synchrotron Radiation Research per
ardua ad Bremsstrahlung, 1982
George Taylor/Institute of Technology Research Award,
University of Minnesota, 1986
Amundson Professor, University of Minnesota, 1994-1995
Royal Society Kan Tong Po Professorship, University of
Hong Kong, 1995
Senior U.S. Scientist Award, Alexander von Humboldt

Foundation Award, 1995
Scientist of the Year, R&D Magazine, 1997
Distinguished Achievement Citation, Iowa State
University Alumni Association, 1998
Medard W. Welch Award, American Vacuum Society,
1999
Illinois, 2003
Kodak Distinguished Lecture, Rensselaer Polytechnic
Institute, 2003
Fellow, American Association for the Advancement of
Science, 2005
Hirsch Citation Index #56, 2006
Incomplete List of Teachers Listed as Excellent by Their
Students, 2006-2007
Inaugural Group of Outstanding Referees, American
Physical Society, 2008
National Science FoundationDepartment of Science and

Technology U.S.-India Nanoscience & Engineering
Workshop, 2008
Jian-Min Zuo
Burton Award, Microscopy Society of America, 2001
Faculty Early Career Development (CAREER) Program
Outstanding Oversea Young Scientist Collaboration
Award, China National Science Foundation, 2007
Pierre Wiltzius
NATO Fellowship, 1983
Lucent Technologies Affirmative Action Award, 1987
Robert Mehrabian Distinguished Lecturer, University of
California, Santa Barbara, 1987
Industrial Visitor, Materials Research Laboratory, James
Franck Institute of the University of Chicago, 1994
Fellow, American Association for the Advancement of
Science, 1999
Senior Member, Institute of Electrical and Electronics
Engineers, 2001
R&D 100 Innovation Award, R&D Magazine, 2003
Gerard C. L. Wong
Beckman Young Investigator Award, University of
Illinois, 2001
2003
Alfred P. Sloan Fellowship, University of Illinois, 2004
Top Physics News Stories, American Physical Society
News, 2003, 2004
Invited Participant, 2006 National Academy of
Engineering Frontiers Symposium, 2006
Prostate Cancer Foundation Competitive Award, 2007
Taipei Academica Sinica International Workshop on Soft
Matter and Biophysics, 2007
47

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2008 SUMMARY OF ENGINEERING RESEARCH

A Report of Activities during 2007

Abbreviation key for College of Engineering departments and major labs:

Aerospace Engineering (Aerosp. Engr.)

Materials Science and Engineering

processing to synthesize novel metallic structures,

Faculty and Their Interests

Use of fibers coated with polyethyleneimine has been

Advanced Fibers for Sequestration of CO2

resulting in efficient intracellular trafficking and

reactors, and fluidic-based computers. Although

Biomineralization and Biomolecular Templates for

Ceramic Synthesis and Processing

determined, attempts will be made to vary this between 4-,

* Denotes principal investigator.

continuous oil phase using a sheath-flow device. Silica

being developed. The complex and subtle interplay of

Structure and Rheology of Biphasic Colloidal Mixtures

Carbon Fiber/BN Matrix Composites

We are investigating the structure and rheological

A simplified processing route to boron nitride matrix

Computer Simulation and Modeling of

but not uniquely interpret in such complex material. These

Computer Simulation of Materials

Design of High-Nitrogen Steels

Preparation and Characterization of Ta2O5-TiO2

* Denotes principal investigator.

Synthesis and Characterization of Nanostructured

* Denotes principal investigator.

Synthesis and Assembly of Photoresponsive Colloids

Materials For Energy Systems

project is focused on assessing the susceptibility of these

Mechanical Behavior of Solids

* Denotes principal investigator.

Dynamics of Dislocation-Particle Interactions: A

Fluid-Assisted Cracking in Ceramics

The objective of this program is to combine dynamic

Kinetics and mechanisms of fluid-assisted cracking are

Visualization and Quantification of Deformation

* Denotes principal investigator.

Fracture Mechanisms of Particulate-Reinforced Metal

chosen to reflect different primary room temperature

Microelectronics Packaging Materials

the acoustic wavelengths: thin films and membranes,

* Denotes principal investigator.

Nanoscience and Technology

fundamental level to important aspects of electronic/

Micro/Nanofluidic Techniques for Patterning

* Denotes principal investigator.

Synthesis and Characterization of Anisotropic

assisted growth with Xe buffers. Both compact clusters and

Si dimer bonds. Bridge-bonded oxygen atoms appear as a

Anomalous Photoluminescence Behavior from

mixing, and their competition with thermal decomposition

* Denotes principal investigator.

Transformation Weakening of Enstatite Interphases in

material is deposited into the interstitial space through

* Denotes principal investigator.

Processing and Structural Characterization of ZeinBase Films

of the lyotropic liquid crystal is imparted to the polymer

function of surface chemistry. Gold surfaces have been

Exceptions to the Conventional No-slip Boundary

The goal is to develop flame resistant insulating fibers that